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Unit 4 Helping people around the world (一)課前自主學(xué)習(xí) Ⅰ.閱讀單詞——————知其意 1．troublesome adj.　　　　　 麻煩的，討厭的，棘手的 2．victim n. 受害者 3．vacant adj. 空著的，未被占用的；(職位)空缺的 4．staff n．[縱聯(lián)1] 全體員工 5．political adj. 政治的；政府的 6．chaos n. 混亂，雜亂，紊亂 7．mountainous adj. 多山的 8．a(chǎn)ssistant n. 助理，助手 adj. 助理的，副的 9．shelter n. 住所；藏身之處 10．wage n. (通常指按周領(lǐng)的)工資 11．damp adj. 潮濕的 12．muddy adj. 多泥的，泥濘的 13．heating n. 供暖；供暖系統(tǒng)；暖氣設(shè)備 14．bacteria n．(pl.) 細(xì)菌 15．a(chǎn)ngle n. 角度 Ⅱ.重點(diǎn)單詞——————寫其形 1．urgent adj. 緊急的，緊迫的 2．expand vi.& vt.[縱聯(lián)2] 擴(kuò)展，發(fā)展(業(yè)務(wù))；擴(kuò)大，增強(qiáng) 3．possession n. 個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)；擁有，具有 4．worthy adj. 令人敬重的；值得的，相稱的； 有價(jià)值的 5．a(chǎn)lternative adj. 可供替代的 n. 可供選擇的事物 6．means n. 手段，方法 7．a(chǎn)cquire vt. 購(gòu)得；獲得，得到；學(xué)到 8．worthwhile adj. 重要的，令人愉快的；值得花時(shí)間(或花錢、努力等) 9．obtain vt. (尤指經(jīng)努力)獲得；贏得 10．barrier n. 障礙，隔閡；屏障，障礙物 11．colleague n. 同事 12．fetch vt.　　　[縱聯(lián)3] 售得，賣得(某價(jià))；取來，去拿來 13．remote adj. 偏遠(yuǎn)的，偏僻的 14．export n. vt.& vi.[縱聯(lián)4] 出口產(chǎn)品，輸出品；出口，輸出 出口，輸出 Ⅲ.拓展單詞——————通其變 1．lack n. & vt.缺乏→lacking adj.缺乏的；短缺的 2．description n．描寫(文字)，形容，說明→describe vt.描述，形容；描繪→describer n．描寫者 3．a(chǎn)ddition n．增加；添加→add vt.& vi.添加；相加，求和；增加→additional adj.附加的；另外的 4．equal adj.平等的；同等的n.同等的人；相等物vt.與……相同或相等→equality n．平等；同等→equally adv.相等地 5．voluntary adj.志愿的；自愿的，主動(dòng)的→volunteer n．志愿者v.自愿做，無償做 6．contribute vt.& vi.捐獻(xiàn)，捐贈(zèng)，捐助；貢獻(xiàn)；促成，導(dǎo)致→contribution n．貢獻(xiàn)；捐獻(xiàn)；投稿→contributor n．貢獻(xiàn)者；捐獻(xiàn)者；投稿人 7．starvation n．饑餓；挨餓；餓死→starve vt.& vi.(使)餓死，(使)挨餓 8．mitment n．承諾，保證；投入，奉獻(xiàn)；不得不做的事→mit v．犯罪，做錯(cuò)事；把……托付給；使……承擔(dān)義務(wù) 9．crowd n．人群 vi.& vt.擠滿，塞滿；使擁擠→crowded adj.擁擠的 10．remind vt.提醒，使想起→reminder n．暗示；提醒人的事物 縱聯(lián)1.由staff想到的 ①personnel n. (全體)人員 ②crew n. 全體船員，全體乘務(wù)員 ③clerk n. 職員，辦事員 縱聯(lián)2.“伸開，擴(kuò)展”訓(xùn)練營(yíng) ①expand 擴(kuò)展，擴(kuò)大 ②extend 伸出，延伸 ③spread 伸開，傳播 ④stretch 伸展，拉長(zhǎng) ⑤enlarge 擴(kuò)大 縱聯(lián)3.各種“帶/拿”都不同 ①take 從這里拿走 ②carry “拿，提，扛”，無方向性 ③bring 從別處帶來 ④fetch 到別處去帶回來 縱聯(lián)4.“經(jīng)濟(jì)生活”高頻動(dòng)詞 ①export 出口；輸出 ②import 進(jìn)口；輸入 ③invest 投資 ④bid 出價(jià)；投標(biāo) ⑤distribute 分配；分布 單元話題——助人為樂 子話題1　災(zāi)難與援助 ①catastrophic adj. 災(zāi)難性的 ②donation n. 捐贈(zèng)，贈(zèng)送 ③support v. 贊成，支持；提供 ④rescue vt. 營(yíng)救，救援 ⑤undergo vt. 經(jīng)歷；遭受，承受 ⑥supply n. 供給物 ⑦devote vt. 把……奉獻(xiàn)(給) 子話題2　過程及影響 ①fort vt.& n. 安慰 ②relief n. 寬慰，安心 ③grateful adj. 感激的，感謝的 ④distribute vt. 分配；分發(fā) ⑤generosity n. 慷慨，大方 ⑥financially adv. 金融上地 ⑦rebuild vt. 重建 ⑧available adj. 可獲得的 ⑨promote vt. 促進(jìn)，推進(jìn) ⑩warmth n. 溫暖；熱情 [學(xué)考對(duì)接活學(xué)活用] 高考采擷(一)　閱讀中的詞匯應(yīng)用 1．(2015全國(guó)卷Ⅰ閱讀七選五)Trust is a learned behavior that we gain? from past experiences. It is putting confidence in someone. Trust is a risk. But you cant be successful when theres a lack of trust? in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake. ①寫出加黑詞在本單元的同義詞：obtain，相關(guān)的同義詞還有：get,_acquire ②寫出加黑詞塊的漢語意思：缺乏信任 2．