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專題3　介詞 框架結(jié)構(gòu)圖 介詞的句法功能 1.介詞不能單獨使用，但“介詞＋賓語”構(gòu)成的介詞短語可在句中作狀語、定語、表語、賓語補足語、主語補足語等。 2.介詞后的賓語可以是名詞、代詞、動名詞、疑問詞＋不定式、wh-從句等。 介詞的核心考點 介詞是虛詞，不能單獨作句子成分，必須與名詞、代詞(或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、短語或從句等)構(gòu)成介詞短語，在句中充當(dāng)一個成分。 1.介詞搭配 (1)“動詞＋介詞”搭配：注意特定搭配與同一介詞與多個動詞搭配意義不同的情況。 ①rob sb.of sth./clear the road of snow(表示“奪去，除去”意義的動詞與of 連用) ②supply us with food/fill the glass with wine(表示“供給”意義的動詞與with連用) ③make a desk of wood/make bread from flour/make the material into a coat(表示“制作，制造”意義的動詞與of，from，into連用) ④“介詞＋the＋部位”與動詞的關(guān)系(＝動詞＋sb.’s＋部位，可換用) strike him on the head(表示“擊；拍；碰；摸”意義的動詞與on連用) catch him by the arm(表示“抓；拉；拿；扯”意義的動詞與by連用) hit the boy in the face(表示“肚；胸；眼；臉”等人體前部的器官名詞與in連用) ⑤prevent(stop，keep) sb.from doing sth.(表示“阻止，禁止”意義的動詞與from連用) ⑥persuade(advise，warn) sb.into doing sth.(表示“說服；建議；警告”意義的動詞與into連用) ⑦buy(leave，get，win，gain，lose) sth.for sb.(表示“得失”意義的動詞與for連用) ⑧tell(show，teach，sing，write，read) sth.to sb.(表示“告知”意義的動詞與to連用) ⑨give(allow，promise，pass，hand) sth.to sb.(表示“授予”意義的動詞與to連用) 注意：⑦⑧⑨可換成buy sb.sth.，tell sb.sth.，give sb.sth.雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。 ⑩say to sb.(suggest，explain，apologize，murmur，whisper等與“對象”連用必須用to)不可說suggest sb.sth.。 (2)同一介詞與不同動詞搭配，意義各異。 reply to the letter回信，sing/dance to the music和著音樂唱/跳，amount to 達(dá)到，加起來有……，devote...to把……貢獻給，drink to為……干杯，object to反對，look forward to 渴望，e to蘇醒，belong to屬于；search for搜索……，ask for請求，use...for把……用作，leave for前往……，take...for把……誤以為，call for要求，wait for等待，care for喜歡，make up for彌補；turn to求助/救于，help oneself to隨意，agree to同意，pare...to把……比作，send for派人去請/拿……，sail for駛向，起航，set out for動身去，go in for愛好…… (3)常見的“形容詞＋介詞”搭配。 be worthy of值得的，be far from離……遠(yuǎn)，be grateful to sb.for sth.為某事感激某人，be free from沒有……/免除……，be proud of為……自豪，be satisfied with/by對……滿意，be sure of/about確信，be fond of喜歡，be fit for適合，be busy with sth./in doing sth.忙著做某事，be full of充滿，be ready for準(zhǔn)備，be similar to與……相似 (4)“名詞＋介詞”習(xí)慣搭配和意義區(qū)分。 the absence of water缺水 the hope of success成功的希望 have a chance of/for entering college上大學(xué)的機會 take pride in them為他們感到驕傲 the key to the question問題的答案 a medicine for cough治咳嗽的藥 the ticket for tomorrow明天的票 his absence the way 2.核心介詞用法歸納與辨析 (1)表示時間的介詞in的用法如下。 表示在某一較長時間內(nèi)，如世紀(jì)、年、季、月、周等，一般用介詞in，如：in the 1990s，in the year，in January，in (the) winter/summer/fall/spring，in the first week of May。 還可以用時段名詞組成固定短語或詞組。如：in a while，in no time，in the daytime，in a short while，in time，in the morning(afternoon，evening)。 注意：in five days(weeks，months，years)中in意為“在……以后”。 (2)表示具體的日子或特定的上午、下午或晚上，常用on。 on Sunday(s)，on Tuesday morning on Christmas Day(區(qū)別at Christmas)，on Christmas Eve(在圣誕節(jié)前夕)，on Children’s Day on March 8，on the morning(afternoon，evening) of Oct.1 early on the morning of Oct.1(區(qū)別in the late/early morning of Oct.1) on a rainy night，on warm winter days (3)表示某一時刻或某一時間點用at，如小時、分鐘等。 at breakfast(supper，lunch)，at six at noon(sunrise，sunset，midday，night，midnight，dawn) at the age of 15，at the time of war(區(qū)別in time of danger/trouble) 注意：①有些時間名詞前不接介詞，如next day，last Sunday，that morning，these years。 ②one，each，any，every，some，all修飾時間名詞時，一般不用介詞，如some day，one day，all afternoon。 (4)till，until的用法。 till(until)與持續(xù)動詞連用一般用于肯定句中，與短暫動詞連用一般用在否定句中。 He waited for me till twelve o’clock. He didn’t get up till(until) 10 a.m. 注意：在句首出現(xiàn)或強調(diào)句型中一般不用till而用until。 Not until 9 a.m.did Mr Smith e back to school. (5)in，later，after的用法。 ①in＋一段時間：表示說話時為起點的一段時間之后，與一般將來時連用；但表示“在……之內(nèi)”時，用于各種時態(tài)。 ②一段時間＋later(later是副詞)：表示某一具體時間或某一方面具體時間算起的一段時間后。 ③after＋一段時間：表示“在……之后”，用于一般過去時；但時間為時間點時，只能用after，即after＋時間點，用于各種時態(tài)。 The doctor will be with us in six minutes. She graduated in 1981，and eight years later she became the manager of the factory. He received her letter after four weeks. 另外，in＋一段時間＋’s＋time與within＋一段時間的用法如下： in a week’s time＝in a week They will arrive in three days’ time.(與將來時連用) My brother’s birthday is in two weeks’ time.