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Unit 3　Life in the future 【短文語法填空】 Some people live in the world for body while others for dignity. I once 1.　　　　　　(take) a walk along the street on a Saturday dusk,with a Pepsi can in my hand.An old woman in ragged clothes,2.　　　　　　 was living on collecting used cans,jars and tins,moved slowly towards me,with a bag on the back!3.(walk)nearer,she looked up at me and then fixed her eyes on my can. At that time,I hadn’t finished my cola,so I gave her several coins instead. She stared at me for a few seconds and handed back the money.Quite 4.　　　　　　　　(confuse),I asked,“Why not?Isn’t that 5.　　　　　　　　 you want?” “I am not a 6.　　　　　　　　(beg),” she said seriously,word by word. Instantly,I felt so sorry.I had intended 7.　　　　　　(help)her,pletely misunderstanding her.Thus I hurt her.What I could do at that moment was only to drink up the cola and handed her 8.　　　　　　 emptied can.This time,she gave me a smile with 9.　　　　　　　　(satisfy)and gratitude in her eyes.The woman is poor in material life but is so 10.(respect) as a man.I am not only moved but also have learned a good lesson. 答案1.took　2.who　3.Walking　4.confused　5.what　6.beggar　7.to help　8.the　9.satisfaction　10.respectable (對(duì)應(yīng)學(xué)生用書P119) lack vi.& vt.缺乏；沒有n.缺乏；短缺的東西 (1)lack sth.＝lack for sth.缺乏…… (2)a/the lack of 缺乏…… have no lack of...不缺乏…… for/by/from/through lack of sth.因缺乏……；因沒有…… (3) ①(教材原句)Hit by a lack of fresh air，my head ached. 由于缺乏新鮮的空氣，我頭痛。 ②His girlfriend thought that he must be a rich person __lacking__ (lack)for/who __lacked__ (lack) for nothing.In fact，he couldn’t afford to buy even a small flat for lack __of__ money.But he __lacked__ (lack) the courage to tell her the truth. 他的女朋友認(rèn)為他是個(gè)什么都不缺的富人。事實(shí)上，因?yàn)闆]有錢，他甚至連很小的公寓也買不起。但他一直缺乏告訴她真相的勇氣。 ③(2016江蘇卷)Lack __of__ selfconfidence is his heel，I am afraid. 恐怕缺乏自信是他唯一的弱點(diǎn)。 ④單句語法填空(2017江蘇卷)This will pensate (彌補(bǔ)) for the __lack__ (lacking) of young work force. lack雖可用作及物動(dòng)詞，但不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)；lack用作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常與介詞for連用；lack用作名詞時(shí)，常與介詞of連用。 instant n．瞬間；片刻adj.立即的；立刻的 (1) (2)in instant need of help 急需援助 (3)一……就…… ①(教材原句)You place the metal band over your head，clear your mind，press the sending button，think your message and the next instant it’s sent. 你把這種金屬帶子放在你的頭上，排除雜念，按下發(fā)送鍵，集中精神想著你要傳遞的信息；片刻功夫信息就發(fā)出去了。 ②(2016江蘇卷)Furthermore，voting on the Internet makes __instant__(instantly)feedback possible. 而且，網(wǎng)上選舉可以使即時(shí)反饋成為可能。 ③Suddenly an earthquake hit the area of Ya’an，Sichuan province.__For__ an instant，all the buildings were in ruins.The victims were in __instant__ (instantly) need of help.People in the other provinces of China organized together spontaneously to do what they can to help the victims __instantly/the instant__ (instant) they heard the bad news.__In__ an instant，hundreds of thousands of instant noodles were ready to be sent to the front. 突然一場(chǎng)地震襲擊了四川省雅安地區(qū)。一瞬間所有的建筑都成為廢墟。受傷者急需救助。一聽到這個(gè)不好的消息，全國(guó)其它省份的人們自發(fā)地組織起來做了他們所能做的來幫助那些傷者。立刻數(shù)以萬計(jì)的速食面被準(zhǔn)備好發(fā)送到前方。 require vt.需要；要求；命令；想要；務(wù)必 (1)meet/satisfy one’s requirement 達(dá)到/滿足要求 (2) ①(教材原句)All the members are required to attend the meeting. 全部會(huì)員均要求出席會(huì)議。 ②The court __required__ (require) that he (should) pay the fine. 法院下令讓他繳納罰款。 ③This wall requires __repairing/to be repaired__ (repair)． 這面墻需要修理了。 ④(2015湖南卷)In my 8th grade，I was told that I had to take an art class as a graduation __requirement__ (require)． ⑤單句語法填空(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)They __are required__ (require) to process the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. (1)require that...；It’s required that...，“要求/命令……”，從句用虛擬語氣，謂語動(dòng)詞用should＋動(dòng)詞原形，should可省略。 (2)requirement后面的表語從句和同位語從句用虛擬語氣(should＋動(dòng)詞原形，should可以省略)。 【七選五】 Secret codes (密碼) keep messages private. Banks, panies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by puter. People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 　 1 　Code breaking never lags (落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography. There are three main types of cryptography. 　 