閥蓋零件加工工藝及鏜28.5孔夾具設(shè)計(jì)【全套含CAD圖紙和說明書】
閥蓋零件加工工藝及鏜28.5孔夾具設(shè)計(jì)【全套含CAD圖紙和說明書】,全套含CAD圖紙和說明書,零件,加工,工藝,夾具,設(shè)計(jì),全套,cad,圖紙,以及,說明書,仿單
第1章 閥蓋鏜?28.5夾具設(shè)計(jì)
1.1 車床夾具設(shè)計(jì)要求說明
車床夾具主要用于加工閥蓋鏜?28.5夾具。采用的是普通臥式車床CA6140上進(jìn)行加工,因而車床夾具的主要特點(diǎn)是工件加工表面的中心線與機(jī)床主軸的回轉(zhuǎn)軸線同軸。
(1) 安裝在車床主軸上的夾具。這類夾具很多,有通用的三爪卡盤、四爪卡盤,花盤,頂尖等,還有自行設(shè)計(jì)的心軸;專用夾具通??煞譃樾妮S式、夾頭式、卡盤式、角鐵式和花盤式。這類夾具的特點(diǎn)是加工時(shí)隨機(jī)床主軸一起旋轉(zhuǎn),刀具做進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)
定心式車床夾具 在定心式車床夾具上,工件常以孔或外圓定位,夾具采用定心夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)。
角鐵式車床夾具 在車床上加工殼體、支座、杠桿、接頭等零件的回轉(zhuǎn)端面時(shí),由于零件形狀較復(fù)雜,難以裝夾在通用卡盤上,因而須設(shè)計(jì)專用夾具。這種夾具的夾具體呈角鐵狀,故稱其為角鐵式車床夾具。
花盤式車床夾具 這類夾具的夾具體稱花盤,上面開有若干個(gè)T形槽,安裝定位元件、夾緊元件和分度元件等輔助元件,可加工形狀復(fù)雜工件的外圓和內(nèi)孔。這類夾具不對(duì)稱,要注意平衡。
(2) 安裝在托板上的夾具。某些重型、畸形工件,常常將夾具安裝在托板上。刀具則安裝在車床主軸上做旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng),夾具做進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)。
由于后一類夾具應(yīng)用很少,屬于機(jī)床改裝范疇。而生產(chǎn)中需自行設(shè)計(jì)的較多是安裝在車床主軸上的專用夾具,所以零件在車床上加工用專用夾具。
1.2車床夾具的設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)
(1)定位裝置的設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)和夾緊裝置的設(shè)計(jì)要求
當(dāng)加工回轉(zhuǎn)表面時(shí),要求工件加工面的軸線與機(jī)床主軸軸線重合,夾具上定位裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)和布置必須保證這一點(diǎn)。
當(dāng)加工的表面與工序基準(zhǔn)之間有尺寸聯(lián)系或相互位置精度要求時(shí),則應(yīng)以夾具的回轉(zhuǎn)軸線為基準(zhǔn)來確定定位元件的位置。
工件的夾緊應(yīng)可靠。由于加工時(shí)工件和夾具一起隨主軸高速回轉(zhuǎn),故在加工過程中工件除受切削力矩的作用外,整個(gè)夾具還要受到重力和離心力的作用,轉(zhuǎn)速越高離心力越大,這些力不僅降低夾緊力,同時(shí)會(huì)使主軸振動(dòng)。因此,夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)必須具有足夠的夾緊力,自鎖性能好,以防止工件在加工過程中移動(dòng)或發(fā)生事故。對(duì)于角鐵式夾具,夾緊力的施力方式要注意防止引起夾具變形。
(2)夾具與機(jī)床主軸的連接
車床夾具與機(jī)床主軸的連接精度對(duì)夾具的加工精度有一定的影響。因此,要求夾具的回轉(zhuǎn)軸線與臥式車床主軸軸線應(yīng)具有盡可能小的同軸度誤差。
