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專題2　名詞性從句 框架結(jié)構(gòu)圖 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句)中的連接詞 名詞性從句中的連接詞有從屬連詞that/whether/if等，連接代詞what/who/which/whose/ whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever等，連接副詞where/when/why/how/wherever/whenever等。 1.that的用法： (1)主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句中用that但不能省略。 That they are good at English is known to us all. The problem is that we don’t have enough money. The report that there will be a severe storm in the northern area is false. (2)一般情況下，賓語從句中的引導(dǎo)詞that可省略，但在以下幾種情況中that一般不省略：①當(dāng)that從句和主句謂語動詞之間有插入語時；②有多個that引導(dǎo)的從句時，第一個that可以省略，而其他的that常不可省略；③介詞except，but，besides，in等后跟that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時；④當(dāng)when，who，what，where，why，how等引導(dǎo)的從句與that引導(dǎo)的從句作主句謂語動詞的并列賓語時。 He judged that，because he was a child，he did not understand wine. The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do. Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried. (3)that和what的區(qū)別。 that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時，在主從句中不擔(dān)當(dāng)任何句子成分，也沒有任何含義；而what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時，在主從句中都要充當(dāng)一定的句子成分，what可以分解成定語從句中的“先行詞＋關(guān)系代詞”，即常說的“先行詞＋that/which/who”。 It’s a shame that he has made such a mistake. I will do what I can (do) to help him. (4)同位語從句與定語從句中that的區(qū)別。 同位語從句中的連接詞that只起連接作用，在從句中不擔(dān)當(dāng)任何句子成分；而定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞that在句中作賓語或主語，與先行詞有修飾關(guān)系。如果句子是同位語從句，就應(yīng)用連接詞that而不能用which。同位語從句一般放在表具體含義的名詞后解釋說明名詞的含義或內(nèi)容，如以下名詞：news，fact，suggestion，truth，plan，belief，doubt，possibility，idea等，而定語從句只是對先行詞的限定和修飾。 They expressed the hope that they would e to visit China again.(同位語從句) The hope that they expressed is that they would e to visit China again.(定語從句) 2.whether和if的用法： (1)whether和if在賓語從句中可以互換，但是作介詞賓語時連接詞一般用whether。 It all depends on whether they will e back. (2)后面直接跟or not 時用whether。 I didn’t know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan. (3)主語從句、表語從句中只能用whether。 Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet. The question is whether they have so much money. (4)whether可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，用以說明前面的名詞的內(nèi)容，if則不能。 We ought to discuss carefully the question whether we can do it or not. (5)whether常與or連用表示一種選擇，if不能這樣用；whether也可與動詞不定式連用，但if不能。 The question of whether they are male or female is not important. I have not decided whether to go or not. (6)賓語從句位于句首時或者賓語從句提前時用whether不用if。 Thank you，but whether I’ll be free I’m not sure at the moment. (7)whether可引導(dǎo)一個讓步狀語從句表示“不管”、“無論”，而if不能。 Whether he es or not，we will begin our party on time. 3.“疑問詞＋-ever”和“no matter＋疑問詞”的區(qū)別： (1)“疑問詞＋-ever”可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，在主從句中要充當(dāng)一定的成分。 Whoever breaks the rule must be punished. You can choose whatever you like in the shop. (2)“疑問詞＋-ever”還可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。 Whoever breaks the rule，he must be punished. Whatever you do，you must do it well. (3)“no matter＋疑問詞”只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。 No matter what you do，you must put your heart into it. No matter who es late，he must be punished. 4.when和where引導(dǎo)的同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別： when和where前面的名詞若是表示時間、地點的名詞，則when和where引導(dǎo)的是定語從句，否則為同位語從句。 This is the place where the accident happened.(定語從句) They put forward the question where they could get the money.