2 　For example, the first letters of ＂My elephant eats too many eels＂ spell out the hidden message ＂Meet me.＂ 　 3 　You might represent each letter with a number, for example. Let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message ＂Meet me＂ would read ＂13 5 5 20 13 5.＂ A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 　 4 　For example, ＂bridge＂ might stand for ＂meet＂ and ＂out＂ might stand for ＂me.＂ The message ＂Bridge out＂ would actually mean ＂Meet me.＂ 　 5 　However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently. A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book. B. In any language, some letters are used more than others. C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message. D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them. E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out. F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words. G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet. 【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了密碼的設(shè)置和破解的方法。比如利用該字母在字母表中排序的數(shù)字來代表該字母，或者利用一些單詞的首字母來組成一個(gè)密碼等。 1.D 【解題思路】根據(jù)后面一句＂Code breaking never lags(落后) far behind code making＂可知，此空該選D(只要有密碼的存在，人們就會(huì)試圖去破解它們)。 2.E 【解題思路】根據(jù)后一句的＂For example, the first letters of ‘My elephant eats too many eels’ spell out the hidden message ‘Meet me.’＂可知，此空該選E(你可以拼寫每個(gè)單詞的第一個(gè)字母來隱藏信息)。 3.G 【解題思路】上一段介紹了第一種密碼類型，本段介紹的是第二種類型，再根據(jù)空后的內(nèi)容可知，空處選G(另外一種隱藏信息的方式是用符號(hào)來代表字母表中的特定字母)。 4.F 【解題思路】由前一句的＂a code book＂和空后的＂’bridge’might stand for...’me.’＂可知，此空該選F(有了密碼書，你就可以寫下代表其他單詞的單詞)。 5.A 【解題思路】本段介紹的是密碼書，根據(jù)空后的轉(zhuǎn)折可知，此處該選A(沒有密碼書是很難破解密碼的)。 take up 占有(時(shí)間/空間)；繼續(xù)；開始；接受；拿起 take back 拿回；使回憶起 take down 拿下；記下；拆掉；病倒 take in 吸入；接待；改小；領(lǐng)會(huì)；注意到；包含；開始；欺騙 take on 呈現(xiàn)；雇用；承擔(dān)；流行 take out 拿出；去掉；扣除；帶……出去；發(fā)泄 take over 接收；盛行起來 take for 當(dāng)作；誤認(rèn)為 ①(教材原句)I still cannot believe that I am taking up this prize that I won last year. 我仍然不能相信我是在接受這個(gè)去年獲得的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。 ②(2015陜西卷)Peter will take __up__ his post as the head of the travel agency at the end of next month. Peter在這個(gè)月底將開始從事旅行社負(fù)責(zé)人的職位。 ③The teacher __took__ (take) up the lesson where he left off last week. 老師接著上星期停下來的地方把課講下去。 ④單句語法填空(2017天津卷)“The idea that the government would take __over__ driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here，” says Calo. speed up 加速 (1) (2) ①(教材原句)When we wanted the hovering carriage to speed up，we pressed down hard on the driving pedal and bent over in the direction we wanted to go. 當(dāng)我們想讓氣墊車加速時(shí)，我們向下壓踏板使它轉(zhuǎn)向我們要去的方向。 ②He __sped__ (speed) his car through the street. 他開車飛速地穿過街道。 ③We must speed __up__ the pace of our economic reform. 我們必須加快經(jīng)濟(jì)改革的步伐。 【短文改錯(cuò)】 Friendship is very important to everyone，especially to me.Now，I would like to describe one of my best friends whose name are Petou.The first reason why I consider him as my best friend is because he has a very warm personality. He always smile politely at me, make me absolutely delighted when I meet him.Whats more，honest is his good manner—he never lies me.In addition，he is the caring and passionate friend.Hes willing to help me whenever I have in trouble. The second reason is that Petou is really excellently.He excels at every subject，which makes me admire him very much. To summarize，Petou has a very good personality.Besides，he has a great ability to help other friends and him.I really like him. 【答案】　 Friendship is very important to everyone，especially to me.Now，I would like to describe one of my best friends whose name Petou.The first reason why I consider him as my best friend is he has a very warm personality. He always politely at me， me absolutely delighted when I meet him.Whats more， is his good manner—he never lies me.In addition，he is caring and passionate friend.Hes willing to help me whenever I have trouble. The second reason is that Petou is really .He excels at every subject，which makes me admire him very much. To summarize，Petou has a very good personality.Besides，he has a great ability to help other friends and .I really like him. 