心軸類車床夾具以莫氏錐柄與機(jī)床主軸錐孔配合連接,用螺桿拉緊。有的心軸則以中心孔與車床前、后頂尖安裝使用。
根據(jù)徑向尺寸的大小,其它專用夾具在機(jī)床主軸上的安裝連接一般有兩種方式:
1)對(duì)于徑向尺寸D<140mm,或D<(2~3)d的小型夾具,一般用錐柄安裝在車床主軸的錐孔中,并用螺桿拉緊,如圖1-a所示。這種連接方式定心精度較高。
2)對(duì)于徑向尺寸較大的夾具,一般用過渡盤與車床主軸軸頸連接。過渡盤與主軸配合處的形狀取決于主軸前端的結(jié)構(gòu)。
圖1-b所示的過渡盤,其上有一個(gè)定位圓孔按H7/h6或H7/js6與主軸軸頸相配合,并用螺紋和主軸連接。為防止停車和倒車時(shí)因慣性作用使兩者松開,可用壓板將過渡盤壓在主軸上。專用夾具則以其定位止口按H7/h6或H7/js6裝配在過渡盤的凸緣上,用螺釘緊固。這種連接方式的定心精度受配合間隙的影響。為了提高定心精度,可按找正圓校正夾具與機(jī)床主軸的同軸度。
對(duì)于車床主軸前端為圓錐體并有凸緣的結(jié)構(gòu),如圖1-c所示,過渡盤在其長錐面上配合定心,用活套在主軸上的螺母鎖緊,由鍵傳遞扭矩。這種安裝方式的定心精度較高,但端面要求緊貼,制造上較困難。
圖1-d所示是以主軸前端短錐面與過渡盤連接的方式。過渡盤推入主軸后,其端面與主軸端面只允許有0.05~0.1mm的間隙,用螺釘均勻擰緊后,即可保證端面與錐面全部接觸,以使定心準(zhǔn)確、剛度好。
圖1 車床夾具與機(jī)床主軸的連接
過渡盤常作為車床附件備用,設(shè)計(jì)夾具時(shí)應(yīng)按過渡盤凸緣確定專用夾具體的止口尺寸。過渡盤的材料通常為鑄鐵。各種車床主軸前端的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸,可查閱有關(guān)手冊
1.3 定位機(jī)構(gòu)
由零件圖分析加工閥蓋鏜?28.5夾具的加工要求,必須保證孔軸向和徑向的加工尺寸,得出,夾具必須限制工件的六個(gè)自由度,才可以達(dá)到加工要求。先設(shè)計(jì)夾具模型如下:
選擇定位元件為:定位心軸。定位心軸端面限制了X,Y,Z方向的移動(dòng)自由度,定位心軸直徑35外圓處限制X,Y方向的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)自由度??梢?,定位方案選擇合理。
1.4夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)
選擇工件的夾緊方案,夾緊方案的選擇原則是夾得穩(wěn),夾得勞,夾得快。選擇夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)時(shí),要合理確定夾緊力的三要素:大小、方向、作用點(diǎn)。夾緊裝置的基本要求如下:
1. 夾緊時(shí)不能破壞工件在夾具中占有的正確位置;
2. 夾緊力要適當(dāng),既要保證工件在加工過程中不移動(dòng)、不轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)、不震動(dòng),又不因夾緊力過大而使工件表面損傷、變形。
3. 夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)的操作應(yīng)安全、方便、迅速、省力。
4. 機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)盡量簡單,制造、維修要方便。
分析零件加工要素的性質(zhì),確定夾緊動(dòng)力源類型為手動(dòng)夾緊,夾緊裝置為壓板,壓緊力來源為螺旋力。夾具的具體結(jié)構(gòu)與參數(shù)見夾具裝配圖和零件圖。
5.4 切削力及夾緊力的計(jì)算
刀具:硬質(zhì)合金鏜刀直徑12mm鏜刀,伸出桿60mm
