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Unit 4　Sharing 【短文語法填空】 How do native speakers truly feel when speaking with nonnative English speakers? It seems that 1. (break) English annoys them.However, they keep being really nice when speaking with nonnative speakers.I wonder how they really feel when doing so. I think it would depend 2. the native English speakers.Some people are just 3. (easy) annoyed. Personally, I study Spanish.When I hear someone 4. (attempt) English, I am patient with them because I know 5. difficult it is to talk in a nonnative tongue.I also know English is very difficult 6. (learn), and that increases my respect for their efforts.I’m a patient person by nature. The situation matters too.If I were waiting 7. (table) on a super crowded day and really 8. (need) to do about a dozen different things, I might bee upset at having to wait for someone to struggle while ordering his meal. There also exists the 9. (possible) that what is considered as annoyance is not true annoyance.I might frown(皺眉) while listening to a nonnative speaker, 10. that would be because I am concentrating and listening hard to understand him.It wouldn’t mean I’m at all annoyed. 【解題導(dǎo)語】　當(dāng)一個(gè)母語是英語的人聽到一個(gè)人說著蹩腳的英語時(shí)是什么感受？厭煩還是耐心傾聽？本文就此問題進(jìn)行了討論。 1．broken　解析：考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。句意：似乎蹩腳的英語讓他們感到厭煩。修飾名詞用形容詞，故填動(dòng)詞break的形容詞形式broken，意為“蹩腳的；不流利的”。 2．on/upon　解析：考查介詞。句意：我認(rèn)為這要取決于英語為母語的人。depend on/upon是固定搭配，意為“依賴；取決于”。故填on/upon。 3．easily　解析：考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。句意：有些人就是容易生氣。設(shè)空處修飾動(dòng)詞，要用副詞，故填easily。 4．a(chǎn)ttempting　解析：考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：當(dāng)我聽到有人努力說英語時(shí)，我很耐心是因?yàn)槲抑烙梅悄刚Z交流是多么不容易。此處為“hear＋賓語＋賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)，attempt與賓語之間為邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系，且此處指聽到有人正在努力說英語，故用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)。故填attempting。 5．how　解析：考查賓語從句。句意見上一題解析。此處為感嘆句用作賓語從句，用于加強(qiáng)語氣。設(shè)空處修飾形容詞difficult，故填how。 6．to learn　解析：考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：我也知道英語很難學(xué)，那增加了我對(duì)他們的努力的尊重。在“it is＋adj.＋to do...”句型中，it是形式主語，動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)作真正的主語，故填to learn。 7．tables　解析：考查名詞單復(fù)數(shù)。句意：如果我正在人超級(jí)多的一天招待顧客，且真的需要做很多件不同的事情，我可能會(huì)因不得不等待在點(diǎn)餐時(shí)糾結(jié)不已的人而感到心煩意亂。wait tables是固定短語，意為“招待顧客”。故填tables。 8．needed　解析：考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。句意見上一題解析。根據(jù)并列連詞and可知，前后時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該一致，故填過去式needed。 9．possibility　解析：考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。句意：也存在這樣的可能性，有些煩惱不是真的煩惱。定冠詞the后接名詞形式，且根據(jù)謂語動(dòng)詞exists可知，應(yīng)填形容詞possible的名詞形式possibility。 10．but/yet　解析：考查連詞。句意：聽非母語的講話者說話時(shí)，我可能緊皺著眉頭，但那是因?yàn)槲以诰劬珪?huì)神地努力去聽懂他。根據(jù)句意可知，前后文是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。故填but/yet。 adjust vi.&vt.調(diào)整；(使)適合 (1)adjust sth.to sth.調(diào)整以適應(yīng) adjust to sth./doing sth.適應(yīng)于(做)某事 adjust oneself to 使自己適應(yīng)于 (2)adjustment n．調(diào)整，調(diào)節(jié)，適應(yīng) make an adjustment 作出調(diào)整 (3)adjustable adj.可調(diào)整的 ①(教材原句)The hut was dark inside so it took time for our eyes to adjust. 小屋內(nèi)很黑，因此眼睛要過好一陣才能適應(yīng)過來。 ②The desks and chairs are __adjustable__ (adjust)，and you can adjust them __to__ the height of the students.The __adjustment__ (adjust) is not difficult to make. 桌椅是可調(diào)整的，你可以根據(jù)學(xué)生的身高進(jìn)行調(diào)整。這種調(diào)整并不難。 ③(2016江蘇卷)To be exact，other people can extend our intelligence and help us understand and __adjust__ (adjustment) our emotions. 確切地說，別人可以拓展我們的智力并幫助我們理解和調(diào)整我們的情緒。 participate vi.參與，參加；分享，分擔(dān) (1)participate in 參加 participate with sb.in sth.與某人分擔(dān)某事 (2)participant n．