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專題2　非謂語動(dòng)詞 非謂語動(dòng)詞的形式及句法功能 種類 時(shí)態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) 主語 賓語 賓補(bǔ) 表語 定語 狀語 不定式 一般式 to do to be done √ √ √ √ √ √ 進(jìn)行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have been done 動(dòng)名詞 一般式 doing being done √ √ √ √ 完成式 having done having been done 分詞 現(xiàn)在 一般式 doing being done √ √ √ √ 完成式 having done having been done 過去 一般式 done(vi.)表完成 done(vt.)表被動(dòng)與完成 √ √ √ √ 非謂語動(dòng)詞的核心考點(diǎn) 1.非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語 (1)不定式作狀語 ①表示目的 I stopped the car to take a short break as I was feeling tired. ②不定式作結(jié)果狀語表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，動(dòng)詞不定式前常加only。 George returned after the war，only to be told that his wife had left him. (2)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語 ①一般式doing 表示動(dòng)作和謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，與句子的主語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。 The sun began to rise in the sky，bathing the mountain in golden light.(主動(dòng)關(guān)系) ②完成式having done 表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前。 I got to the office earlier that day，having caught the 7：30 train from Paddington. ③被動(dòng)式having been done 表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前，與句子的主語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。 Having been asked to work overtime that evening，I missed a wonderful film.(被動(dòng)意義，非謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前) (3)過去分詞作狀語 過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，與句子主語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。 Seen from the top of the mountain，the city is very beautiful.(被動(dòng)關(guān)系) 2.非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語 (1)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語 現(xiàn)在分詞(短語)作定語與所修飾的名詞之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，表示該動(dòng)作的主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行。 Laura was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home，there was a pile of mails waiting for her. (2)不定式作定語 不定式作定語表示未做的事情。 His first book to be published next month is based on a true story. 不定式作定語的特殊用法： ①下列詞語后常接不定式作定語：chance，right，courage，promise，time，opportunity，way，the first，the second，the last，the only等。 ②不定式作定語和所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系。 There is no one to look after her. ③不定式與被修飾的名詞在邏輯上有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。 She is now looking for a room to live in. (3)過去分詞作定語 過去分詞(短語)作定語與它所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示該動(dòng)作的被動(dòng)或完成。 You cannot accept an opinion offered to you unless it is based on facts. His first book published last month is based on a true story. 注意：表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式，意為“令人……的”；動(dòng)詞-ed形式，意為“(人)感到……的”，也可修飾體現(xiàn)內(nèi)心感受的look，expression，tears，smile，voice等名詞。 3.非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓語 (1)動(dòng)詞afford，promise，refuse，expect，hope，learn，offer，wish，want，fail，plan，agree，forget，like，prefer，decide，manage，try，arrange，determine，desire等后面接不定式作賓語；動(dòng)詞e，get，grow后接不定式作賓語時(shí)，意為“逐漸地……”。 David refused to accept my invitation. She has a hot temper，but you will grow to like her. 注意：下列單詞或短語后可接“疑問詞＋不定式”作賓語：teach，decide，wonder，show，learn，forget，ask，find out，advise，discuss等。 I don’t know how to deal with this kind of matter. (2)①動(dòng)詞admit，appreciate，avoid，consider(考慮)，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，finish，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，risk，resist，suggest等后要接動(dòng)名詞作賓語。 Bill suggested holding a meeting on what to do for the Expo during the vacation. ②動(dòng)詞短語can’t stand，give up，feel like，keep on，insist on，look forward to，put off，devote...to，object to，be busy (in)，get down to，have difficulty/trouble (in)，have a good/wonderful/hard time (in)，have fun等后要接動(dòng)名詞作賓語。 I had great difficulty (in) finding the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant. ③介詞后要接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，如what about，how about，be fond of，be good at等的介詞后接動(dòng)名詞。注意on/upon doing sth.＝as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句，作此意講時(shí)on/upon后也可以接名詞。 On his arrival/On arriving at the station，he found the train had just started. 