① 切削力:查《現(xiàn)代機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)》P104表,得車削切削力計(jì)算公式:
圓周分力Fc = 902 Kp
徑向分力Fp = 2383Kp
軸向分力Ff =3326Kp
其中——背吃刀量 2.3mm
f——每轉(zhuǎn)進(jìn)給量 0.16mm
Vc—切削速度m/min 60
Kp—修正系數(shù)1.08
所以切削時(shí)的各切削力
Fc1= 566.8N
Fp2=801.5N
Ff3= 416.4N
精車切削力:——背吃刀量0.5mm
f——每轉(zhuǎn)進(jìn)給量 0.13mm
Vc—切削速度m/min 38
Kp—修正系數(shù) 1.08
所以切削時(shí)的各切削力
Fc1= 105.45N
Fp2= 57.23N
Ff3= 97.96N
根據(jù)工件受力切削力、夾緊力的作用情況,找出在加工過程中對(duì)夾緊最不利的瞬間狀態(tài),按靜力平衡原理計(jì)算出理論夾緊力。最后為保證夾緊可靠,再乘以安全系數(shù)作為實(shí)際所需夾緊力的數(shù)值。即:
安全系數(shù)K可按下式計(jì)算有::
式中:為各種因素的安全系數(shù),查參考文獻(xiàn)[5]表可得:
所以有:
螺旋夾緊時(shí)產(chǎn)生的夾緊力按以下公式計(jì)算有:
式中參數(shù)由參考文獻(xiàn)[5]可查得:
其中:
螺旋夾緊力:
該夾具采用螺旋夾緊機(jī)構(gòu),用螺栓通過弧形壓塊壓緊工件,受力簡圖如下:
圖4.1 移動(dòng)壓板受力簡圖
由表得:原動(dòng)力計(jì)算公式
即:
由上述計(jì)算易得:
由計(jì)算可知所需實(shí)際夾緊力不是很大,為了使其夾具結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、操作方便,決定選用手動(dòng)螺旋夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)。
1.5零件的車床夾具的加工誤差分析
工件在車床夾具上加工時(shí),加工誤差的大小受工件在夾具上的定位誤差、夾具誤差、夾具在主軸上的安裝誤差和加工方法誤差的影響。
如夾具圖所示,在夾具上加工時(shí),尺寸的加工誤差的影響因素如下所述:
(1)定位誤差
由于端面既是工序基準(zhǔn),又是定位基準(zhǔn),基準(zhǔn)不重合誤差為零。工件在夾具上定位時(shí),定位基準(zhǔn)與限位基準(zhǔn)是重合的,基準(zhǔn)位移誤差為零。因此,尺寸的定位誤差等于零。
(2)夾具誤差
夾具誤差為限位基面與軸線間的距離誤差,以及限位基面相對(duì)安裝基面的平行度誤差是0.01.
1 夾緊誤差 :
其中接觸變形位移值:
⑶ 磨損造成的加工誤差:通常不超過
⑷ 夾具相對(duì)刀具位置誤差:取
誤差總和:
(3)安裝誤差
因?yàn)閵A具和主軸是莫氏錐度配合,夾具的安裝誤差幾乎可以忽略不計(jì)。
(4)加工方法誤差
如車床主軸上安裝夾具基準(zhǔn)與主軸回轉(zhuǎn)軸線間的誤差、主軸的徑向跳動(dòng)、車床溜板進(jìn)給方向與主軸軸線的平行度或垂直度等。它的大小取決于機(jī)床的制造精度、夾具的懸伸長度和離心力的大小等因素。一般取
=/3=0.05/3=0.017mm
零件的車床夾具總加工誤差是:
精度儲(chǔ)備:
故此方案可行。
1.6 確定夾具體結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸和總體結(jié)構(gòu)
夾具體設(shè)計(jì)的基本要求
(1)應(yīng)有適當(dāng)?shù)木群统叽绶€(wěn)定性
夾具體上的重要表面,如安裝定位元件的表面、安裝對(duì)刀塊或?qū)蛟谋砻嬉约皧A具體的安裝基面,應(yīng)有適當(dāng)?shù)某叽缇群托螤罹?,它們之間應(yīng)有適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢镁取?