參加者，參與的人 participation n．參與；分享 ①(教材原句)I loved listening to the family softly talking to each other in their language，even though I could not participate in the conversation. 我喜歡聽一家人用他們的語言輕聲細(xì)語地交談，雖然我無法參與到他們的對(duì)話中去。 ②She is an active __participant__ (participate) in this activity. 她積極參與這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)。 ③There will be some games __to participate__ (participate) in.And all the __participants__ (participate) can have chances to win the game.We would be grateful for your __participation__ (participate)． 有一些比賽可以參加。所有參賽者都有機(jī)會(huì)贏得比賽。我們將很感激你們的參與。 ④(2015陜西卷)The expression“parental involvement”means parents’__participation/participating__ (participate) in children’s education. privilege n．特權(quán)；特別優(yōu)待 (1)a privilege to do sth./of(doing)sth.有幸做某事 have the privilege to do/of doing sth.＝have the right to do sth.有做某事的特權(quán) (2)privileged adj.享有特權(quán)的；榮幸的；幸運(yùn)的 be privileged to do sth.做某事是榮幸的 ①(教材原句)It was such a privilege to have spent a day with Tombe’s family. 能與湯比一家度過一天的時(shí)間真是莫大的榮幸。 ②It is a great privilege __to know__ (know) you. 認(rèn)識(shí)你真是莫大的榮幸。 ③Ladies and gentlemen，I have the great privilege of __introducing__ (introduce) our speaker for tonight. 女士們、先生們，我很榮幸地向大家介紹今晚的發(fā)言人。 operate v．操作，運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，開動(dòng)，起作用 (1)operate on/upon sb.給某人動(dòng)手術(shù) perform an operation on sb.＝operate on sb.給某人動(dòng)手術(shù) have(undergo)an operation (病人)動(dòng)手術(shù) operate a pany/a shop 經(jīng)營一家公司/開商店 operate a machine/a car 操作機(jī)器/開車 (2)operation n．運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)；手術(shù) e/go into operation 開始工作/運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)；生效 put/bring sth.into operation 實(shí)施/施行…… ①(教材原句)This gift covers the cost of exercise books and textbooks for munity primary schools that operate in poor or remote villages. 這份禮物包含了支援貧困或偏遠(yuǎn)山村社區(qū)小學(xué)的練習(xí)本和課本的費(fèi)用。 ②When shall we put the project into __operation__ (operate)? 我們何時(shí)開始實(shí)施這項(xiàng)工程？ ③His father __is operating__ (operate) a big pany，which __operates__ (operate) in several cities，making high profits.In return for society，he donated much money to a patient in need，who __was operated__ (operate) on last year. 他的父親經(jīng)營著一家大公司，在幾個(gè)城市里運(yùn)營著且盈利很高。作為對(duì)社會(huì)的回報(bào)，他為一位去年動(dòng)了手術(shù)急需幫助的病人捐了一大筆錢。 ④單句語法填空(2017天津卷)Who is responsible for the __operation__ (operate) of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. 【七選五】 Are Your Clothes Causing Pollution? Very small pieces of plastic，called microfiber，are polluting rivers and oceans.__1__ Clothes worn for outdoor activities and exercise are often made of artificial materials，which are useful in keeping warm.But they contain very small plastic fibers，which may also be harming the environment when you wash them.When people wash these clothes，very small pieces go down the drain(下水道)with the wash water. __2__ Pollution caused by plastic is not new，but recent studies have shown the effect of microfiber on the environment.Studies show microfiber is ending up in our waters，which may e from waste water treatment factories.A 2015 study found it in fish from California. Microfibers effect on food supplies Beyond the waterways，the researchers say microfiber may end up in soil and agricultural lands.__3__ This means there is much to be learned about microfiber and the environment. Some studies have shown that microfiber ends up inside sea animals，like oysters.