(2015安徽高考閱讀D)In fact, when it es to the art of war, ants have no equal?. They are pletely fearless and will readily take on a creature much larger than themselves, attacking in large groups and overing their target. Such is their devotion? to the mon good of the colony that not only soldier ants but also worker ants will sacrifice their lives to help defeat an enemy. ①寫出加黑詞塊的漢語意思：無可匹敵，無可比擬，其同義短語還有：beyond_pare/beyond_parision ②寫出加黑詞在本單元的同義詞：mitment，本詞常和介詞to搭配。 高考采擷(二)　寫作中的詞匯應(yīng)用 (根據(jù)漢語及提示詞翻譯句子) 1．(2014遼寧高考書面表達(dá))你的貢獻(xiàn)肯定會(huì)使活動(dòng)取得巨大成功。(contribution) Your_contribution_will_certainly_make_the_event_a_huge_success. 2．(2013重慶高考書面表達(dá))與父母交談不僅是了解他們和避免誤解的一種手段，而且是學(xué)習(xí)如何愛他們以作為回報(bào)的完美方式。(means) Talking_to_parents_is_not_only_a_means_of_knowing_them_and_avoiding_misunderstanding_but_also_a_perfect_way_to_learn_how_to_love_them_in_return. (二)課堂重點(diǎn)釋疑 1．lack n．& vt.缺乏 [記牢] (1)lack＋n.　　　　　　　 缺乏…… not lack for sth. 某物應(yīng)有盡有，不缺某物 (2)(a) lack of＋n. 缺乏…… for lack of＋n. 因缺乏…… (3)lacking adj. 短缺的；缺乏的 be lacking in (在抽象事物方面)缺乏 [練通] 單句語法填空 ①M(fèi)ore and more highrise buildings have been built in big cities for lack of space. ②Though lacking (lack) money, his parents managed to send him to a university. ③Lack of exercise can lead to feelings of depression and exhaustion. ④You will not lack for money while I am alive. ⑤Though Jack was lacking in experience, he made up for it in enthusiasm. 一句多譯 她不受歡迎的原因是缺乏幽默。 ⑥A_lack_of_humor accounts for her unpopularity. ⑦The reason why she is not popular is that she_lacks_humor. ⑧Lacking_in_humor,_she is not popular. [用準(zhǔn)]　lack作名詞時(shí)常與介詞of連用；作動(dòng)詞時(shí)可用作及物動(dòng)詞直接加賓語(不用被動(dòng)語態(tài))，也可用作不及物動(dòng)詞；形容詞lacking常與in連用。 [寫美] ⑨(2013重慶高考書面表達(dá))由于缺乏人類保護(hù)，長(zhǎng)江江豚(Yangtze Finless Porpoise)的數(shù)量正變得越來越少。 For_lack_of_human_protection,_the_number_of_Yangtze_Finless_Porpoise_is_being_smaller_and_smaller._ 2．worthy adj.令人敬重的；值得的，相稱的；有價(jià)值的 [辨清]　寫出下列句中worthy的含義 ①You must first have shown yourself worthy in several battles.有價(jià)值的 ②I could be faithful to you without injuring a worthy person.令人敬重的 ③Yuan Longping have made great contributions to our country and his achievements are worthy of the highest praise.值得的 [記牢] (1)be worthy (2)worth adj. 　　　 　　　 值……錢；值得……的 be worth (3)worthwhile adj. 　　　　 值得花時(shí)間/金錢/精力的 值得做某事 [練通] 選詞填空(worthy/worth/worthwhile) ④This article is well worth reading, but it is not worthy of being translated. So I feel that all your effort isnt worthwhile. 一句多譯 這本參考書值得買，因?yàn)樗鼘?duì)你的學(xué)習(xí)很有幫助。 ⑤The reference book is_worth_buying,_because it is a great help for your study.(worth) ⑥The reference book is_worthy_to_be_bought,_because it is a great help for your study.(worthy) ⑦The reference book is_worthy_of_being_bought,_because it is a great help for your study.(worthy) ⑧It_is_worthwhile_buying/to_buy the reference book, because it is a great help for your study.(worthwhile) [寫美] ⑨(2015全國(guó)卷Ⅱ書面表達(dá))既然你對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的中國(guó)文化感興趣，我認(rèn)為這個(gè)節(jié)日很值得你體驗(yàn)。 Since_you_are_interested_in_traditional_Chinese_cultures,_I_think_this_festival_is_well_worthy_to_be_experienced/of_being_experienced. 