為使夾具體的尺寸保持穩(wěn)定,鑄造夾具體要進(jìn)行時(shí)效處理,焊接和鍛造夾具體要進(jìn)行退火處理。
(2)應(yīng)有足夠的強(qiáng)度和剛度
為了保證在加工過程中不因夾緊力、切削力等外力的作用而產(chǎn)生不允許的變形和振動(dòng),夾具體應(yīng)有足夠的壁厚,剛性不足處可適當(dāng)增設(shè)加強(qiáng)筋。
(3)應(yīng)有良好的結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性和使用性
夾具體一般外形尺寸較大,結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,而且各表面間的相互位置精度要求高,因此應(yīng)特別注意其結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性,應(yīng)做到裝卸工件方便,夾具維修方便。在滿足剛度和強(qiáng)度的前提下,應(yīng)盡量能減輕重量,縮小體積,力求簡單。
(4)應(yīng)便于排除切屑
在機(jī)械加工過程中,切屑會(huì)不斷地積聚在夾具體周圍,如不及時(shí)排除,切削熱量的積聚會(huì)破壞夾具的定位精度,切屑的拋甩可能纏繞定位元件,也會(huì)破壞定位精度,甚至發(fā)生安全事故。因此,對(duì)于加工過程中切屑產(chǎn)生不多的情況,可適當(dāng)加大定位元件工作表面與夾具體之間的距離以增大容屑空間:對(duì)于加工過程中切削產(chǎn)生較多的情況,一般應(yīng)在夾具體上設(shè)置排屑槽。
(5)在機(jī)床上的安裝應(yīng)穩(wěn)定可靠
夾具在機(jī)床上的安裝都是通過夾具體上的安裝基面與機(jī)床上的相應(yīng)表面的接觸或配合實(shí)現(xiàn)的。當(dāng)夾具在機(jī)床工作臺(tái)上安裝時(shí),夾具的重心應(yīng)盡量低,支承面積應(yīng)足夠大,安裝基面應(yīng)有較高的配合精度,保證安裝穩(wěn)定可靠。夾具底部一般應(yīng)中空,大型夾具還應(yīng)設(shè)置吊環(huán)或起重孔。
確定夾具體的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸,然后繪制夾具總圖。詳見繪制的夾具裝配圖。
1.6 零件的車床專用夾具簡單使用說明
(1)夾具的總體結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)力力求緊湊、輕便,懸臂尺寸要短,重心盡可能靠近主軸。
(2)當(dāng)工件和夾具上個(gè)元件相對(duì)機(jī)床主軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)軸線不平衡時(shí),將產(chǎn)生較大的離心力和振動(dòng),影響工件的加工質(zhì)量、刀具的壽命、機(jī)床的精度和安全生產(chǎn),特別是在轉(zhuǎn)速較高的情況下影響更大。因此,對(duì)于重量不對(duì)稱的夾具,要有平衡要求。平衡的方法有兩種:設(shè)置平衡塊或加工減重孔。在工廠實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中,常用適配的方法進(jìn)行夾具的平衡工作。
(3)為了保證安全,夾具上各種元件一般不超過夾具的圓形輪廓之外。因此,還應(yīng)該注意防止切削和冷卻液的飛濺問題,必要時(shí)應(yīng)該加防護(hù)罩。
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工序號(hào)
機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片
長沙理工大學(xué) 汽車與機(jī)械工程學(xué)院
锪底面兩盲孔Φ12mm到Φ21.5mm深2mm。
鉆頂面3-Φ9mm的通孔和錐螺紋Rc1/8、對(duì)3-Φ9mm锪沉孔、并攻螺紋Rc1/8。
攻M27×1.5的螺紋。
鉆左端面4-M8mm的螺紋孔并攻螺紋。
金剛鏜Φ16mm的孔。
精鏜Φ16mm的孔。
粗鏜2-Ф22mm、Ф28mm和螺紋孔M27mm、并倒角。
鉆左端面Φ16mm的通孔、鉆Φ4mm并對(duì)其锪沉。
粗銑—半精銑—精銑左右兩端面
鉆底面兩個(gè)Ф12mm盲孔
半精銑—精銑零件底面
半精銑零件頂面—精銑零件頂面凸臺(tái)