(作表語) I’ll finish the book within two weeks.(within＝in less than...用于各種時態(tài)，意為“不超出，在……之內(nèi)”) (6)地點介詞at，on，in，to，off，across，through，over，above，under，below。 ①at 在較小的場所；in在較大的場所；on在……的平面上。如at the airport，at the station，at 55 Park Street，in China，in the north，in Asia，on the desk，on the wall等。 ②on，at，in，off還可以表示兩地的相對位置。若A地屬于B地，用in；A地位于B地的外面且有邊緣銜接，用on；無邊緣的銜接，用to；A在B附近，用off。 Japan lies to the east of China.(范圍之外) Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范圍之內(nèi)) Hunan Province lies on the west of Hubei Province.(毗鄰) The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距離) ③across在物體表面“穿過”；through則表示在三維空間內(nèi)部“穿過”。 They walked across the playground. I walked through the forest. ④over，above譯作“在……之上”；under，below譯作“在……的下面”，其區(qū)別在于over，under表示一種直接的、垂直的上下關(guān)系；而above，below則表示一般的“高于”或“低于”，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。 A little boat is now under the bridge. There is a bridge over the river. The sun sinks below the horizon(地平線). The window is well above the tree. (7)表示方式、手段、工具的介詞。 ①by the year/hour/day按年/小時/天。如： He rents a house by the year(day，hour).(注意to the pound按磅算，to the ton按噸計)。 ②表泛指的方式、手段 by post/mail郵寄，by telephone(radio)(但on the phone/on the radio/on TV)，by electricity用電，by machinery用機器，by hard work，learn sth.by heart，through the satellite，through practice，through his own efforts，through experience，through the telescope 交通工具類 by bus/train/car/taxi by bike/bicycle，on horseback/foot by plane/jet/spaceship/air by ship/boat/lifeboat/sea/water 另外：by means of 用……方法；by way of 經(jīng)由，取道于，用……方法；with the help(permission) of sb./with sb.’s help(permission)在某人的幫助(許可)下。 ③表方式、手段的其他用法 He beat the dog with a stick.(with＋工具/器械) One smells with his nose.(with＋人體器官，區(qū)別by hand手工，用手) He stood up with pride.(with＋情緒、情感、態(tài)度的名詞) 注意：使用語言、材料、文字等用in。如： in English(ink，pencil)。 (8)表示“除……之外”的常用詞。 ①besides 除……以外(還有)。作副詞時意為“而且，更何況”。 There will be five of us for dinner，besides John. It was too late to see a film，and besides，I was tired. ②except除去，除……之外(不再有)。 We all went except John. 注意：在否定句中，besides與except可以換用。 He has no other hats except/besides this one. ③except for除了……(對句子主要意思進行細(xì)節(jié)校正或附加說明)，后接名詞、代詞或what從句，此時與“except that＋句子”意思相同。 He was very clever except for carelessness. ④except that...除了……以外。 He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses. ⑤but與except but和except在表示“除了……以外”時可以通用，但應(yīng)注意以下三點： (A)前面有不定代詞、疑問代詞在意義上對稱時，多用but。 All but one are here. Nobody but I likes making model ships. (B)后接不定式短語為排除對象時，多用but。 He has nothing to do but wait.(前有do，后省to) (C)but與一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)連用。 have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不做某事，can not help but do sth.不得不做某事，but for...若不是…… (9)between與among ①between通常指兩者之間，也可以用于三者或三者以上的每兩者之間的相互關(guān)系。 Ann is between Tom and Bill. Switzerland lies between France，Germany，Australia and Italy. They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作) She was busy between cooking，washing，sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接連不斷地，一個接一個地忙這忙那) A horse can be seen between trees now. ②among表示三者以上之間。 The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills. He was happy to be among friends again. We must agree among ourselves.(在……內(nèi)部達(dá)成一致) London is among the largest cities.(＝one of，可與最高級連用) (10)表原因的介詞(短語)for，because of，due to。 He didn’t e to the meeting because of his illness. The reason for his ing late is that he was ill. He was praised for his bravery and courage. The accident is due to your careless driving. (11)不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的for，of。 這里所說的不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)形式指的是for 或of加上人或事，作動詞不定式的邏輯主語的結(jié)構(gòu)。 It is clever of you to answer it like that. It is quite hard for me to explain why. 注意：It is＋adj.＋of/for sb.to do sth.中，如果表語形容詞是說明不定式邏輯主語的性質(zhì)、特征與面貌時用of；如果說明不定式行為本身的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等時則用for。 (12)兼作連詞和副詞的介詞。 ①after，since，till/until，before這些詞既是介詞，又可作連詞。 