__4__ Researchers say that the fibers tend not to move into the tissue of the fish，but it needs more study. Steps to keep microfiber from the environment Until more information bees known，there are steps to take to reduce the amount of microfiber in the environment. People should use less of the artificial materials.If we already have those in our lives and were using them，an important step would be washing them less. __5__ A bag is being designed in which you can wash these clothes.The bag traps the microfiber in it and it may be available for purchase soon. A．New technology may also help. B．Studies on how much of the microfiber are released. C．The source of the microfiber may surprise you：your clothes. D．Washing machines keep microfiber from escaping with wash water. E．Studies on microfiber in the environment. F．It can also move around the atmosphere. G．So if microfiber has been found in fish and seafood，are they safe to eat? 【解題導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了微纖維的來源、微纖維對(duì)環(huán)境以及食物供應(yīng)的影響和減少微纖維進(jìn)入環(huán)境的措施。 1．C　由文章標(biāo)題“Are Your Clothes Causing Pollution”可知，本文與衣服導(dǎo)致污染有關(guān)，并結(jié)合下文可知，造成污染的微纖維來自于有些用人工材料制成的衣服，故C項(xiàng)符合語境。 2．E　根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處為該部分小標(biāo)題?？蘸蟮亩温渲饕v的是微纖維對(duì)環(huán)境的影響，故E項(xiàng)符合語境。 3．F　結(jié)合空前一句中的“the waterways”和“in soil and agricultural lands”可知，研究人員認(rèn)為微纖維可能擴(kuò)散到水道，土壤和農(nóng)田中，故F項(xiàng)“它也能在大氣中移動(dòng)”符合語境。 4．G　空前一句中的“sea animals, like oysters”與G項(xiàng)中的“fish and seafood”相呼應(yīng)，故G項(xiàng)符合語境。 5．A　空后一句中的“A bag is being designed”正是A項(xiàng)中的“New technology”，故A項(xiàng)符合語境。 (be)dying to do sth.渴望做某事 (1)be dying for sth.渴望得到某物 (2) ①(教材原句)I know you’re dying to hear all about my life here，so I’ve included some photos which will help you picture the places I talk about. 我知道你急于了解我在這兒的生活情況，我在信中附有幾張照片，能夠幫助你想象出我所談到的地方。 ②She was dying/thirsty/anxious/eager __for__ a holiday to relax herself. 她非常渴望一個(gè)假期來放松一下自己。 ③Mike is eager __to stay__ (stay) away from the busy city life for a while. 邁克渴望離開繁忙的城市生活一段時(shí)間。 in need 在困難中；在危急中 at sb.’s need 在某人困難時(shí) in need/want of 需要 satisfy/meet one’s needs 滿足某人的需要 There is no need for sth.不需要某物 There is no need to do sth.沒有必要做某事 ①(2016江蘇卷)Everyone in our society should help those __in__ need，but __it__ is more important to be sincere and earnest. 在我們社會(huì)中所有人都應(yīng)幫助那些有困難的人，但是最重要的是真摯熱情。 ②We are collecting money for families in need.To meet their __needs__ (need)，we are still __in__ need of a large sum.But we should do it in a legal way，and there is __no__ need for us to break the law. 我們正在為困難的家庭籌錢。為了滿足他們的需求，我們?nèi)孕枰蠊P資金。但是我們得合法地去做，并且我們沒必要去犯法。 【短文改錯(cuò)】 假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請(qǐng)你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處語言錯(cuò)誤，每句中最多有兩處。每處錯(cuò)誤僅涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。 增加：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏字符號(hào)(∧)，并在其下面寫出該加的詞。 刪除：把多余的詞用斜線(\)劃掉。 修改：在錯(cuò)的詞下畫一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。 注意：1.每處錯(cuò)誤及其修改均僅限一詞； 2．只允許修改10處，多者(從第11處起)不計(jì)分。 (2018陜西省部分學(xué)校第一學(xué)期摸底檢測(cè)) As is often the case，when people are attending meetings, having meals or waiting for buses，you can always find it addicted to their phones，pletely ignore others. This is really a mon phenomenon in our life.The reason is because smartphones nowadays can be used for people to play mobile games but keep in touch with friends through QQ and WeChat.However，too many exposure to phones is bad for people in term of health.Moreover，people who were engaged in phones fail to municate well those around them. As far as Im concerned，people should wise make use of their phones to help with their work and study.In addition to，they should care more about their family members and friends rather than smartphones. 