粗銑零件底面
粗銑零件頂面
時(shí)效處理
鑄造
工 序 名 稱 與 內(nèi) 容
生產(chǎn)類型
零件編號(hào)
零件名稱
Z3025
Z3025
組合機(jī)床
組合機(jī)床
TA740
TG6140B
TG6140B
組合機(jī)床
X6130
Z3025
X6012
X6012
X6012
X6012
機(jī) 床
中小批量
溢流閥
專用鉆夾具
專用鉆夾具
專用鉆夾具
專用鉆夾具
專用鉆夾具
專用夾具
專用鏜夾具
專用鉆夾具
通用銑夾具
通用鉆夾具
通用銑夾具
通用銑夾具
通用銑夾具
通用銑夾具
夾 具
毛坯重量
毛坯種類
材料牌號(hào)
高速鋼麻花鉆
高速鋼麻花鉆
高速鋼麻花鉆
高速鋼麻花鉆
金剛鏜刀
高速鋼鏜刀
高速鋼鏜刀
高速鋼麻花鉆
高速鋼三面刃銑刀
高速鋼麻花鉆
高速鋼圓柱型銑刀
高速鋼圓柱型銑刀
高速鋼圓柱型銑刀
高速鋼圓柱型銑刀
刀 具
2kg
鑄件
HT200
審核
指導(dǎo)
編制
游標(biāo)卡尺
游標(biāo)卡尺
游標(biāo)卡尺
游標(biāo)卡尺
專用量具
專用量具
游標(biāo)卡尺
游標(biāo)卡尺
游標(biāo)卡尺
游標(biāo)卡尺
游標(biāo)卡尺
游標(biāo)卡尺
游標(biāo)卡尺
游標(biāo)卡尺
量具
0.68
4.65
0.34
0.275
3.0
3.0
0.794
0.45
1.74
0.376
1.55
2.13
0.6
1.39
時(shí)間定額(min)
2008-5-14
共 1 張
第 1 張
16
15
工序號(hào)
機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片
長沙理工大學(xué) 汽車與機(jī)械工程學(xué)院
終檢。
對(duì)零件進(jìn)行圓角并去除毛刺。
工 序 名 稱 與 內(nèi) 容
生產(chǎn)類型
零件編號(hào)
零件名稱
機(jī) 床
中小批量
溢流閥
夾 具
毛坯重量
毛坯種類
材料牌號(hào)
刀 具
2kg
鑄件
HT200
審核
指導(dǎo)
編制
量具
時(shí)間定額(min)
2008-5-14
共 2 張
第 2 張
附件:
模具高速銑削加工技術(shù)
摘 要 介紹了高速銑削在模具加工中的應(yīng)用以及影響,并簡要的介紹了高速銑削機(jī)床的結(jié)構(gòu)、控制系統(tǒng)和刀具。對(duì)高速加工的工藝進(jìn)行了簡單的分析。
關(guān)鍵詞 高速銑削;模具加工
一、 前言
在現(xiàn)代模具生產(chǎn)中,隨著對(duì)塑件的美觀度及功能要求得越來越高,塑件內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)得越來越復(fù)雜,模具的外形設(shè)計(jì)也日趨復(fù)雜,自由曲面所占比例不斷增加,相應(yīng)的模具結(jié)構(gòu)也設(shè)計(jì)得越來越復(fù)雜。這些都對(duì)模具加工技術(shù)提出了更高要求,不僅應(yīng)保證高的制造精度和表面質(zhì)量,而且要追求加工表面的美觀。隨著對(duì)高速加工技術(shù)研究的不斷深入,尤其在加工機(jī)床、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、刀具系統(tǒng)、CAD/CAM軟件等相關(guān)技術(shù)不斷發(fā)展的推動(dòng)下,高速加工技術(shù)已越來越多地應(yīng)用于模具型腔的加工與制造中。
數(shù)控高速切削加工作為模具制造中最為重要的一項(xiàng)先進(jìn)制造技術(shù),是集高效、優(yōu)質(zhì)、低耗于一身的先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)。相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的切削加工,其切削速度、進(jìn)給速度有了很大的提高,而且切削機(jī)理也不相同。高速切削使切削加工發(fā)生了本質(zhì)性的飛躍,其單位功率的金屬切除率提高了30%~40%,切削力降低了30%,刀具的切削壽命提高了70%,留于工件的切削熱大幅度降低,低階切削振動(dòng)幾乎消失。隨著切削速度的提高,單位時(shí)間毛坯材料的去除率增加了,切削時(shí)間減少了,加工效率提高了,從而縮短了產(chǎn)品的制造周期,提高了產(chǎn)品的市場競爭力。