They went to bed after they had finished the job.(連詞) The children went home at once after school.(介詞) ②in，on，along，down，up，after，before，beyond等介詞可兼作副詞。 He ran down the hill.(介詞) Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me？(副詞) ③有的介詞可以兼作連詞和副詞。 All the students got to school before me.(介詞) We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(連詞) Haven’t I seen you before？(副詞) (13)介詞的省略。 某些動詞搭配中的介詞可以省略。 Nothing can prevent me (from) doing the job. She spent nearly two hours (in) translating it. (14)某些名詞與介詞構(gòu)成的固定搭配。 ①要求接to的名詞有：key，answer，solution，visit，entrance，apology，introduction，road等。 The key to success is preparation. ②要求接in 的名詞有：interest，satisfaction，expert等。 He is an expert in teaching little children. 1.句尾介詞往往由于受到漢語的影響而缺少 2.因不熟悉介詞的語法功能和不同搭配而造成的語句混亂、搭配不當(dāng)?shù)儒e誤 (誤)I often e to school take bus，but sometimes I e by my father’s car. (正)I often e to school by bus，but sometimes I e in my father’s car. 3.英漢差異造成的介詞錯用 考向1　常見介詞的考查 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s home for dinner，get a few cooking tips from her.(2018浙江) 解析　此處指去母親家吃飯，表示目的用介詞for，故填for。 2.This trend，which was started by the medical munity(醫(yī)學(xué)界) as a method of fighting heart disease，has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease.(2017全國Ⅰ) 解析　此處指作為抵抗心臟病的一種方法，所以用介詞as。 3.After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree in engineering or architecture.(2017全國Ⅲ) 解析　關(guān)于某個專業(yè)的學(xué)位要用介詞in。a degree in engineering or architecture工程學(xué)或建筑學(xué)學(xué)位。 4.Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India，for example，most people traditionally eat with their hands.(2016全國Ⅲ) 解析　with one’s hands 用某人的手。介詞with意為“用”。 5.The mother continued to care for the young panda for more than two years.(2016四川) 解析　“for＋時間段”表示持續(xù)一段時間。熊貓媽媽對孩子的照顧會持續(xù)兩年多。 6.For those who fly to Guilin，it’s only an hour away by car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.(2015全國Ⅰ) 解析　根據(jù)句意可知，此處表示“驅(qū)車只有一小時的路程”?！癰y＋交通工具名詞”表示乘坐交通工具。 7.One day，the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily.While making great efforts to run away，she fell over the hill and died.Then the Johnsons had to make a living without the cow.(2015廣東) 解析　根據(jù)文意可知，奶牛在慌忙躲雨的時候，不小心摔死了，因此Johnson一家就不得不在沒有了奶牛的情況下生活。故填without。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤) 1.At the end of our trip，I told my father that I planned to return for every two years. (2018全國Ⅰ) 解析　時間名詞有every，each，last等詞修飾時，其前不用介詞。故刪除for。 2.Still I was unwilling to play the games them sometimes.(2018全國Ⅱ) 解析　play the games with sb.表示“和某人一塊玩游戲”，故把for改為with。 3.One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents.It was very crowded.Tony saw a toy a shop window.(2015全國Ⅱ) 解析　玩具是擺放在商店的櫥窗里面的，故用介詞in。 4.My soccer coach retired in last week.(2015陜西) 解析　last week上個星期，前面無需加介詞。 考向2　短語搭配中的介詞 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.I was searching for these three western lowland gorillas I’d been observing.(2018全國Ⅲ) 解析　search for尋找，為固定搭配。 2.It (the first underground passenger railway) ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and from work. (2017全國Ⅱ) 解析　travel to and from work上下班。 3.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s. (2016全國Ⅰ) 解析　go back to為固定短語，意為“回到，追溯到”。 4.Most of us are more focused on our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. (2016全國Ⅱ) 解析　be focused on專心于，集中于，為固定短語。 5.When a new day breaks，the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day；at the same time，they warm up again for the night.(2015全國Ⅱ) 解析　at the same time意為“同時”，是一個常用的介詞短語。 6.He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.(2015廣東) 解析　句意為：他去附近的鎮(zhèn)里賣牛奶，或用牛奶換其他的食物。這里用短語exchange...for...，故填介詞for。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤) 1.Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity.(2018全國Ⅲ) 解析　(be) eager to do sth.渴望做某事，為固定搭配。 2.It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle the road.(2017全國Ⅰ) 解析　in the middle of...