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專題3　情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語氣 框架結(jié)構(gòu)圖 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的核心考點(diǎn) 1.can/could和be able to的用法 (1)can和be able to都表示能力，意思上沒多大區(qū)別。但can只有現(xiàn)在和過去時(shí)，而be able to則有更多的形式。但當(dāng)成功地完成某一具體動(dòng)作時(shí)，通常不用could而用was/were able to來表示。這時(shí)was/were able to 相當(dāng)于managed to，表示經(jīng)過一番努力，終于能夠完成某事。 Her mother can speak French. The wounded man was still able to get to the village and was saved by the villagers in the end. (2)can/could表示猜測(cè)“可能”，一般用于疑問句和否定句。 —Can the news be true? —It can’t be true. Someone is knocking at the door.Who could it be? (3)can可以表示理論上的可能性，指常有的行為或情形，意為“有時(shí)會(huì)……”。 Anybody can make mistakes. (4)表示請(qǐng)求、允許(表請(qǐng)求時(shí)，口語中常用could代替can使語氣更委婉，回答時(shí)用can)。 Can I go now? —Could I e to see you tomorrow? —Yes，you can.(否定答語可用No，I’m afraid not.) (5)表示驚異、懷疑、不相信的態(tài)度(主要用于否定句、疑問句或感嘆句中)。 How can that be true？I can’t believe my eyes and ears. How could you be so careless? (6)can的特殊用法。 can but只好；can’t but不得不；can’t...too再……也不為過，越……越好 I can but wait. I can’t but wait. You can’t be too patient to the customers. 2.may和might的用法 (1)表示允許、請(qǐng)求，might比may的語氣更委婉一些。 —May I watch TV now? —Yes，you may.(Yes，please.) —No，you mustn’t.(No，you’d better not.) (2)表示可能性時(shí)，might比may的可能性小，may表示的可能性比can小(主要用于陳述句、肯定或否定句，疑問句用can代替)。 The story may not be true. (3)表示祝愿(不用might) May you succeed! (4)may/might as well最好還是……，不妨 You might as well do it now. (5)may/might well很可能 He may well be late for class. 3.must，have to和ought to的用法 (1)must ①表示“必須，應(yīng)該，一定要”。強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀看法，只有現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式，否定式是must not(mustn’t)。must開頭的問句，其否定回答要用needn’t或don’t have to來表達(dá)。 We must do it now. —Must I hand in the paper today? —Yes，you need/must. —No，you needn’t/don’t have to. ②表示必然的結(jié)果。 All men must die. ③還可表示主語固執(zhí)、偏要做他人不希望做的事。 It can’t help；he must do that. (2)have to著重客觀需要，能用于更多時(shí)態(tài)(過去時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí))。 He will have to be there before ten. (3)ought to表示義務(wù)和責(zé)任，意為“應(yīng)該”，比should語氣要強(qiáng)。 You ought to take care of yourself. 4.need和dare的用法 (1)need表示“需要，必要”，只能用于否定句和疑問句。在肯定句中，常用must和have to代替。 You don’t need to do it at once. Need I e? (2)dare表示“敢”，通常用于否定句、疑問句和條件狀語從句中。 I daren’t ask her for a rise. Dare you go home alone at eleven in the evening? If you dare speak to me like that again，you’ll be sorry. (3)need和dare的特殊用法 ①need表“需要”時(shí)，可用want，require代替。 The desk needs repairing/to be repaired. ＝The desk wants/requires repairing/to be repaired. ②dare作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，在肯定句中要接to，在疑問句和否定句中to可省去。 He dares to catch a snake. I do not dare (to) plain. Do you dare (to) swim in the river? 5.will和would的用法 (1)will ①表示請(qǐng)求、建議，常用于第二人稱。 Will you please go with me? ②表示意愿、決定、允許。 I will never do that again. ③表示習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或某種傾向，意為“總是，慣于”，通常用于第三人稱。 Rosa will always be late for school. (2)would ①表示請(qǐng)求、建議，比will委婉，指現(xiàn)在時(shí)間，多用于第二人稱。 Would you like a cup of tea? ②表示過去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或某種傾向。 We would play badminton on Sundays. 6.shall和should的用法 (1)shall 用于第一、三人稱，在問句中表示征求對(duì)方意見或請(qǐng)求。 Shall I e in? When shall he be able to leave the hospital? 用于第二、三人稱的陳述句中，表示命令、允諾或威脅。 You shall do as your father says. He shall have the book when I finish reading. He shall be punished. (2)should ①表示責(zé)任、義務(wù)，意為“應(yīng)該”。 You should listen to your doctor’s advice. ②表示驚訝語氣，意為“竟然”。 You should wear slippers in class. ③用于條件句，表示“假如，萬一”；省去if，should可提至句首。 Should you be late，apologize to the teacher. 7.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示推測(cè)或判斷的用法 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 對(duì)現(xiàn)在和未來的推測(cè) 對(duì)過去的推測(cè) 使用場(chǎng)合 must must＋do must have done 肯定句 may/might may/might＋do may/might have done 肯定句、否定句 can/could can/could do can/could have done 否定句、疑問句(could可用于肯定句) should should do should have done 肯定句、否定句、疑問句 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋have done的用法： (1)should have done表示“本來應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際上未做”，而shouldn’t have done則表示“本不應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際上做了”。 You should have told me about it earlier. You shouldn’t have said such words to your parents. (2)ought to have done表示“本應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際上未做”，而ought not to have done則意為“本不應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際上做了”。 