(同位語從句) 主語從句的核心考點 1.主語從句在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語，大多數(shù)主語從句都可以用it作形式主語而把主語從句置于句尾。 2.that引導(dǎo)主語從句時可用it作形式主語，that不可?。粀hat引導(dǎo)的主語從句表示“……的東西”時，一般不用it作形式主語；whatever，whoever，whichever一般也不用it作形式主語。 That she will succeed is certain. →It is certain that she will succeed. What he needs is more experience. 常見的it替代that引導(dǎo)的主語從句的句式主要有以下幾種： (1)It＋系動詞＋形容詞(necessary，right，likely，unlikely，wrong，important，certain，clear，obvious，strange，normal等)＋that從句 It is certain that most of the farmers have brought in more money by all means. (2)It＋be＋名詞(短語)(a pity，a shame，good news，a fact，an honour，a wonder，no wonder等)＋that從句 It’s no wonder that you’ve achieved so much success. (3)It＋be＋過去分詞(said，told，heard，reported，decided，suggested，advised，ordered，remembered，thought，considered，well-known，announced等)＋that從句 It is said that the professor has already succeeded in carrying out the experiment. (4)It＋特殊動詞(seem，appear，happen，matter)＋that從句 It happened to me that I had been away when he called. 注意：(1)在“It is necessary/important/strange/natural...＋that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句謂語常用“(should＋)動詞原形”。 (2)在“It＋be＋suggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required...＋that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句謂語應(yīng)用“(should＋)動詞原形”。 賓語從句的核心考點 1.動詞的賓語從句 (1)大多數(shù)動詞(hope，tell，say等)可以帶賓語從句。 We all expect that they will win，for members of their team are stronger. I don’t think you are right. I don’t suppose he cares，does he? (2)動詞find，feel，think，consider，make，believe等后有賓語補(bǔ)足語時，則常用it作形式賓語而將that賓語從句后置。 I think it necessary that we take plenty of boiled water every day. (3)有些動詞(短語)帶賓語從句時習(xí)慣上需要在賓語從句前加it。這類動詞(短語)有hate，enjoy，like，love，dislike，see to等。 I hate it when they talk with their mouths full. 2.一般情況下介詞后只能用wh-類連接詞引導(dǎo)賓語從句。 We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. 注意：(1)where引導(dǎo)的從句有時也可用作介詞的賓語。 We could see the temple quite clearly from where we lived. (2)that引導(dǎo)的從句作介詞的賓語是很少有的，只有在except，in，but等介詞后偶爾可能用到。 Your position is quite good except that the organization is a bit loose. (3)sure，certain，glad，pleased，happy，surprised等表示“情感”的形容詞后也可帶賓語從句。 I’m sure that they will make it in spite of the terrible weather. 表語從句的核心考點 1.主句的主語是idea，advice，suggestion，order，request，requirement等名詞時，表語從句的謂語應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，即“(should＋)動詞原形”的形式。 His suggestion is that we (should) change our course. 2.主語為名詞reason時，表語從句中的連接詞要用that，而不用why或because。 The reason for such a serious accident is that the driver was too careless and drank too much. 3.because，as if，as though，as，like等連接詞也可引導(dǎo)表語從句。 He has lung disease.That is because he has been smoking too much. 同位語從句的核心考點 同位語從句是用以解釋說明某一名詞的內(nèi)容的從句。 1.能接同位語從句的名詞有：belief，fact，hope，idea，doubt，news，conclusion，suggestion，problem，order，answer，decision，explanation，information，thought等。 2.同位語從句一般用that引導(dǎo)，但也可以用連接代詞(what，which，who)、連接副詞(when，where，why，how)或whether引導(dǎo)。 I have no idea what has happened to him. 3.有時同位語從句不緊跟在它所說明的某個名詞后，而是被別的詞隔開。 The story goes that William Tell did kill the king with that sword. 1.語序問題 (誤)These pictures show you whatdoesourvillagelooklike. (正)These pictures show you whatourvillagelookslike. 賓語從句的語序應(yīng)用陳述語序，而不是特殊疑問句的語序。 (誤)Doyouthink which of these is the most useful invention? (正)Which of these doyouthink is the most useful invention? 在疑問句中，賓語從句的連接詞應(yīng)擔(dān)當(dāng)特殊疑問詞的角色位于句首。 