注意：①表示一種傾向多接動(dòng)名詞作賓語；表示某一特定的或具體的行動(dòng)，多接不定式作賓語。 I like listening to music，but today I don’t like to. ②want，require，need表“需要”講，后用不定式時(shí)，要用其被動(dòng)形式；用動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，用其主動(dòng)形式(表被動(dòng)意義)。 The patient required to be examined. The patient required examining. 4.非謂語動(dòng)詞作主語 (1)動(dòng)名詞作主語 Hearing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure. It is no use crying over spilt milk.(動(dòng)名詞短語作主語，it作形式主語) (2)不定式作主語 To see is to believe.＝Seeing is believing. It is important to respect people.(不定式短語作主語，it作形式主語) 5.非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓補(bǔ) (1)分詞作補(bǔ)語的區(qū)別 ①現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)的兩大特征：一是賓語與現(xiàn)在分詞有主謂關(guān)系；二是現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行?？山蝇F(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞(短語)常見的有：have，see，hear，find，get，leave，notice，watch，keep，start，set，catch，smell，feel，send，listen to，look at等。 I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast. I won’t have you speaking to your dad like that. I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.(被動(dòng)，正在進(jìn)行) ②過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的兩大特征：一是及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)與賓語有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系；二是不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)與賓語有主謂關(guān)系，多用來表示動(dòng)作已完成?？山舆^去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：have，see，hear，find，leave，want，make等。 Claire had her luggage checked an hour before her plane left. I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much. (2)不定式作補(bǔ)語 ①接帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，此類動(dòng)詞(短語)有：advise，allow，ask，cause，mand，encourage，expect，forbid，force，get，invite，leave，like，mean，order，permit，persuade，prefer，request，tell，want，warn，wish，call on，depend on/upon，long for，wait for等。 I didn’t mean you to hear it. We’re all longing for the new term to begin. ②接不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞(短語)有：make，have，let等使役動(dòng)詞以及see，watch，notice，observe，look at，feel，hear，listen to等感官動(dòng)詞。如果這些動(dòng)詞或短語用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，則to不可省略。動(dòng)詞help后的不定式符號to可以省略，也可以保留。 Let those in need understand that we will go all out to help them. She was seen to enter the manager’s office ten minutes ago. (3)with＋賓語＋賓補(bǔ) The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him. John received an invitation to dinner，and with his work finished，he gladly accepted it. With a lot of difficult problems to settle，the newly-elected president is having a hard time. 6.非謂語動(dòng)詞作表語 (1)動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)，說明主語的內(nèi)容。 The queen’s work is laying eggs. (2)不定式作表語時(shí)，說明主語尚未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，或表示將來的動(dòng)作。 His ambition is to go to Harvard University. 注意：現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞作表語時(shí)，通常為分詞化的形容詞。 1.缺少非謂語動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)意識 2.缺少搭配意識 3.缺少前后主語一致意識 (誤)Beforehanding in your test paper，it is necessary to go over the whole paper. (正)Beforehanding in your test paper，you should go over the whole paper. (正)Beforeyouhand in your test paper，you should go over the whole paper. 4.缺少結(jié)構(gòu)意識 考向1　作賓語或補(bǔ)足語 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.I quickly lower myself，ducking my head to avoid looking(look) directly into his eyes. (2018全國Ⅲ) 解析　動(dòng)詞avoid后要接動(dòng)名詞作賓語。此處表示避免直接看他的眼睛，故用looking。 2.Once his message was delivered，he allowed me tostay (stay) and watch.(2018全國Ⅲ) 解析　固定短語allow sb.to do sth.允許某人做某事，應(yīng)該用to stay作賓補(bǔ)。 3.I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph taken(take).(2018天津) 解析　句意為：我需要一個(gè)新護(hù)照，所以我得去讓人給我拍照片。本題考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，賓語my photograph與take之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。 4.Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet.They are required toprocess(process) the food that we eat，to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. (2017全國Ⅰ) 解析　require sth./sb.to do sth.需要某物/某人做某事，此處用其被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)，所以填動(dòng)詞不定式to process作主語補(bǔ)足語。 5.Fast food is full of fat and salt；by eating(eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.