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閱讀理解+七選五 Ⅰ.閱讀理解 A (2018陜西西安地區(qū)八校聯(lián)考) Babbage，borninLondonin1791，wasagreatmathematicalgenius.Hewasanaturalinventor. Whenhefinishedschool，hewenttostudymathematicsatCambridgeUniversity.Later，hegotajobteachingattheuniversity.Whileworkingthere，hedesignedhis“firstdifferenceengine”．Thiswas，basically，ahandoperatedmechanicalcalculator. Hetooknineyearstobuildapartofthemachine.Thismachinecanmakecomplexmathematicalcalculations.It’sabasicmechanicalcomputer. Babbagedreamed，however，ofmorecomplicatedmachines.Infact，hedidn’tonlydream; hebegantodesignthem.Theresultwasaseriesof“analyticalengines”whichwereinfactpowerfulcomputers! Hisdesignscontainedprocessors，controlunits，amemoryandaninput/outputsystem.Thesearethefouressentialpartsofamodernmathematicalcomputer! Alas! His“seconddifferenceengine”couldn’tuseelectricitysincethishadn’tyetbecomeausablesourceofpower，soBabbagehadtomakedowithmechanicalsystems.Forthisreason，themachinewasbig，complicatedandexpensive.ThoughBabbageproducedcompleteplansforthemachine，hecouldn’tbuildit.Itwastooadvancedforitsage! Itwasnotuntilalmost160yearslaterthatBabbage’s“seconddifferenceengine”wasfinallymanufactured.ThefirstworkingversionofthismachinewasbuiltbytheScienceMuseuminLondon，fortheBabbagebicentenaryin1991.AsecondmachinewasthenbuiltforanAmericanhightechmillionaire，whoputitintheComputerHistoryMuseum，inCalifornia. Babbage’sanalyticalengineswouldhaveused“programs”likethoseusedinthetextile(紡織) industrytomakecomplicatedpatterns，buttheywereneverbuilt.Thisbrilliantmathematicianreallywastoofaraheadofhistime! 1．WheredidBabbageplanhis“firstdifferenceengine”？ A．InLondon. B．Athighschool. C．AtCambridge. D．InScienceMuseum. 2．Whatdoweknowabouthis“seconddifferenceengine”？ A．Ittookhimnineyearstobuildit. B．Itwasfaraheadofitstime. C．Itsdesigncameoutinhisdreams. D．Itspowersourcewaselectricity. 3．The“seconddifferenceengine”wasbuilttoworkin1991. A．foranAmericanmillionaire B．inmemoryofBabbage C．totestitsabilitytouseelectricity D．fortextileindustrytomakepatterns 4．Whatcanweinferfromthetext? A．Babbage’senginesdidn’trunonprograms. B．Textilepatternsareproducedwithprograms. C．Babbagecanbeseenasthefatherofcomputers. D．Babbage’sanalyticalengineswereneverbuilt. B Withgoldensunshineandagentlebreeze，autumnisthemostbeautifulseasonintheyear.Thisisagreattimetogooutsideandhavefun.Gotoavalleytoseeredmapletrees，goandpickfruitinanorchardorfindanopenfieldtoflyyourkitein. However，formanyhighschoolstudents，thesegreatactivitiesmaybejustadream.Withplentyofworktodo，theyspendalltheirhoursindoors，strugglingforahighmarkintheirexams.Ofcourse，studyisoneofthemostimportantthingsforteenagers.Butlifeisdefinitelymuchmorethanthat. Sometimeswespendsomuchtimestudyingthatweforgethowtomakelifewonderful.Indoingso，welosetherealpurposeoflife—tobeavaluableandhappyperson.Toenjoyjusthowgreatitistobealive，wehavetoputdownourbooksandpensandlookaroundus.Students，takesomeexercisetoimproveyourhealth，talkwithyourparentsandfriendsforunderstandingandwalkaroundoutsidetorefreshyourbodyandmind. Goingoutandenjoyingthebeautifulcountrysideoftenhelpsourcreativityinourwork.Chinesecraftsman，LuBan，createdasawtohelpwoodworkers.Butifhehadn’twalkedoutside，hewouldnothavebeeninspiredbyakindoftoothedgrass.WecouldalsosupposethatifNewtonhadn’trestedunderthatappletree，thenhewouldn’thavebeenhitbyanapple，andhisclassictheorieswouldnothavecomeout. Goingoutisnotonlyabreakfromhardwork，butachancetoaddtolifeexperience.Socomeon，giveyourbrainagoodrest.Stepoutofthebooksandgetyourbagreadyforanautumnouting.Wearesureyouwillgetmuchmorethanknowledgefromtheexcitingjourney. 5．Inwhichparagraphdoesthewritermakeasummaryabouthisopinion? A．Paragraph1. B．Paragraph2. C．Paragraph5. D．Paragraph4. 6．Whyisgoingoutadreamformanyhighschoolstudents? A．Theyareunhappytodoso. B．Theirparentsdon’tallowthemtodoso. C．Theythinkstudyisthemostimportantthingforthem. D．Theyhavetoomuchworktodoforgettinghighmarksintheexams. 7．Thepassageisdevelopedmainlyby. A．makingpredictions B．reasoningandgivingexamples C．describingthebeautifulsceneryinautumn D．pointingoutthepresentsituationofhighschoolstudents 8．Whatmessagecanyougetfromthepassage? A．Natureispower. B．AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy. C．Theauthorisn’thappywithoureducationatall. D．Goingoutcanmakehighschoolstudentsgetmore. C WhileJenniferwasathometakinganonlineexamforherbusinesslawclass，amonitorafewhundredmilesawaywaswatchinghereverymove. UsingawebcameraequippedinJennifer’sLosAngelesapartment，themonitorinPhoenixtrackedhowfrequentlyhereyesmovedfromthecomputerscreenandlistenedforthesecretsoundsofapossiblehelperintheroom.HerInternetaccesswaslocked—remotely—topreventInternetsearches，andhertypingstylewasanalyzedtomakesureshewaswhoshesaidshewas：Didsheenterherstudentnumberatthesamespeedasshehadinthepast？Orwassheslowingdown? Inthebattleagainstcheating，thisisthecuttingedgeandakeytoencouragehonestyintheboomingfieldofonlineeducation.Thetechnologygivestrusttotheentiresystem，totheinstitutionandtoonlineeducationingeneral.Onlywithsolidmeasuresagainstcheating，expertssay，canInternetuniversitiesshowthattheirexamsanddiplomasarevalid—thatstudentshaven’tjustsearchedtheInternettogettherightanswers. Althoughonlineclasseshaveexistedformorethanadecade，theconcernovercheatinghasbecomesharperinthelastyearwiththegrowthof“openonlinecourses.”Privatecolleges，publicuniversitiesandcorporationsarejumpingintotheonlineeducationfield.Spendingmillionsofdollarstoattractpotentialstudents，whilealsotakingstepstohelpguaranteehonestyatadistance. Asidefromthewebcameras，anumberofotherhightechmethodsarebecomingincreasinglypopular.Amongthemareprogramsthatcheckstudents’identitiesusingpersonalinformation，suchasthetelephonenumberstheyonceused. Otherprogramscanproduceuniqueexamsbydrawingonalargelistofquestionsandcanrecognizepossiblecheatersbyanalyzingwhetherdifficulttestquestionsareansweredatthesamespeedaseasyones.Asinmanyuniversityclasses，termpapersarescannedagainstsomelargeInternetdatabanksforcheating. 9．WhywasJenniferwatchedinanonlineexam? A．Tocorrecthertypingmistakes. B．