2.what和that的運用 (誤)America was that was first called “India” by Columbus. (正)America was what was first called “India” by Columbus. 在名詞性從句中，連接詞that既不作任何句子成分，也沒有意義；而連接代詞what則相反，它既充當(dāng)從句的主干成分也有其自身的意義。 另外，我們可以把what解釋為：the＋名詞＋that/which。 3.whether和if的運用 (誤)If we’ll hold the party has not been decided yet. (正)Whether we’ll hold the party has not been decided yet. whether適用于任何情況；if(作“是否”講)僅限于動詞賓語從句中，但discuss，decide等動詞后的賓語從句除外。 4.連接詞的使用易受漢語干擾 (誤)The reason why I was late is because I was trapped in the traffic jam. (正)The reason why I was late is that I was trapped in the traffic jam. 第一句通過提取簡化可得出：The reason is because...在英語中顯然造成了重復(fù)現(xiàn)象。 考向1　賓語從句中的連接詞 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.The gold medal will be awarded to whoeverwins the first place in the bicycle race.(2018天津) 解析　句意為：無論誰獲得自行車比賽第一名，金牌將授予他。分析句子可知，空格處作to的賓語，同時在后面的從句中作主語，再根據(jù)句意可知，從句主語指人，且意為“無論誰”，故用whoever。 2.I’m not sure who/which is more frightened，me or the female gorilla(大猩猩) that suddenly appears out of nowhere.(2018全國Ⅲ) 解析　句意為：我不確定誰(哪一個)更害怕，我還是突然出現(xiàn)的雌性大猩猩。此處為賓語從句，空格處表示“誰”或“哪一個”，故用who/which。 3.As natural architects，the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.(2015全國Ⅱ) 解析　分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，這是一個賓語從句。根據(jù)形容詞thick及結(jié)構(gòu)可知，這里的意思是印第安人算出土坯墻的確切厚度?？崭窈鬄樾稳菰~，因此空格上應(yīng)用副詞，故填how。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤) 1.My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to I live.(2016全國Ⅰ) 解析　由句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，介詞to之后為賓語從句，而賓語從句中缺少地點狀語，故用where引導(dǎo)。 2.After looking at the toy for some time，he turned around and found 或where his parents were missing.(2015全國Ⅱ) 解析　句意為：……他轉(zhuǎn)過身發(fā)現(xiàn)父母不見了。由句意可知，賓語從句句意完整且不缺少成分，所以應(yīng)該用that引導(dǎo)從句或省略。 考向2　表語從句中的連接詞 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.Without his support，we wouldn’t be where we are now.(2018北京) 解析　句意為：假如沒有他的支持，我們就不會取得現(xiàn)在的成就?！?we are now”是表語從句，結(jié)合句子的意思可知，此處表面意思是指我們所處的位置，故該從句應(yīng)用where引導(dǎo)。 2.This is what my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best. (2018北京) 解析　句意為：這就是我父親教我的——總是要直面困難，并且抱最大的希望?！?my father has taught me”是表語從句，該空在從句中作teach的直接賓語，且表示“父親教我的道理”，故該從句應(yīng)用what引導(dǎo)。 3.40 grams of meat per day is what people should consume in order to stay fit. (2018北京海淀區(qū)二模) 解析　句意為：為了保持健康，人們每天應(yīng)該消耗40克肉?！?people should consume”是表語從句，該從句中consume缺少賓語，且表示“所需消耗的東西”，故要用what引導(dǎo)該從句。 4.Earthquakes worry people a lot.The reason is that we often do not know when they are ing.People can not prepare for it. (2017河南中原名校聯(lián)考) 解析　設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)表語從句，從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義完整，所以用that引導(dǎo)。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(僅有1處錯誤) I believe hard work is it takes to acplish my goal.(2018河北石家莊二中一模) 解析　本句中what引導(dǎo)表語從句，并在句中作動詞take的賓語。that引導(dǎo)表語從句不作句子成分。 考向3　主語從句和同位語從句中的連接詞 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.Every year，whoever makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival. (2017北京) 解析　句意為：每年，在風(fēng)箏節(jié)上風(fēng)箏做得最漂亮的人會贏得獎品。whoever無論誰，表泛指，在句中作主語，相當(dāng)于anyone who。 2.Your support is important to our work.Whatever you can do helps.(2016北京) 解析　句意為：你的支持對我們的工作很重要，無論你們做什么都會有幫助。從句謂語動詞do后面缺少賓語，且此處引導(dǎo)主語從句，故用whatever。 3.It is often the case that anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.(2016江蘇) 解析　句意為：通常情況下，對于那些心存希望的人來說，一切皆有可能。本句中的it為形式主語，真正的主語為后面的名詞性從句，從句結(jié)構(gòu)完整，不缺成分，故要用that引導(dǎo)。 