第一處：are→is?？疾橹髦^一致。whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句的先行詞是代詞“one”，因此謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)。 第二處：because→that?？疾槊~性從句。主語為名詞reason，表語從句中的連接詞要用that。 第三處：smile→smiles?？疾閯?dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致。由后文“which makes me”可知，主句應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)。 第四處：make→making。考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。make與前面的謂語動(dòng)詞之間無連詞，故此處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語。 第五處：honest→honesty?？疾槊~。形容詞不能作主語，應(yīng)該用名詞。 第六處：lies后加to?？疾楣潭ㄓ梅?。lie to sb.意為“對(duì)某人說謊”。 第七處：the→a?？疾楣谠~。此處表示他是一個(gè)熱心并且有同情心的人，表示泛指，應(yīng)該用不定冠詞。 第八處：刪除in?？疾榻樵~。句意：無論何時(shí)我有困難，他都愿意幫助我。have trouble意為“有困難”，in多余。 第九處：excellently→excellent?？疾樾稳菰~。作is的表語應(yīng)該用形容詞。 第十處：him→me?？疾榇~。Petou能幫助別人也能幫助我。 __Exhausted__，I slid into bed and fell fast asleep. 我感到累極了，爬上床很快就睡著了。 exhausted為形容詞在句中作原因狀語。形容詞(短語)作狀語修飾全句或說明主語的狀態(tài)，表示時(shí)間、原因、讓步、結(jié)果、伴隨狀態(tài)或方式狀語等。 形容詞(短語)和分詞(短語)作狀語的語法功能： (1)表示原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句。 (2)表示時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句。 (3)表示方式，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)副詞。 (4)表示伴隨，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句。 (5)表示讓步，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)讓步狀語從句。 ①__Determined__ (determine) to change his position，he gave up his hobbies and worked hard. 決心改變這種狀況，他放棄了自己的愛好，努力工作。 ②Seriously __injured__ (injure)，some of the passengers were sent to the nearest hospital at once. 因嚴(yán)重受傷，其中有些乘客被立刻送到最近的醫(yī)院。 ③We arrived home very late，__safe__ (safely) and sound. 我們到家很晚，安然無恙。 ④He lay on the bed，__awake__ (wake)． 他躺在床上，醒著。 ⑤(2015四川卷)Little Tom sat __amazed__ (amaze) watching the monkey dancing in front of him. Well，now there’s __a system__ where the waste is disposed of using the principles of ecology. 現(xiàn)在，這里有一種裝置，能利用生態(tài)學(xué)原理來處理掉廢棄物。 當(dāng)先行詞為system，case，point，position，situation，stage，activity，job，scene，condition等詞且關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語時(shí)，常用where引導(dǎo)定語從句，有時(shí)where可用in which替換。 ①(2015天津卷)The boss of the pany is trying to create an easy atmosphere __where__ his employees enjoy their work. 公司老板正盡力創(chuàng)造一種輕松的氣氛，在這種氣氛中，其員工喜歡他們的工作。 ②All the neighbours admire this family，__where/in which__ the parents are treating their child like a friend. 鄰居們都羨慕這個(gè)家庭，在這個(gè)家庭中父母對(duì)待孩子像朋友一樣。 ③After graduation I’d like to find a job __where__ I can use what I have learnt at school. 畢業(yè)后我要找到一份能利用在學(xué)校所學(xué)知識(shí)的一份工作。 抽象地點(diǎn)名詞后的定語從句中如果缺少主語或賓語則需要關(guān)系代詞that或which。 ④Today，we’ll discuss a number of cases __which/that__ beginners of English are likely to meet with. 今天，我們將討論一些英語初學(xué)者可能遇到的情況。 ⑤Now there is just one point __that/which__ I wish you make quite clear. 現(xiàn)在只有一點(diǎn)我希望你弄清楚。 【閱讀理解】 Pollution’s great effects on the environment have bee more obvious in recent years, leading to a movement to promote energy efficiency（效率）,less reliance on fossil（化石) fuels, and a reduction in air and water pollution. Most scientists agree that such changes are necessary to protect our environment from further harm. The construction industry consumes a large quantity of energy and resources and creates a huge amount of pollution. In the United States, building and development account for 39% of the country’s total energy use, 12% of total water consumption,68% of total electricity consumption and 38% of carbon dioxide emissions（二氧化碳排放）, according to the Environment Protection Agency. Green buildings use less energy, water, create less waste, and are healthier to live, work, and go to school in than standard buildings. Builders of green buildings use techniques that use resources more efficiently during the entire building