(2017全國Ⅰ) 解析　表示方式的介詞by之后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語。 6.This included digging up the road，laying(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.(2017全國Ⅱ) 解析　included后的dig，lay，build是三個(gè)并列的動(dòng)作，根據(jù)digging及building可知，lay也應(yīng)用動(dòng)名詞形式作included的賓語。 7.But Sarah，who has taken part in shows along with top models，wants toprove(prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.(2017全國Ⅲ) 解析　want to do sth.想要做某事，動(dòng)詞不定式作want的賓語。 8.In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition” a house without using(use) electric equipment.(2015全國Ⅱ) 解析　介詞without之后的動(dòng)詞要用動(dòng)名詞形式。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) 1.My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by the fish.(2018全國Ⅰ) 解析　此處用動(dòng)名詞作介詞by的賓語。 2.As a kid，I loved to watch cartoons，but no matter how many times I asked to them，my parents would not let me.(2018全國Ⅱ) 解析　ask to do sth.要求做某事。 3.When summer es，they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables！ (2017全國Ⅱ) 解析　invite sb.to do sth.邀請某人做某事。 4.We can choose between staying at home and a trip.(2016全國Ⅱ) 解析　此處為between...and...結(jié)構(gòu)，連接動(dòng)名詞短語作賓語，故此處也要用動(dòng)名詞形式，與前面保持一致。 5.The position of the classroom with its view made me like I was dreaming.(2015浙江) 解析　make后跟復(fù)合賓語，當(dāng)賓補(bǔ)為動(dòng)詞且與賓語之間為邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，用動(dòng)詞原形。 考向2　作主語或表語 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.It took him a long time toacquire(acquire) the skills he needed to bee a good dancer. (2018天津) 解析　句意為：他花了很長時(shí)間才獲得成為一名好舞者所需要的各項(xiàng)技能?？疾閯?dòng)詞不定式作主語。在It takes/took sb.some time to do sth.句型中，it作形式主語，不定式短語作真正的主語。 2.Traveling(travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.(2018北京) 解析　句意為：沿著古絲綢之路旅行是一次既有趣又有意義的經(jīng)歷?！?along the old Silk Road”作主語，要用動(dòng)名詞。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) 1.In their spare time，they are in planting vegetables in their garden，which is on the rooftop of their house. (2017全國Ⅱ) 解析　interesting意為“有趣的”，多指事物；interested意為“感興趣的”，多指人。該句的主語是they，故用interested作表語。be interested in意為“對……感興趣”。 2. tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner，which might not be served until 8 o’clock at night.(2013新課標(biāo)全國Ⅱ) 解析　分析句式結(jié)構(gòu)可知句子的主語應(yīng)為Have tea in the late afternoon這部分，動(dòng)詞原形不能作句子的主語，所以應(yīng)該用動(dòng)名詞形式作主語。 考向3　作定語 單句語法填空 1.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s，when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted(permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.(2016全國Ⅰ) 解析　因?yàn)榫渲幸延兄^語動(dòng)詞was，故此處要用非謂語動(dòng)詞形式。因permit與reporter之間為邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以用過去分詞形式作后置定語。 2.For 25 days，she never left her baby，not even to find something toeat(eat)！(2016四川) 解析　不定式to eat作定語，修飾前面的不定代詞something。句意為：25天中，她寸步不離她的孩子，甚至不去找東西吃！ 3.Abercrombie&Kent，a travel pany in Hong Kong，says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people living(live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.(2015全國Ⅰ) 解析　句中已有謂語動(dòng)詞arranges，故應(yīng)考慮此處填非謂語動(dòng)詞。由于live與其所修飾的名詞people之間為邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，故用表示主動(dòng)意義的現(xiàn)在分詞形式作定語。 4.A study of travelers conducted(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.(2015全國Ⅰ) 解析　句意為：TripAdvisor網(wǎng)站進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)對于旅行者的調(diào)查把陽朔列為世界十佳旅游目的地之一。根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，study與conduct構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故此處應(yīng)該使用過去分詞作定語，修飾名詞study。 考向4　作狀語 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice toimprove(improve) water quality.(2018全國Ⅱ) 解析　句意為：為了改善水質(zhì)，政府鼓勵(lì)農(nóng)民種植玉米而不是大米。沒有連詞而且謂語動(dòng)詞是encourages，故improve應(yīng)該用非謂語動(dòng)詞。此處用不定式作目的狀語。故填to improve。 2.Ordinary soap，used(use) correctly，can deal with bacteria effectively.(2018北京) 解析　因?yàn)榫渥又幸延兄^語動(dòng)詞，故此處要用非謂語動(dòng)詞形式。句子的主語與use之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此應(yīng)該用過去分詞作狀語，used correctly相當(dāng)于if it is used correctly這個(gè)條件狀語從句的省略形式。句意為：普通的肥皂，如果使用得當(dāng)，可以有效地清除細(xì)菌。 3.Around 13,500 new jobs were created during the period，exceeding(exceed) the expected number of 12,000 held by market analysts.(2018江蘇) 解析　句意為：在這段時(shí)期創(chuàng)造了大約13 500個(gè)新工作，超過了市場分析家認(rèn)為的12 000的預(yù)期數(shù)字。