Tofindhersecretsintheroom. C．Topreventherfromslowingdown. D．Tokeepherfromdishonestbehaviors. 10．Theunderlinedexpression“cuttingedge”inParagraph3isclosestinmeaningto. A．a(chǎn)dvancedtechnique B．sharpeningtool C．effectiverule D．dividingline 11．Someprogramscanfindoutpossiblecheatersby. A．producingalargenumberofquestions B．scanningtheInternettestquestions C．checkingthequestionansweringspeed D．givingdifficulttestquestions 12．Theauthorofthispassagewantstotellus. A．whattheInterneteducationis B．theimportanceofthewebcameratoday C．whenthestudentscancheat D．howtobeatstudentsexamcheatingonline Ⅱ.七選五 (2018江西紅色七校聯(lián)考) DoPeopleNeedSmallTalktoBeHappy? Psychologists(心理學(xué)家) havelongsaidthatconnectingwithothersisanimportantpartofhappiness，butjusthowmuchconversationwerequireisunderexamination.Inonestudy, researchersfoundthatsmalltalkmadeuponly10%oftheirconversationrelatedwithhappiness. 13Scientistsbelievethatsmalltalkcouldpromotebonding.Latelastyear，Princetonresearchersreportedthatsmalltalkkeepsclosenesswithlovedones，andisn’tmerelythestuffofawkwardexchangeswithstrangers. Still，chattingwithstrangerscouldbrightenyourmorning.Inaseriesofexperiments，psychologistsgaveChicagopassengersdifferentdirectionsaboutwhethertotalkwithfellowpassenger—somethingtheytypicallyavoided.14Noneofthechattersreportedbeingrejected. Smalltalkcanalsohelpusfeelconnectedtooursurroundings.Peoplewhosmiledat，madeeyecontactwith，andbrieflyspokewiththeirStarbucksbaristas(服務(wù)員)，reportedagreatersenseofbelongingthanthosewhorushedthroughthetransaction(交易)．15Onereportfoundthatwhenvolunteersbrokethesilencetochatwithgallerygoers，thevisitorsfelthappierandmoreconnectedtotheexhibitthanthosewhowerenotapproached. 16Inonestudy，peoplewhowererated“l(fā)esscurious”byresearchershadtroublegettingaconversationrollingontheirown，andhadgreaterluckbuildingclosenesswithotherswhentheyweresuppliedwithquestionsthatencouragedpersonaldisclosure(透露)．Butpeoplewhowereconsidered“curious”needednohelpwhentransformingconversationsaboutordinarythingsintopersonalexchanges.17 A．Thesameistrueofgallerygoers. B．Theyfoundthatsmalltalkisrelatedwithhappiness. C．Butdon’tplaydownsmalltalkjustyet. D．Ofcourse，somepeoplearebetterthanothersatturningsmalltalkintosomethingbigger. E．A“curiousmindset”，theauthorconcluded，canleadto“positivesocialinteractions”． F．Makingsmalltalkisanimportantskillforallthesocialsituations. G．Thosetoldtochatwithothersreportedamorepleasantjourney. 答案解析 Ⅰ. 1．C　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“When he finished school，he went to study mathematics at Cambridge University.Later，he got a job teaching at the university.While working there，he designed his ‘first difference engine’．”可知，巴貝奇在劍橋大學(xué)計(jì)劃他的“first difference engine”。故選C。] 2．B　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段中“Alas！His ‘second difference engine’ couldn’t use electricity since this hadn’t yet become a usable source of power”和“It was too advanced for its age！”可知，他的“second difference engine”遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了它的時代。