You ought to have told me about it earlier. You ought not to have said such words to your parents. (3)needn’t have done表示“本無必要做某事而實(shí)際上做了”。 You needn’t have walked so quickly since time was enough. (4)could have done表示“本來有可能做某事而事實(shí)上未做到”。 I could have e on time，but my car broke down on the way. (5)may/might have done表示“過去可能發(fā)生過某事”或“本來應(yīng)該/可以做某事(實(shí)際上沒做)”。 You might have given him more help，but you were so busy. 虛擬語氣的核心考點(diǎn) 1.虛擬語氣用于條件狀語從句 (1)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，條件狀語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)(be動(dòng)詞用were)，而主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用“would/should/could/might＋動(dòng)詞原形”。 If I were you，I would buy that house. If he had time，he should go with you. (2)表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，條件狀語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)，主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞則用“would/should/might/could＋have＋過去分詞”。 If he had taken my advice，he would have succeeded in passing the examination. (3)表示與將來事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，條件狀語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)或“should/were to＋動(dòng)詞原形”，而主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞則用“would/should/could/might＋動(dòng)詞原形”。 If it rained/should rain/were to rain tomorrow，the football match would be put off. (4)當(dāng)條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間作相應(yīng)調(diào)整。 If they had worked hard，they would be very tired now.(從句說的是過去，主句指的是現(xiàn)在) 2.虛擬語氣用于名詞性從句 (1)虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的運(yùn)用。 ①“wish＋賓語從句”表示不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，譯為“要是……就好了”。表示現(xiàn)在沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)(be動(dòng)詞用were)；表示將來不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用“would/could＋動(dòng)詞原形”；表示過去未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用“had＋過去分詞”。 I wish it were spring all the year round. I wish I had known the answer. I wish I could fly like a bird. ②在表示“建議、要求、命令”等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用“should＋動(dòng)詞原形”，should可以省略。 常見的這類動(dòng)詞有：suggest，advise，propose，demand，require，insist，request，mand，order等。 She suggested we (should) leave here at once. The doctor ordered she (should) be operated on. (2)虛擬語氣在同位語從句和表語從句中的運(yùn)用。 表示“建議、要求、命令”等的名詞，如advice，idea，order，demand，plan，proposal，suggestion，request等，其后的表語從句和同位語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞用“should＋動(dòng)詞原形”，should可以省略。 His suggestion that we (should) go to Shanghai is wonderful. My idea is that they (should) pay 100 dollars. (3)虛擬語氣在主語從句中的運(yùn)用。 在主語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞的虛擬語氣用“(should＋)動(dòng)詞原形”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示驚奇、不相信或理應(yīng)如此等。 It is necessary that we (should) clean the room every day. It was a pity/a shame that you (should) be so careless. It will be desired that she (should) finish her homework this afternoon. 注意：這種從句表示的是事實(shí)。如果人對(duì)這種事實(shí)表現(xiàn)出驚奇的情感，就可用虛擬語氣；反之，如果不表示驚奇等情感，that從句也可用陳述語氣。 It is a pity that you can’t swim. 3.虛擬語氣在其他場(chǎng)合的運(yùn)用 (1)虛擬語氣在as if/though，even if/though等引導(dǎo)的表語從句或狀語從句中，如果從句表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，用過去完成時(shí)；指現(xiàn)在狀況，則用一般過去時(shí)(be動(dòng)詞用were)；指將來狀況，則用would/could/might＋動(dòng)詞原形。 He spoke as if he had known it. You look as if you didn’t care. Even if she were here，she could not solve the problem. (2)虛擬語氣用于句型“It is (high) time (that)...”中，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)(be用were)或“should＋動(dòng)詞原形”，should不可省略，意為“(現(xiàn)在)該……”。 It’s time that I picked up/should pick up my daughter. (3)虛擬語氣用在if only引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中，對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬用一般過去時(shí)(be用were)；對(duì)過去的虛擬用過去完成時(shí)。 If only I were a pilot. If only I had taken his advice. (4)虛擬語氣在一些簡(jiǎn)單句中的運(yùn)用。 ①情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過去式用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，表示說話人謙虛、客氣、有禮貌或語氣委婉，常出現(xiàn)在日常會(huì)話中。 It would be better for you not to stay up too late. Would you be kind enough to close the door? ②用于一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)法中。 Would you like something to drink? I would rather not tell you. (5)would rather虛擬語氣的用法。 would rather sb.did sth.是對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬； would rather sb.had done sth.