在……的中間，是固定搭配。 3.They have also bought for some gardening tools.(2017全國Ⅱ) 解析　表示“買某物”直接用buy sth.。buy還可用于buy sb.sth.或buy sth.for sb.，表示“為某人買某物”。 4.When I look at this picture of myself，I realize of how fast time flies.(2017全國Ⅲ) 解析　realize認(rèn)識到，意識到，是及物動詞，后面直接跟賓語。 5.My uncle says that he never dreams being rich in a short period of time.(2016全國Ⅰ) 解析　固定短語dream of doing sth.意為“夢想做某事”。 6.While they chatted，my father would lift my sister and me up to sit the top of the fridge. (2016浙江) 解析　on the top of...為固定搭配，意為“在……的上面/頂端”。故將in改成on。 7.Dad cleaned the house，and then went on shopping.(2016四川) 解析　go shopping去購物；go on shopping繼續(xù)購物。 8.Please help with me and give me some advice.(2015四川) 解析　動詞help為及物動詞，其后接賓語時無需加介詞，故刪除with。 9.Unfortunately， the development of industrialization，the environment has been polluted. (2015全國Ⅰ) 解析　with the development of...為固定短語，意為“隨著……的發(fā)展”。 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.It has no religious significance；the founders of the movement adopted it in honor of Switzerland. 2.“If you see us，” Velez tells them，“don’t hide！We have e to rescue you，” Velez gives his presentations in English. 3.He spent all day helping others，handing out charity to the poor，and looking after abandoned animals.Very seldom did he ever do that for anything. 4.Many of my friends met on Wednesday in the early morning to go to a specific parking lot sale held at a store. 5.The global journey is led by an expedition leader，Steve Moore，in memory of his father，a firefighter who died of lung cancer at the age of 63. 6.The paper had fallen down between the desk and the wall. 7.Thanks to the Internet，there are many ways to make friends now without even leaving your home. 8.An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the mittee members are against it. 9.Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients by name，not case number. 10.Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek to food safety problems. Ⅱ.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤) 1.It’s easy to say sorry，but who will make up the loss? 2.The book I’m reading of talks about afternoon tea in Britain. 3.Mr Johnson is a hard-working teacher.Every day，he spends too much time his work. 4.Gradually，I became interested in biology and chose to learn biology when I entered into the college. 5.There had been a terrible accident on the highway and， a result，there was a long line of traffic for at least six miles. 6.But on today，at this special time，I just want to tell you loudly：I love you，Mom! 7.To begin with，all of us can start reducing to the use of oil by driving only when we have a real need. 8.When I tore apart my fifth birthday toy train，my father said，“That’s it.No more toys you.” 9.Sometimes，human beings are too cruel their best friends—animals. 10.I agree to his suggestion condition that he drops all charges. Ⅲ.語法填空(介詞專練) I was in a restaurant.I noticed an elderly couple 1.with a balloon tied to their table.When I asked them what the occasion was，they told me it was their 50th wedding anniversary.I was glad and sad 2.for them at the same time.I was glad because they still cherished each other.I was sad because they were 3.on their own，without any children or friends.After I went back to my table I thought I should pay their bill.I tried to do it，and the restaurant manager and the waitresses asked me curiously who they were 4.to me.Finally，I told them I worked in a church and felt it was my duty to do so.The elderly couple were surprised and speechless when told a total stranger had paid 5.for them.All of us were nearly 6.in tears：the couple，the manager，the waitresses and me. Two months later I got a call 7.from a newspaper telling me my simple act of kindness was reported.I wasn’t expecting anything 8.in return，but I became famous 9.for that act of kindness.What would and could happen 10.to us if we always practice such acts of kindness on family，friends，neighbors and strangers?