were created是謂語，因此exceed只能用非謂語動(dòng)詞形式，句子的主語與exceed之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此用現(xiàn)在分詞形式作伴隨狀語。 4.Sixteen years earlier，Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring tocook(cook) a meal.(2017浙江) 解析　Pahlsson當(dāng)時(shí)摘掉鉆戒的目的是為了做飯，故用動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語。 5.Skilled workers also bine various hardwoods and metal tocreate(create) special designs. (2016全國Ⅲ) 解析　句中已有謂語bine，故此處應(yīng)考慮填非謂語動(dòng)詞，bine various hardwoods and metal的目的是to create special designs，故填動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語。 6.The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years.People probably cooked their food in large pots，using(use) twigs(樹枝) to remove it.(2016全國Ⅲ) 解析　第二句中已有謂語cooked，且無其他連詞，use與主句主語存在主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故填現(xiàn)在分詞形式作方式狀語。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) 1.Everyone was silent， to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud. (2018全國Ⅲ) 解析　分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，was為謂語動(dòng)詞，主語everyone與wait之間為主謂關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。 2.I might have to retire again next year just get some more of these biscuits.(2015陜西) 解析　句意為：我也許明年得再退休一次，只是為了能得到更多的餅干。故此處用動(dòng)詞不定式表示目的。 考向5　固定搭配 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.But unlike her school friends,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term resting(rest). (2017全國Ⅲ) 解析　spend time (in) doing sth.為固定搭配。 2.If you find something you love doing outside of the office，you’ll be less likely tobring(bring) your work home.(2016全國Ⅱ) 解析　固定表達(dá)be likely to do...很可能做某事。 3.When a new day breaks，the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough tocool(cool) the house during the hot day；at the same time，they warm up again for the night.(2015全國Ⅱ) 解析　“形容詞＋enough＋動(dòng)詞不定式”為常用句式。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) 1.The instructor kept repeating the words，“Speed up！” “Slow down！” “ left！” (2017全國Ⅰ) 解析　根據(jù)前面教練發(fā)出的兩個(gè)指令可知，這三個(gè)屬于并列結(jié)構(gòu)，都是祈使句，都以動(dòng)詞原形開頭。 2.We’ve been spending a lot of time in karaoke bars.(2015四川) 解析　spend time (in) doing sth.花費(fèi)時(shí)間做某事，為固定搭配。 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.He suddenly appeared in class one day，wearing(wear) sunglasses. 2.She wished that he was as easy toplease(please) as her mother，who was always delighted with perfume. 3.Built(build) in 1192，the bridge is over 800 years old. 4.Collecting(collect) stamps seems to be his main hobby. 5.I didn’t talk much to the man sitting(sit) next to me. 6.Weather permitting(permit)，we’ll have an outing tomorrow. Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) 1.I also shared with my friends many photos in Beijing. 2.Well，I had better to stop now. 3.I look forward to her again in the near future. 4. hungry，we built a fire by the lake and barbecued a fish. 5.We should find ways to reuse the water in washing. Ⅲ.語法填空(非謂語動(dòng)詞專練) There is a wonderful story about a young girl who had no family and no one 1.tolove(love) her. One day,2.feeling(feel) very sad and lonely，she was walking through a grassland when she noticed a small butterfly 3.caught(catch) in a thorny bush.The young girl carefully released the butterfly.Instead of 4.flying(fly) away，the little butterfly changed into a beautiful fairy. “In return for your wonderful kindness，”the good fairy said to the girl，“I will give you any wish that you would like 5.toget(get).”The little girl thought for a moment and then replied，“I want to be happy.” 6.Leaning(lean) toward her，the fairy whispered in her ear and then disappeared. With the little girl 7.growing(grow) up，there was no one in the land happier than she was.Everyone wanted to make themselves 8.told(tell) the secret of happiness by her.She would only smile and answer，“The secret of my happiness is that I listened to a good fairy when I was a little girl.” When she was dying，the neighbors all gathered around her,9.fearing(fear) that her unbelievable secret of happiness would die with her.So they begged her 10.totell(tell) them what the good fairy said.The lovely old woman simply smiled and said，“She told me that everyone，no matter how old or young，how rich or poor，had need of me.”