是對(duì)過去的虛擬。 1.表達(dá)的單調(diào)性 例如在寫一封回信向好友表達(dá)建議時(shí)，重復(fù)使用You should...既顯得單調(diào)，同時(shí)強(qiáng)硬的語氣影響了交際效果。 我們可以靈活多樣地表達(dá)建議，如You’d better.../You might as well.../Why not...？等。 2.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞搭配錯(cuò)誤 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 I can’t find my purse.I could/mighthaveleft(leave) it in the supermarket yesterday，but I’m not sure.(2018天津) 解析　句意為：我找不到我的錢包了，昨天我有可能把它落到超市里了，但我不確定。根據(jù)句中時(shí)間狀語yesterday可知，是對(duì)過去發(fā)生事情的推測(cè)，故用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋have done”，再根據(jù)后句but I’m not sure可知，此推測(cè)為不能肯定的推測(cè)，故用could/might have done。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) 1.As a kid，I loved to watch cartoons，but no matter how many times I asked to watch them，my parents would not to let me.(2018全國(guó)Ⅱ) 解析　would (not)表示“意愿”時(shí)后面直接跟動(dòng)詞原形，故把to刪除。 2.Then he and my mother would have had a drink while she prepared dinner and they would talk about his day and hers.(2016浙江) 解析　根據(jù)語境可知，此處是描述的過去的一種習(xí)慣，故用would do表示“過去常常做”。would have done表示對(duì)過去事情的假設(shè)，意為“本來會(huì)做”。 3.Some classmates suggest we can 或 go to places of interest nearby.(2016全國(guó)Ⅱ) 解析　suggest表示“建議”時(shí)，后面的賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用should do形式，should可以省略，故答案有兩種改法。 4.We must ways to protect our environment.(2015全國(guó)Ⅰ) 解析　情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面要接動(dòng)詞原形。 題組一　情態(tài)動(dòng)詞集訓(xùn) Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1. I don’t know where she is；she may be in Wuhan. 2.The road is wet.It must have rained last night. 3.You shall be punished if you cheat in the exam. 4.Don’t worry.I’ve just sent an ambulance to you.They should be there any second. 5.I should have gone to the school library，but it rained heavily，so I did not. Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) 1.You had better not to have stayed there，but you did. 2.My punishment lasted a year.Meanwhile，I found out that with more patience I make my toys last.My attitude changed from then on. 3.I have been practising for three weeks now，but I still get used to it—in fact，I’ve nearly killed three people. 4.Thank you for all you have done for me.Mom，though I may often say it，I do love you. 5.Judging from what you said，he ought succeed. 題組二　虛擬語氣集訓(xùn) Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.He walked in as if he hadbought(buy) the school.And the word quickly got around that he was from New York City. 2.If you hadtold(tell) me the news yesterday，I wouldn’t be so worried now. 3.Sorry，I am too busy now.If I had(have) time，I would certainly go for an outing with you. 4.He was very busy yesterday；otherwise he wouldhavee(e) to the party. 5.It’s time that our government took/shouldtake(take) measures to improve the quality of the buildings. 6.Mr Li insisted that the sports meeting (should)beput(put) off because of the bad weather. Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) 1.If I 10 years younger，I would start all over again. 2.If we had enough rain last year，we could have gained a good harvest. 3. I to be a teacher in the future，first of all，I would try my best to give students lessons. 4.George is going to talk about the geography of his country，but I’d rather he more on its culture. 5.The chairman demanded that people present every effort to protect the polar bear against dying out. Ⅲ.語法填空(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語氣專練) Lucy is an outgoing lady.She 1.can play many kinds of musical instruments.Actually，she 2.could play the piano when she was 8 years old.Lucy also keeps taking exercise every day.She says that she has to do some sports because she 3.must keep slim.“You 4.shall get fat soon if you don’t take exercise every day.” She usually says to her friends. As for her，an elegant lady should try to keep fit.However，last week，she found that she 5.might put on weight and her husband suggested that she 6.should lose weight.And these days she’d rather that she 7.took(take) more exercise every day.However，she is always lacking in time because she has to take care of her children. One night after supper，she walked quickly in order to go dancing at the Tomorrow Park and she was late.On her way，she thought that the dancing must 8.havebegun(begin)，and the coach 9.could have taught or shown many new moves.She was afraid that her friends might 10.haveleft(leave) before she got there.She was regretful then. She 11.should have had supper earlier，or she could have taken a taxi，and indeed she needn’t 12.havetaken(take) a bath in advance.When she reached the park finally，she found nobody was there.She remembered suddenly that it had been reported on the radio that there would be a heavy rain that night. Ⅰ.