3．equal adj.平等的；同等的，相同的；勝任的 vt.與……相同或相等 n．同等的人；相等物 [記牢] (1)be equal to (doing) sth. (in ...) 　　　　　 (在……方面)等于；能勝任(做)某事 equal sb./sth. in (doing) sth. 在(做)某事上比得過、敵得過某人/物 without equal 無與倫比 (2)equality n. 平等，同等；均等 equally adv. 相等地，相同地 [練通] 單句語法填空 ①Any man will be equal to the task, so long as he is careful. ②Its said that nobody can equal him in intelligence. ③Men and women must be treated equally (equal) in education and employment. ④We Chinese people have persistently urged the equality (equal) of nations, big or small. 單句改錯(cuò) ⑤I dont think Bob is equal to be a manager, for he has little knowledge about management. be→being 完成句子 ⑥I am_not_equal_to (不能勝任) the position, so I dont apply for it. ⑦His paintings are without_equal (無與倫比) in the Western world. [寫美] ⑧(2014江西高考書面表達(dá))其次，要積極向上、心情愉快，因?yàn)槟愕男睦斫】岛蜕眢w健康同等重要。 For_another,_be_positive_and_cheerful,_for_your_mental_health_is_equal_to_your__physical_health. 4．contribute vt.& vi.捐獻(xiàn)，捐贈(zèng)，捐助；貢獻(xiàn)；促成，導(dǎo)致；投稿 [記牢] (1)contribute ... to/towards ... 　　　 (把……)貢獻(xiàn)給……；(向……)捐款；投稿 contribute to　　　 促成，導(dǎo)致；有助于；是……的原因 (2)contribution n. 貢獻(xiàn)；捐款；稿件 make contributions/a contribution to/towards (doing) ... 對(duì)(做)……作出貢獻(xiàn) [練通] 單句語法填空 ①(2017江蘇高考)Located where the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction. ②Failure can make a positive contribution (contribute) to your life once you learn to use it. 單句改錯(cuò) ③Their invention has contributed to develop electrical engineering.develop→developing [用準(zhǔn)]　contribute to和make a contribution/contributions to中的to都是介詞，后面要接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞。 [寫美] ④(2015全國(guó)卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá))如果你想往我們報(bào)紙投稿，請(qǐng)?jiān)谧詈笃谙耷鞍盐恼录慕o我。 If_you_want_to_contribute_to_our_newspaper,_please_send_me_your_article_before_the_deadline. [聯(lián)想]　表示“引起；導(dǎo)致；有助于”的詞語還有：cause, lead to, result in, bring about等。 5．a(chǎn)lternative adj.可供替代的，供選擇的；其他的n.可供選擇的事物；選擇對(duì)象 [記牢] (1)have no alternative but to do sth. 別無選擇只好做某事 have the alternative of doing sth. 有做某事的選擇 an alternative to ... ……的替代品 (2)alternatively adv. 可供選擇地 [練通] 單句語法填空 ①Natural gas is another abundant fuel that experts consider an alternative to gasoline. ②If you dont like the school lunch, you will have the alternative of bringing your own. 完成句子 ③If he wants to go to Hong Kong tonight, he has_no_alternative_but_to_go by air. 如果他今晚想去香港，除了坐飛機(jī)外別無選擇。 [用準(zhǔn)]　“別無選擇只好做……”的其他表達(dá)形式還有： have no choice but to do sth.; cant do sth.but do sth.; can do nothing but do sth.。在這些結(jié)構(gòu)中若but之前出現(xiàn)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的某種形式 (does, did, done), but之后要用省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式。 [寫美] ④(2011北京高考書面表達(dá))在追求夢(mèng)想的過程中，我們可能只關(guān)注實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想的一種方式，忘記可能有其他選擇。 In_pursuing_a_dream,_we_might_focus_on_only_one_way_of_making_it_e_true,_forgetting_that_there_may_be_alternatives. 6．means n．手段，方法 [記牢] (1)a means of (doing) sth.　 (做)某事的方法、途徑 means of production/transport/munication 　　　　　 生產(chǎn)工具/運(yùn)輸工具/通信手段 (2)by means of 用，依靠；通過 by all means 無論如何；當(dāng)然可以(口語) by no means 決不；無論如何都不(位于句首，句子要倒裝) [練通] 單句改錯(cuò) ①Every means have been tried to save the environment.have→has ②There is no doubt that the mobile phone is an important means to munication.to→of 句型轉(zhuǎn)換 ③The problem is by no means as simple as we first thought. →By no means is the problem as simple as we first thought. 完成句子 ④Students build up their vocabularies by_means_of_reading_more. 學(xué)生們通過更多的閱讀來積累詞匯。 ⑤—Can I e and have a look at your house? —Yes, by_all_means. ——我能過來看看你的房子嗎？ ——好的，當(dāng)然可以。 [用準(zhǔn)]　means是單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞，類似的單詞還有series(系列)，species(種類)等。 [寫美] ⑥(2015重慶高考書面表達(dá))通過定向分享，我只需要把書傳遞給其他參與者。 By_means_of_controlled_release,_I_only_need_to_deliver_books_to_other_participants. 7．remind vt.提醒，使想起 [記牢] remind sb. of sth.　　　　　　　 使某人想起某事 remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事 remind (sb.) that/how/what ... 提醒(某人)…… [練通] 單句語法填空 ①You must remind him to_take (take) his medicine, in case he forgets. ②Passengers are_reminded (remind) that no smoking is allowed on this train. ③This reminds me of what we did together during our holiday. ④I always remind myself that time and tide waits for no man. 完成句子 ⑤Please remind_me_to_write an email to my mother tomorrow, for its her birthday. 請(qǐng)?zhí)嵝盐颐魈旖o我母親寫一封電子郵件，因?yàn)槊魈焓撬纳铡? [寫美] ⑥(2015廣東高考書面表達(dá))這個(gè)結(jié)果有助于你預(yù)測(cè)一些重大疾病和食物偏好，并提醒你合適的鍛煉方式。 The_result_will_help_to_predict_some_major_and_severe_diseases_and_your_preference_for_diet_and_remind_you_of_suitable_ways_to_exercise. [詞匯過關(guān)綜合訓(xùn)練]　 Ⅰ.單詞拼寫 1．Would you tell me the general description (描寫) of your present job? 2．Many young workers gave up their days off to do voluntary (志愿的) labour. 3．If you want to acquire (學(xué)得) profound knowledge, you must start from the ABC. 4．China exports (出口) many raw materials to foreign countries every year. 5．The matter is urgent (緊急的) and something has got to be done about it at once. 6．All over the world many people still suffer from starvation (挨餓)． 7．He spent his childhood in the remote (遙遠(yuǎn)的) mountain area. 8．Unfortunately, they lost all their possessions (財(cái)產(chǎn)) in the fire. 9．We have obtained (得到) permission from the directors to use some of our funds. 10．He can always get on well with his colleagues (同事)． Ⅱ.單句語法填空 1．He just graduated from the university last month, so he is lacking in working experience. 2．I dont think I am worthy of such an honourable title. 3．You must have a good education, but practical training is equally (equal) important. 4．I have no alternative but to_report (report) him to the police. 5．At every moment I was reminded_of the difficulties we have. 6．He has made an important contribution to the panys success. 7．This is by no means a good way to make a living. 8．I made a mitment (mit) to him to pay all of the debts. Ⅲ.單句改錯(cuò) 1．She reminded me of that I had a meeting to attend that evening.去掉of 2．The fact that the miners there work in dreadful conditions attracts the publics attention and contributes to make laws to protect the miners rights.make→making 3．