4.What you can learn from the ant philosophy is: Never give up，look ahead，stay positive and do all you can.(2017江西上饒模擬) 解析　分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)主語從句，且從句中l(wèi)earn后缺少賓語，故填What。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(僅有1處錯誤) It’s a great pity we won’t be able to finish the task on time.(2017唐山模擬) 解析　It作形式主語，真正的主語為that引導(dǎo)的從句。 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.How we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel. 2.A ship in harbor is safe，but that’s not what ships are built for. 3.—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday? —Yeah，but I have no idea why he did it；that’s one of his favorite universities. 4.The panies are working together to create what they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. 5.It doesn’t matter whether you turn right or left at the crossing—both roads lead to the park. 6.As many as five courses are provided，and you are free to choose whichever suits you best. 7.Jerry did not regret giving the ment but felt that he could have expressed it differently. 8.The notice came around two in the afternoon that the meeting would be postponed. 9.A farmer once organized a petition between his dog and his rabbit.He dug a hole in one of his biggest fields，and hid a carrot and a bone in it.He wanted to see which animal would find them first. 10.It can be really upset trying to ask for something in a store or to tell the taxi driver where you are going. Ⅱ.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤) 1. Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness. 2.It was never clear the man hadn’t reported the accident sooner. 3.It is still under discussion the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not. 4.He said a lovely girl she was. 5.The villagers have already known we’ll do is to rebuild the bridge. 6.What he should do is he stays at home and waits for his mother from work. 7.The reason why he was late was his bike went wrong. 8.I’d like to start my own business—that’s I’d do if I had money. 9.He came late.That was he got up late. 10.The question that why so many people would choose to live in the countryside but to work in the city is still under discussion. Ⅲ.語法填空(名詞性從句專練) 1.What worries my classmate Mary a lot these days is 2.that she puts on too much weight and she is frequently ill.She has some doubts 3.whether she eats too much fast food high in fat or sugar.Also，with the College Entrance Examination approaching，she bees more stressful and she can’t sleep well these days.Maybe this is 4.why she bees fatter these days，she thinks.5.How she bees slimmer and healthier has been her main task.So she wants to consult some experts and gain some instructions.But where she could get better suggestions and 6.who will give her better advice also puzzle her.It is her parents’ suggestion 7.that she should consult Professor Wang in Zhongshan Hospital.Professor Wang suggests 8.that she keep a balanced diet first.She should eat vegetables and fruit high in fiber，vitamin and protein.What’s more，if she wants to lose weight，she had better take regular exercise more than half an hour a day.Mary asked Professor Wang 9.when she should take exercise.Professor Wang advised her to take exercise at 5 o’clock in the afternoon.That is 10.because she will have more time to do sports.It is with the help of Professor Wang that Mary has bee much healthier now.