單句語法填空 (一) 1.While making great efforts to run away，she fell(fall) over the hill and died. 2.Nervous and anxious，Jill failed tomake(make) a good impression at the job interview. 3.The young firefighter insisted that he was(be) well-prepared and should be sent there to put out the fire. 4.As the deadline is drawing near，no one shall leave with his own work unpleted. 5.I waswatching(watch) TV alone in the living room when I suddenly heard a crack upstairs. 6.To his surprise，Jack found his son dressed(dress) as Santa Claus on Christmas Eve. 7.I still remember my happy childhood when my mother would take me to Disneyland at weekends. 8.At a young age，he moved(move) to Spain and now plays professionally for the FC Barcelona. 9.Tomake(make) it easier to get in touch with us，you’d better keep this card at hand. 10.They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigation，or they wouldhavee(e) to our help. 11.According to Charles Keeling，the amount of carbon dioxide increased(increase) sharply and steadily over the forty years between 1957 and 1997. 12.You begin to understand how Chinese speakers have their thoughts organized(organize)，and how they understand things. 13.It is required by law that a driving test (should)betaken(take) before a man gets a license. 14.When you phoned me，I was having a meeting；how I wish I hadanswered(answer) your call. 15.They made up their minds that they wouldbuy(buy) a new house once Larry changed jobs. 16.Despite the previous rounds of talks，no agreement hasbeenreached(reach) so far by the two sides. 17.To return to the problem of water pollution，I’d like you to look at a study conducted(conduct) in Australia last year. 18.The heartwarming story began in September last year when a woman asked the primary school in her neighborhood toaccept(accept) her six-year-old son. 19.It’s true that our future isdetermined(determine) by many things. 20.Raised(raise) in the poorest area of Glasgow，he had a long，hard road to being a football star. (二) 21.The parents were delighted to find that the housework hadbeendone(do) by their son independently. 22.It’s said that these regulations were made toprotect(protect) children. 23.I should not have laughed if I hadthought(think) you were serious. 24.When some waste chemicals areput(put) into the sea，it can hurt or kill animals and fish. 25.Havingbeenbitten(bite) twice，the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up. 26.Scientists have discovered that staying(stay) in the cold could help us lose weight. 27.When the time came for me to say goodbye to my friends in the village，I wanted to reward the old woman for the trouble I hadcaused(cause) for her.But she refused. 28.Animals that are able to copy sounds may enjoy practicing(practice) new sounds.When they are kept outside of their natural environment，they may copy unusual sounds. 29.A major accident in southern Sweden happened today.It’s reported that this afternoon a ship crashed into a bridge.Unluckily，seven cars and six trucks are said tohavefallen(fall) into the water. 30.It is an activity held(hold) by an American charity organization. 31.No physical cause could befound(find).Finally the doctor said to the man，“Unless you tell me what’s on your conscience，I can’ t help you.” 32.This allowed people tohave(have) a day or two out now and then，which gave them a taste for leisure and seaside. 33.Mrs Woo Mei Fong said that her husband had just left for work when she felt(feel) that her house was moving.She ran outside at once with her children. 34.In the spring，snow melts(melt) and the workers start working again. 35.Anxiously，she took the dress out of the package and tried it on，only tofind(find) it didn’t fit. 36.In most cases，a healthy diet can help you decrease the risk of getting(get) some diseases like diabetes and cancer. 37.He agreed to our suggestion that we (should)put (put) on a play at the English Evening. 38.It is reported that his new book willbepublished(publish) by that pany next year. 39.Though they did all they could tohelp(help) them，times were tough for them. 40.It remains tobeseen(see) whether you can get a better education，even if you are in a private high school. (三) 41.He drove in，parked，and hurried(hurry) home to go to bed. 42.In the movie After Earth，Will Smith’s character says(say)，“Fear is not real.It is a product of thoughts you create.” 