故選B。] 3．B　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“It was not until almost 160 years later that Babbage’s ‘second difference engine’ was finally manufactured.The first working version of this machine was built by the Science Museum in London，for the Babbage bicentenary in 1991.”可知，the “second difference engine”在1991年被制造是為了紀(jì)念巴貝奇誕辰二百周年。故選B。] 4．C　[推理判斷題。通讀全文可知，本文介紹了巴貝奇對計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)明作出的巨大貢獻(xiàn)。由此可知，巴貝奇可以被看作是計(jì)算機(jī)之父。] 語篇解讀　文中作者列舉了當(dāng)今高中生忙于學(xué)習(xí)沒時間外出的現(xiàn)狀，說明了外出會有很多收獲，鼓勵學(xué)生們走出去，去獲取更多東西。 5．C　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句和最后一句可知，作者認(rèn)為外出是一種增加生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)的機(jī)會，我們會從激動人心的旅程中獲得更多的知識。本段總結(jié)了作者的觀點(diǎn)。故選C。] 6．D　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句可知，高中生們有大量的作業(yè)要做，要把所有的時間用于學(xué)習(xí)考高分。對于他們來說外出活動就是一個夢想。故選D。] 7．B　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“In doing so，we lose the real purpose of life—to be a valuable and happy person.To enjoy just how great it is to be alive，we have to put down our books and pens and look around us.”可知是運(yùn)用了論證的方法；第四段中的“Lu Ban，created a saw to help woodworkers...We could also suppose that if Newton hadn’t rested under that apple tree...”是運(yùn)用了舉例來說明自己的觀點(diǎn)。故選B。] 8．D　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)全文可知，作者認(rèn)為高中生走出去是一種增加生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)的機(jī)會，會從激動人心的旅程中獲得更多的知識，鼓勵學(xué)生們多出去走走。故選D。] 語篇解讀　網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育越來越受歡迎，但是在考試時如何防止考生作弊呢？本文介紹了幾種遏制網(wǎng)絡(luò)考試中作弊現(xiàn)象的方法。 9．D　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段提到的監(jiān)控內(nèi)容以及第三段的“In the battle against cheating...”可知，對Jennifer進(jìn)行監(jiān)控是為了防止她考試作弊。故選D。] 10．A　[詞義猜測題。根據(jù)上文可知，網(wǎng)絡(luò)遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控設(shè)備是在蓬勃發(fā)展的網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育領(lǐng)域中鼓勵誠實(shí)的前沿科技，也是關(guān)鍵所在。由下一句中的The technology也可推測出cutting edge指“尖端科技”。故A項(xiàng)正確。] 11．C　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。除了遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控手段外，文章在最后兩段還介紹了兩種防止作弊的方法，一種是核實(shí)考生的個人信息，另一種則是分析考生的答題速度。故選C。] 12．D　[主旨大意題。概括全文可知，文章主要介紹了幾種防止遠(yuǎn)程網(wǎng)絡(luò)考試作弊的技術(shù)，旨在防止考生網(wǎng)上考試時作弊。故選D。] Ⅱ. 13．C　[根據(jù)上句：“In one study, researchers found that small talk made up only 10% of their conversation related with happiness.”，再根據(jù)空格下句：“Scientists believe that small talk could promote bonding.”。關(guān)鍵詞only和promote表明此空應(yīng)該是表示轉(zhuǎn)折的內(nèi)容，所以C項(xiàng)(But don’t play down small talk just yet.但是仍然不要貶低閑聊的作用)符合題意。 ] 14．G　[此處是實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果。根據(jù)空格下句：沒有一個聊天的人表示自己碰了釘子。推出上句的意思可能是：與別人聊天的人表示旅途更愉快。故選G。] 15．A　[根據(jù)下文的“Chat with gallery goers”可知，參觀美術(shù)館的人也有同樣的感受。故選A。] 16．D　[根據(jù)本段中對兩類人的介紹可推知，有些人更擅長把聊天話題擴(kuò)大。故選D。] 17．E　[根據(jù)上文：但是被認(rèn)為“有好奇心”的人不需要幫助就能把諸如最喜歡的節(jié)日之類的乏味話題轉(zhuǎn)化為親近交流。可知作者得出結(jié)論認(rèn)為“好奇的心態(tài)”可以激發(fā)“積極的社會交往”。故選E。]