To be punctual one has to have selfdiscipline, and the lack for it affects others.for→of 4．When she was forty, she still kept a good figure by the means of exercising regularly and sticking to a diet.去掉the 5．He is a man worthy of to be trusted.We can count on his support.去掉of Ⅳ.句型轉(zhuǎn)換/一句多譯 1．He is seen as having contributed significantly towards the eradication (消除) of corruption. →He is seen as having made a significant contribution towards the eradication of corruption. 2．由于缺乏資金，那位科學(xué)家放棄了他的研究工作。 ①The scientist abandoned his research for_lack_of_fund. (for lack of) ②Lacking_fund,_the scientist abandoned his research.(分詞短語作狀語) ③Because_he_lacked_fund,_the scientist abandoned his research.(原因狀語從句) 3．他在會(huì)議上提出的建議值得考慮。 ①His suggestion put forward at the conference is_worth_considering.(worth) ②His suggestion put forward at the conference is_worthy_of_being_considered.(worthy) ③His suggestion put forward at the conference is_worthy_to_be_considered.(worthy) ④It_is_worthwhile_to_consider/considering his suggestion put forward at the conference.(worthwhile) (一)課前自主學(xué)習(xí) 1．refer_to　　　　　　　　 談及，提到；與……相關(guān)，涉及； 查閱，參考 2．in_addition　[串記1] 除……以外(還)，此外 3．draw_someones_attention_to[串記2]　使(某人)察覺到 4．under_the_umbrella_of 在……的保護(hù)下，在……的管理下 5．if_only 但愿 6．break_down 出故障；拋錨 7．in_chaos 處于混亂狀態(tài) 8．get_hold_of 得到；抓住 9．remind_sb._of 讓某人想起……，提醒某人…… 10．think_back_to　[串記3] 回想 11．make_a_difference 有作用(關(guān)系、影響) 12．contribute_..._to_... 把……捐獻(xiàn)給…… 13．far_from 離……遠(yuǎn)；遠(yuǎn)非，遠(yuǎn)不是 14．put_up 建造，搭起；張貼 15．take_on 雇用，承擔(dān)，呈現(xiàn) 16．stop_sb._from_doing_sth. 阻止某人做某事 17．look_up 查閱，向上看 18．be_made_up_of 由……構(gòu)成/組成 [同根短語串記] 串記1.“除……以外”家族 ①apart from　　　　　　　　　 除……外(還有/沒有) ②aside from 除……外(還有/沒有) ③except for 除了(不好的部分) ④except 除……之外(不包括) ⑤besides 除……外(還有) ⑥in addition 此外(單獨(dú)使用) ⑦in addition to 此外 ⑧as well as 除……之外 串記2.attention短語展示 ①draw someones attention to ... 使某人察覺到…… ②call ones attention to ... 提醒某人注意…… ③fix ones attention on ... 集中注意力于…… ④bring ... to ones attention 使某人注意…… ⑤pay attention to 注意 串記3.think短語大團(tuán)圓 ①think back to 回想 ②think about 考慮 ③think over 仔細(xì)考慮 ④think of 想起；考慮 ⑤think twice 再三考慮 ⑥think highly of 高度重視 ⑦think up 想出，構(gòu)思出 ⑧think out 仔細(xì)考慮 1．international political conflicts 國(guó)際間的政治沖突 2．human rights 人權(quán) 3．increase peoples knowledge 增加人們的知識(shí) 4．promote world peace 促進(jìn)世界和平 5．transform peoples lives 改變?nèi)藗兊纳? 6．provide for themselves and their families 為自己和家人提供所需 7．primary education 基礎(chǔ)教育 8．working conditions 工作條件 1．This_land_was_difficult_to_farm but now water has been pumped into the fields. 這塊地過去難以耕種，但現(xiàn)在水已經(jīng)被抽進(jìn)了地里。 2．I_would_rather_you_hadnt_told me about it. 我寧愿你還沒有把那件事告訴我。 3．If_only there were more people donating money to charities! 但愿有更多的人給慈善機(jī)構(gòu)捐款！ [學(xué)考對(duì)接活學(xué)活用] 高考采擷(一)　閱讀中的詞塊和句式(完成句子) 1．(2017北京高考完形)Hannah is one of many examples of young people who are making_a_difference (有影響，起作用)in the world. You can, too! 2．