cycle—construction, restoration, operation, maintenance（維護(hù)）and demolition（拆毀）—than those who construct more regular buildings. The environmental benefits of building green include the protection of ecosystems（生態(tài)系統(tǒng)）and biodiversity, improved air and water quality, less waste flowing into streams, and the protection of natural resources. Green buildings can also result in lower operating costs because they typically use less energy and fewer materials and improve indoor air quality, improving the health of people who live in such buildings. The process of building green includes technical and artistic planning with nature protection in mind. Building designs often reflect the surrounding environment and natural resources and use renewable building materials such as bamboo and straw. In addition, recycled resources found locally are used for green buildings, reducing the cost and air pollution associated with transporting materials over long distances. Careful site selection is important to minimize（最小化）human impact on the surrounding environment. For example, placing a structure in an area that allows it to take advantage of cool breezes（微風(fēng)）and sunlight can reduce energy use and expenses. More energy and expense are needed for larger buildings as well, so it is important to build small. Green roofs are another feature of green houses that reduce energy use and cost. These roofs are partly or pletely covered with plants, which helps to keep heating and cooling costs, prevent water running off and deal with pollutants. Other features of green buildings often include energy and water conservation, recycling, and waste reduction. In addition, renewable energy sources such as solar power, hydropower（水能）and wind power are used for heat and electricity, which greatly reduces costs and decreases the impact on the environment. 1.What is the text mainly about? A. The necessity of promoting energy efficiency. B. The process of building green buildings. C. The benefits and features of green buildings. D. Green buildings effects on the environment. 2.According to the text, green buildings refer to the buildings that______. A. produce no waste B. only use clean energy C. are made of recycled materials D. use energy and resources more efficiently 3.Which of the following statements is TRUE about green buildings? A. They rely on fossil fuels and solar power for heat and electricity. B. Small buildings are less efficient in energy use than larger ones. C. The ecosystem has to be considered when building a green building. D. They are difficult to maintain and thus need more operating costs. 4.Why are green roofs used ? A. They fit the surrounding environment well B. They are cheaper than other kinds of roofs C. They can keep natural water for use in everyday life D. They can help to control the temperature in the building well 【文章大意】在本文中作者主要分析了green building的諸多好處和對(duì)環(huán)境的巨大的保護(hù)作用，呼吁人們多建設(shè)這樣的綠色的建筑。 1.C 【解析】主旨大意題。本文第三段中Green buildings use less energy, water, create less waste, and are healthier to live, work, or go to school in than standard buildings. Green buildings use resources more properly during the entire building cycle than traditional building.和倒數(shù)第二段第一句Green roofs are another feature of green houses that reduce energy use and cost.倒數(shù)第一段第一句Other features of green buildings often include energy and water conservation, recycling, and waste reduction.可知本文主要講述的是Green buildings的很多的好處和特征。故C正確。 3.C 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句The environmental benefits of building green include the protection of ecosystems（生態(tài)系統(tǒng)）and biodiversity, improved air and water quality, less waste flowing into streams, and the protection of natural resources.由此可知，建造綠色建筑時(shí)必須考慮生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選C。 4.D 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段These roofs are partly or pletely covered with plants, which helps to keep heating and cooling costs, prevent water running off and deal with pollutants.可知，他們可以幫助控制大樓里的溫度。故選D。