43.If it turns(turn) cold again，they’ll dive back down. 44.I learned that he was 21 years old，studying(study) Asian literature and history at Sydney University. 45.Starting a new school term is always exciting.It is a chance tosee(see) your friends again. 46.Tostress(stress) to everyone the importance and value of these historic sites，the government has strengthened regulations to protect them. 47.I havebeenthinking(think) about what you’ve said and I’ve decided to take your advice. 48.I wondered why John kept it a secret.It was not until he hadbeenasked(ask) three times that he told me the truth. 49.Attracted(attract) by the latest electronic toys，the little boy stood in front of the windows，without moving. 50.It was the fourth time she hadshopped(shop) online for hours. Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) (一) 1.My hobby is collecting stamps.I stamps from many countries，like England，Canada，China and other countries. 2.After waiting for an hour，Katia went home， lonely and miserable. 3.They have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed. 4.When I was in Senior Grade One，I planned to give my closest friend Lily a big surprise on her birthday party and careful preparations. 5. the 18 candles burning，I couldn’t keep back my tears. 6.I use a clock to wake me up because at six o’clock each morning the train es by my house. 7.I，together with my two friends，was eating dinner at a Chinese restaurant， in the center of New York. 8.The most exciting moment was when Mother put a big birthday cake on the table and all my friends to sing Happy Birthday. 9.We should be careful when friends，especially online. 10.I have told one more worker will be needed this year and I think you are fit for it. 11.But in fact，Gorka can quite shy，even around the people he has known for a while. 12.It has been a long time since we in China last time. 13.We often discuss and try to solve the problems by the teachers or ourselves. 14.As for the consumers，they had better have their own judgment and not puzzled by ads. 15.At home my father often thinks I’m silly.He if I decide to do something，it takes him much time to stop me. 16.For the whole afternoon they sang and danced happily without about their schoolwork. 17.Most citizens in Hong Kong strongly insisted that those who attacked the police with violence put into prison. 18.Having something to do on the train，I couldn’t help about the scene of leaving and felt terribly sorry. 19.What’s more，thousands of tourists from the world here every year，which is really splendid. 20.It is difficult to why she barks every minute she’s outside. (二) 21.You have bought so much food，because I have prepared everything we need for the picnic. 22.Dare you to tell your parents your school records? 23.After school we went to the reading-room to do some reading，only to be told that it was decorated. 24.If you are able to e with us，please let us know and we wait for you at the school gate at 9 in the morning. 25.More highways have built in China，making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another. 26.I saw with my own eyes that a doctor all night to save a baby’s life. 27.Apart from that，“Blurt Out” is pretty good for Chinese students to learn English idioms and oral English. 28.I work really hard，often late into the night! 29. all these factors into consideration，I sincerely hope that I can get help from you and expect the media to do something for this. 30.We could hear the sound of the rain and our footsteps with our laughter. 31.Of course，I know 或 a broadcaster calls for extra devotion and more time after school is necessary for a better performance. 32.A young woman by saw the little boy and could read the desire in his pale blue eyes. 33.First of all，we should love our motherland， about the development of our hometowns and take an active part in our school’s activities. 34.We should not leave the tap water or waste any materials in the laboratory class. 35.I suggest that our school 或must take measures to encourage more students to take part in sports. 36.This morning，when I was walking on the street，I saw that two travelers were reading a map， puzzled. 37.I have just to British Museum and Hyde Park recently. 38.Though I to them only in simple English that day，I believe in future I will make greater progress. 39.This afternoon，our teacher asked us list what our parents had done for us. 40.Our school a survey on reading last week