(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅰ完形)Larry pulled over, set the brake and got_hold_of (抓住) the fire extinguisher (滅火器). Two good bursts from the extinguisher and the fire was put out. 高考采擷(二)　寫作中的短語和句式 (根據(jù)提示翻譯句子) 1．(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá))外國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)者很難理解唐詩(shī)的真實(shí)含義和文化。(主語＋be＋adj.＋to do sth.) The_true_meaning_and_the_culture_of_Tang_poems_are_difficult_to_understand_for_a_foreign_learner. 2．(2015重慶高考書面表達(dá))要是我能回到過去重新設(shè)定我的目標(biāo)該多好！(if only) If_only_I_could_go_back_and_reset_my_goals! (二)課堂重點(diǎn)釋疑 [短語集釋] 1．refer to指的是；談及，提到；與……相關(guān)，涉及；查閱，參考 [辨清]　寫出下列句中refer to的含義 ①When I study English, I like to put my dictionary within my reach so that I can refer to it when necessary.查閱，參考 ②I mention this point now in passing and shall refer to it again.提到 ③The new law does not refer to land used for farming.涉及 ④What does the underlined word “them” in Paragraph 2 refer to？指的是 [記牢] (1)refer to ...as ...　　　　　 把……稱作…… refer ... to ... 把……提交給…… (2)reference n. 談到，提及；參考，查閱 in/with reference to 關(guān)于 [練通] 單句語法填空 ⑤The scientist referred to the discovery as the most exciting new development in this field. ⑥(2015天津高考書面表達(dá))The textbooks and dictionaries can be used as reference (refer) books while the magazines serve as reading materials. 完成句子 ⑦We were pletely in the dark in/with_reference_to his future plans. 關(guān)于他的未來計(jì)劃我們?nèi)徊恢? [用準(zhǔn)]　(1)refer的過去式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都要先雙寫“r”，再加上“ed”或“ing”。類似的詞還有prefer。 (2)“查詞典”的表達(dá)方式還有：refer to a dictionary; look sth. up in the dictionary。 [寫美] ⑧(2011安徽高考書面表達(dá))當(dāng)我遇到困難時(shí)，我通常會(huì)選擇參考相關(guān)的學(xué)習(xí)資料或網(wǎng)頁(yè)。 When_I_am_faced_with_a_difficulty,_I_usually_choose_to_refer_to_relevant_learning_materials_or_web_pages. 2．make a difference有作用(關(guān)系、影響) [記牢] make no/little difference to　 對(duì)……沒有影響/作用 make some/much difference to 對(duì)……有些/很大影響/作用 tell the difference between A and B　 辨別A和B [練通]　完成句子 ①The sea air has made_some/a_difference_to her health. 海上的空氣改善了她的健康狀況。 ②That will make_no_difference_to him, whatever you may decide. 無論你做什么決定，對(duì)他都沒有影響。 ③Johnson didnt seem to be able to tell_the_difference between right and wrong. 約翰遜似乎不能分辨是非曲直。 [寫美] ④(2013安徽高考書面表達(dá))我不僅不會(huì)到處亂丟垃圾和吐痰，而且無論何時(shí)都會(huì)幫忙清理路邊的垃圾。我希望我的行為能起到作用。 Not_only_will_I_keep_from_littering_or_spitting_anywhere,_but_I_will_also_help_clean_up_the_roadside_litter_whenever_possible._I_hope_my_behavior_will_make_a_difference. 3．break down出故障，拋錨；(身體、精神)垮掉；坍塌；崩潰；(談判、計(jì)劃等)失敗，破裂；(化學(xué))分解；將……分成若干部分；消除，破除 [辨清]　寫出下列句中break down的含義 ①M(fèi)artin Luther King tried to break down racial discrimination.消除 ②Lets break down the project into smaller parts in order to deal with them one by one. 將……分成若干部分 ③Men are left idle when machines break down.出故障 ④You will break down if you take on more work than you can.身體垮掉 ⑤Peace talks between the two countries have broken down with no agreement reached.