【答案】 As is often the case，when people are attending meetings, having meals or waiting for buses，you can always find addicted to their phones，pletely others. This is really a mon phenomenon in our life.The reason is smartphones nowadays can be used for people to play mobile games keep in touch with friends through QQ and WeChat.However，too exposure to phones is bad for people in of health.Moreover，people who engaged in phones fail to municate well those around them. As far as Im concerned，people should make use of their phones to help with their work and study.In addition ，they should care more about their family members and friends rather than smartphones. 第一處：it改為them?？疾榇~。此處表示你總是能發(fā)現(xiàn)他們沉溺于手機(jī)。故將it改 為them。 第二處：ignore改為ignoring?？疾榉侵^語動(dòng)詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，ignore與其邏輯主語people之間是主謂關(guān)系，故將ignore改為ignoring。 第三處：because改為that。考查表語從句。The reason is that...是固定句型，意為“原因是……”，that引導(dǎo)表語從句，在從句中不做成分。 第四處：but改為and。考查連詞。根據(jù)語境可知，該處前后是并列關(guān)系，說明手機(jī)的功能，故將but改為and。 第五處：many改為much?？疾橄薅ㄔ~。exposure是不可數(shù)名詞，故將many改為much。 第六處：term改為terms?？疾楣潭ù钆?。in terms of...為固定搭配，意為“就……而言”。 第七處：were改為are?？疾闀r(shí)態(tài)。此處描述的是客觀事實(shí)，應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故將were改為are。 第八處：those前加with?？疾榻樵~。固定搭配municate with sb.意為“和某人交流”，故在those前加with。 第九處：wise改為wisely?？疾楦痹~。此處應(yīng)用副詞修飾動(dòng)詞短語make use of，故將wise改為wisely。 第十處：刪除addition后的to?？疾楣潭ǘ陶Z。根據(jù)語境可知，此處表示“除此之外，此外”，應(yīng)用in addition來表示；in addition to是介詞短語，后跟名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞ing形式作賓語，不能單獨(dú)使用。 We walked for two and a half hours to get there—first up a mountain to a ridge __from where__ we had fantastic views and then down a steep path to the valley below. 我們步行了兩個(gè)半小時(shí)才到達(dá)那里——先是爬山，爬到山脊能看到奇妙的景色，然后走下一個(gè)陡坡，一直走到下邊的山谷。 from where引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾a ridge，在“介詞＋關(guān)系詞”型定語從句中，關(guān)系詞常為which和whom，關(guān)系副詞where和when之前一般不加介詞，比較特殊的有from where和since when。 ①Alice stood at the window，from __where__ she could watch her classmates playing football. 艾麗斯站在窗戶旁邊，從那里她可以觀看同學(xué)們踢足球。 ②My brother graduated from Beijing Normal University in 2001，__since__ when he has worked as a teacher in Qingdao No.2 Middle School. 我哥哥于2001年從北師大畢業(yè)，從那時(shí)起他一直在青島二中當(dāng)老師。 在from which中，which指代的是某個(gè)名詞或代詞；在from where中，where指代的是副詞或介詞短語。 ③There is a small wood near our village，__from__ which we can pick many mushrooms. 我們村子附近有一個(gè)小樹林，我們可以從那兒采許多蘑菇。 __What if__ he didn’t want to see her? 如果他不想見她怎么辦？ what if“如果……將會(huì)怎樣；即使……又有什么關(guān)系”，為省略結(jié)構(gòu)，相當(dāng)于“what shall we/I do if...？”what if中what可看作是“what should sb.do(某人該怎么辦)”或“what does it matter(有什么要緊)”或“what would happen(將會(huì)如何)”的省略。 What for？“為什么？”相當(dāng)于why? So what？那有什么了不起/有什么關(guān)系？ What about...？……怎么樣？……怎么辦？ Guess what...？你知道……嗎？ What’s up？＝What’s the matter？怎么了？ ①__What if__ she finds out that you have lost her book? 如果她發(fā)現(xiàn)你弄丟了她的書，怎么辦？ ②__So what__？It’s my own business. 那又如何？這是我自己的事情。 ③(2015浙江卷)—Hi，John.Are you busy? —No.What’s __up__? ——喂，John有空嗎？ ——沒有，怎么了？ ④(2015天津卷改編)—Jack，you seem excited. —Guess __what__? I won the first prize in the English speech contest. ——杰克，你看起來很興奮。 ——猜猜看？我在英語演講比賽中獲得第一名。 【閱讀理解】 Several panies in Europe, the US and Asia have decided to change one of the processes of making chocolate and no longer roast the cacao beans. They insist that growers in Africa and South America leave them outdoors to dry naturally instead. The resulting product is called “raw” chocolate. Producers claim that avoiding exposure to oven temperatures allows the preservation of nutrients such as iron, zinc, copper and vitamin C．