失敗，破裂 [記牢] break in　　　　　 破門而入；打斷(談話等) break into 強(qiáng)行闖入；突然……起來 break out (戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、火災(zāi)等)爆發(fā)；發(fā)生(無被動(dòng)語態(tài)) break up 破裂，分手；結(jié)束；拆分，分裂 break through 突破 break away from 脫離，掙脫 [練通]　選用上述短語填空 ⑥We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody had broken_into the office during the night. ⑦Dark clouds were gathering in the skies over Europe. War was soon to break_out. ⑧Only then did I realize that it was foolish of me to break_away_from all of my friends and never contact them. ⑨Scientists think they are beginning to break_through in the fight against cancer. [寫美] ⑩(2014北京高考書面表達(dá))我的自行車半路出了故障，我從上面摔了下來，使得左腳受傷了。 My_bike_broke_down_halfway_and_I_fell_off_it,_making_my_left_foot_injured._ [句式集釋] 1．主語＋be＋adj.＋動(dòng)詞不定式 [教材原句]　This_land_was_difficult_to_farm but now water has been pumped into the fields. [悟拓展例句] (1)The story is very interesting for the students to_read. 這個(gè)故事對(duì)學(xué)生來說讀起來很有趣。 (2)Although the lady looks elegant, actually she is hard to_get_along_with. 盡管這位女士看上去很優(yōu)雅，但實(shí)際上卻很難與之相處。 [析用法規(guī)則] 用法歸納 本句屬于“主語＋be＋adj.＋動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，在此結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞不定式用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。常見的用于此結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞有：difficult, hard, easy, fortable, (im)possible, pleasant, interesting, exciting等。 注意事項(xiàng) 動(dòng)詞不定式和句子的主語之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系；若動(dòng)詞不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞，其后必須要加相應(yīng)的介詞。 The armchair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very fortable to sit in. 這把扶手椅看上去很硬，但坐上去很舒服。 [背寫作佳句] (1)(2018北京高考寫作佳句)Beijing Language and Culture University is ideal for you to learn Chinese culture.(要點(diǎn)句) (2)(2014四川高考寫作佳句)Though some of the questions seem unfamiliar to me, they are easy to answer.(要點(diǎn)句) 2．if only引導(dǎo)的虛擬句 [教材原句]　If_only there were more people donating money to charities! [悟拓展例句] (1)If only she would_listen_to_me carefully at the meeting tomorrow. 但愿在明天的會(huì)上她能仔細(xì)聽我講話。 (2)If only it were possible for me to see her once more! 但愿我還能再見她一次！ (3)Its too bad that I failed in the math exam. If only I had_worked hard at it! 我數(shù)學(xué)考試不及格真是太糟糕了。要是我之前努力學(xué)習(xí)就好了！ [析用法規(guī)則] 用法歸納 if only意為“要是……就好了，但愿”，常用來表示強(qiáng)烈的愿望和遺憾，它引導(dǎo)的句子要用虛擬語氣。if only句式中虛擬語氣的三種情況： (1)表示與將來事實(shí)相反的愿望時(shí)使用if only sb. would/could do ... (2)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的愿望時(shí)使用if only sb. did/were ... (3)表示與過去事實(shí)相反的愿望時(shí)使用if only sb. had done sth. ... 注意事項(xiàng) only if表示“只有……”，引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。only if本身不是一個(gè)固定詞組，only是副詞，用來修飾整個(gè)if從句。若其引導(dǎo)的從句置于句首，且與主句之間沒有逗號(hào)隔開，則主句要用倒裝語序。 In a word, only if you learn English by using it can you learn it well. 總之，只有通過使用英語的方法學(xué)英語，你才能學(xué)好它。 [背寫作佳句] (1)(2013北京高考寫作佳句)If only he had kept on trying, he would have got a bigger fish.(要點(diǎn)句) (2)(2011江蘇高考寫作佳句)If only I had seen the picture earlier, I would have helped my parents more.(總結(jié)句) [詞塊、句式過關(guān)綜合訓(xùn)練]　 Ⅰ.選詞填空 far from, get hold of, think back to, break down, refer to, in chaos, under the