Its also claimed that uncooked cacao contains higher levels of antioxidants(抗氧化物) than roasted cacao used in most chocolate. “Over the last 10 years, consumers have bee more involved in their food and drink，” says Kris McGowan, who runs the Raw Chocolate pany. “They care a lot more about its healthy qualities and chocolate is no exception.” But Martin Schweizer, professor of biochemistry at HeriotWatt University, urges caution on describing raw chocolate as a super food until more research is carried out. “We have to look at this in more depth. The research is at a fairly early stage.” There are concerns that not heating them to about 150 ℃ could mean an increase in bacteria. However, producers insist that, as no animal products are involved, there is no greater risk than when dealing with vegetables such as carrots or lettuces. Jennifer Earle, a writer on chocolate, is unconvinced by it on taste grounds. “Its the quality of the cacao that makes a difference, not whether the chocolate is ‘raw’ or not，” she says. “And if youre talking about health, Id rather eat some topquality ordinary chocolate and have a plate of vegetables afterwards.” 【文章大意】　本文是一篇說明文。許多生產(chǎn)商在制作巧克力時(shí)不再對(duì)可可豆進(jìn)行加熱烘干，并宣稱這樣做可以保護(hù)可可豆中的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，但是一些研究人員對(duì)此有不同的看法。 【長難句分析】However, producers insist that, as no animal products are involved, there is no greater risk than when dealing with vegetables such as carrots or lettuces.(第五段第二句) 分析：本句是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。that引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，作insist的賓語；在賓語從句中含有as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。 譯文：然而，生產(chǎn)者堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，因?yàn)闆]有涉及動(dòng)物制品，所以不加熱到150 ℃時(shí)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與處理胡蘿卜和生菜這類蔬菜時(shí)存在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)一樣小。 1．Chocolate bean growers in Africa ________. A．dry the beans outdoors naturally B．roast the beans at a low temperature C．cook the beans in pots instead of in ovens D．store the beans with uncooked vegetables 答案與解析：A　考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。 【關(guān)鍵句】They insist that growers in Africa and South America leave them outdoors to dry naturally instead.(第一段第二句) 譯文：他們堅(jiān)稱非洲和南美的種植者是將可可豆放在戶外自然晾干。 【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵句可知，非洲的可可豆種植者是將可可豆放在戶外自然晾干。故選A。 2．Producers of raw chocolate claim that ________. A．it can fight bacteria B．it is very ecofriendly C．it preserves more nutrients D．it contains less antioxidants 答案與解析：C　考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。 【關(guān)鍵句】Producers claim that avoiding exposure to oven temperatures allows the preservation of nutrients such as iron, zinc, copper and vitamin C．(第二段第一句) 譯文：生產(chǎn)商稱不在烤爐上烘焙可可豆可以讓可可豆保持其原有的營養(yǎng)，例如鐵、鋅、銅和維生素C。 【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵句可知，生巧克力的生產(chǎn)商聲稱不烘焙可可豆所生產(chǎn)出的生巧克力可以保留更多營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。故選C。 3．Jennifer Earle, the writer on chocolate, thinks that ________. A．roasted cacao is cleaner B．raw chocolate is healthier C．raw chocolate tastes better D．cacao quality matters more 答案與解析：D　考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。 【關(guān)鍵句】“Its the quality of the cacao that makes a difference, not whether the chocolate is ‘raw’ or not，” she says.(最后一段第二句) 譯文：她說：“重要的是可可豆的質(zhì)量，而不是巧克力是‘生’的還是不‘生’的?！? 【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵句可知，Jennifer Earle認(rèn)為可可豆的質(zhì)量更重要。故選D。 4．We can infer from the text that ________. A．not much research has been done on raw chocolate B．raw chocolate has bee the most popular variety C．children face the risks from bacteria when eating raw chocolate D．a(chǎn)ll consumers have turned to raw chocolate for health concerns 答案與解析：A　考查推理判斷。 【關(guān)鍵句】“We have to look at this in more depth. The research is at a fairly early stage.”(第四段第二、三句) 譯文：“我們還需要對(duì)此做更深入的研究。這個(gè)研究還處于一個(gè)相當(dāng)初級(jí)的階段?！? 【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵句可知，對(duì)生巧克力的研究還處于初級(jí)階段，由此可推斷，針對(duì)生巧克力的研究還沒有做。故選A。