同時(shí),高速加工的小量快進(jìn)使切削力減少了,切屑的高速排出減少了工件的切削力和熱應(yīng)力變形,提高了剛性差和薄壁零件切削加工的可能性。由于切削力的降低,轉(zhuǎn)速的提高使切削系統(tǒng)的工作頻率遠(yuǎn)離機(jī)床的低階固有頻率,而工件的表面粗糙度對(duì)低階頻率最為敏感,由此降低了表面粗糙度。在模具的高淬硬鋼件(HRC45~HRC65)的加工過程中,采用高速切削可以取代電加工和磨削拋光的工序,從而避免了電極的制造和費(fèi)時(shí)的電加工,大幅度減少了鉗工的打磨與拋光量。對(duì)于一些市場上越來越需要的薄壁模具工件,高速銑削也可順利完成,而且在高速銑削CNC加工中心上,模具一次裝夾可完成多工步加工。
高速加工技術(shù)對(duì)模具加工工藝產(chǎn)生了巨大影響,改變了傳統(tǒng)模具加工采用的“退火→銑削加工→熱處理→磨削”或“電火花加工→手工打磨、拋光”等復(fù)雜冗長的工藝流程,甚至可用高速切削加工替代原來的全部工序。高速加工技術(shù)除可應(yīng)用于淬硬模具型腔的直接加工(尤其是半精加工和精加工)外,在EDM電極加工、快速樣件制造等方面也得到了廣泛應(yīng)用。大量生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐表明,應(yīng)用高速切削技術(shù)可節(jié)省模具后續(xù)加工中約80%的手工研磨時(shí)間,節(jié)約加工成本費(fèi)用近30%,模具表面加工精度可達(dá)1 m,刀具切削效率可提高1倍。
二、 高速銑削加工機(jī)床
高速切削技術(shù)是切削加工技術(shù)的主要發(fā)展方向之一,它隨著CNC技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)、新材料和新結(jié)構(gòu)等基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)的發(fā)展而邁上更高的臺(tái)階。由于模具加工的特殊性以及高速加工技術(shù)的自身特點(diǎn),對(duì)模具高速加工的相關(guān)技術(shù)及工藝系統(tǒng)(加工機(jī)床、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、刀具等)提出了比傳統(tǒng)模具加工更高的要求。
1. 高穩(wěn)定性的機(jī)床支撐部件
高速切削機(jī)床的床身等支撐部件應(yīng)具有很好的動(dòng)、靜剛度,熱剛度和最佳的阻尼特性。大部分機(jī)床都采用高質(zhì)量、高剛性和高抗張性的灰鑄鐵作為支撐部件材料,有的機(jī)床公司還在底座中添加高阻尼特性的聚合物混凝土,以增加其抗振性和熱穩(wěn)定性,這不但可保證機(jī)床精度穩(wěn)定,也可防止切削時(shí)刀具振顫。采用封閉式床身設(shè)計(jì),整體鑄造床身,對(duì)稱床身結(jié)構(gòu)并配有密布的加強(qiáng)筋等也是提高機(jī)床穩(wěn)定性的重要措施。一些機(jī)床公司的研發(fā)部門在設(shè)計(jì)過程中,還采用模態(tài)分析和有限元結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)算等,優(yōu)化了結(jié)構(gòu),使機(jī)床支撐部件更加穩(wěn)定可靠。
2. 機(jī)床主軸
高速機(jī)床的主軸性能是實(shí)現(xiàn)高速切削加工的重要條件。高速切削機(jī)床主軸的轉(zhuǎn)速范圍為10000~100000m/min,主軸功率大于15kW。通過主軸壓縮空氣或冷卻系統(tǒng)控制刀柄和主軸間的軸向間隙不大于0.005mm。還要求主軸具有快速升速、在指定位置快速準(zhǔn)停的性能(即具有極高的角加減速度),因此高速主軸常采用液體靜壓軸承式、空氣靜壓軸承式、熱壓氮化硅(Si3N4)陶瓷軸承磁懸浮軸承式等結(jié)構(gòu)形式。潤滑多采用油氣潤滑、噴射潤滑等技術(shù)。主軸冷卻一般采用主軸內(nèi)部水冷或氣冷。
3. 機(jī)床驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)
為滿足模具高速加工的需要,高速加工機(jī)床的驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)具有下列特性:
(1) 高的進(jìn)給速度。
研究表明,對(duì)于小直徑刀具,提高轉(zhuǎn)速和每齒進(jìn)給量有利于降低刀具磨損。目前常用的進(jìn)給速度范圍為20~30m/min,如采用大導(dǎo)程滾珠絲杠傳動(dòng),進(jìn)給速度可達(dá)60m/min;采用直線電機(jī)則可使進(jìn)給速度達(dá)到120m/min。
(2) 高的加速度。
對(duì)三維復(fù)雜曲面廓形的高速加工要求驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)具有良好的加速度特性,要求提供高速進(jìn)給的驅(qū)動(dòng)器(快進(jìn)速度約40m/min,3D輪廓加工速度為10m/min),能夠提供0.4m/s2到10m/s2的加速度和減速度。
機(jī)床制造商大多采用全閉環(huán)位置伺服控制的小導(dǎo)程、大尺寸、高質(zhì)量的滾珠絲杠或大導(dǎo)程多頭絲杠。隨著電機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,先進(jìn)的直線電動(dòng)機(jī)已經(jīng)問世,并成功應(yīng)用于CNC機(jī)床。先進(jìn)的直線電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)使CNC機(jī)床不再有質(zhì)量慣性、超前、滯后和振動(dòng)等問題,加快了伺服響應(yīng)速度,提高了伺服控制精度和機(jī)床加工精度。
4. 數(shù)控系統(tǒng)
先進(jìn)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)是保證模具復(fù)雜曲面高速加工質(zhì)量和效率的關(guān)鍵因素,模具高速切削加工對(duì)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的基本要求為:
a. 高速的數(shù)字控制回路(Digital control loop),包括:32位或64位并行處理器及1.5Gb以上的硬盤;極短的直線電機(jī)采樣時(shí)間。
b. 速度和加速度的前饋控制(Feed forward control);數(shù)字驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的爬行控制(Jerk control)。
c. 先進(jìn)的插補(bǔ)方法( 基于NURBS的樣條插補(bǔ)),以獲得良好的表面質(zhì)量、精確的尺寸和高的幾何精度。
d. 預(yù)處理(Look-ahead)功能。要求具有大容量緩沖寄存器,可預(yù)先閱讀和檢查多個(gè)程序段(如DMG機(jī)床可多達(dá)500個(gè)程序段,Simens系統(tǒng)可達(dá)1000~2000個(gè)程序段),以便在被加工表面形狀(曲率)發(fā)生變化時(shí)可及時(shí)采取改變進(jìn)給速度等措施以避免過切等。
e. 誤差補(bǔ)償功能,包括因直線電機(jī)、主軸等發(fā)熱導(dǎo)致的熱誤差補(bǔ)償、象限誤差補(bǔ)償、測量系統(tǒng)誤差補(bǔ)償?shù)裙δ堋?此外,模具高速切削加工對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速度的要求也很高。
f. 傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)接口, 如RS232串行口的傳輸速度為19.2kb,而許多先進(jìn)的加工中心均已采用以太局域網(wǎng)(Ethernet)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳輸,速度可達(dá)200kb。
5. 冷卻潤滑
高速加工采用帶涂層的硬質(zhì)合金刀具,在高速、高溫的情況下不用切削液,切削效率更高。這是因?yàn)椋恒娤髦鬏S高速旋轉(zhuǎn),切削液若要達(dá)到切削區(qū),首先要克服極大的離心力;即使它克服了離心力進(jìn)入切削區(qū),也可能由于切削區(qū)的高溫而立即蒸發(fā),冷卻效果很小甚至沒有;同時(shí)切削液會(huì)使刀具刃部的溫度激烈變化,容易導(dǎo)致裂紋的產(chǎn)生,所以要采用油/氣冷卻潤滑的干式切削方式。這種方式可以用高壓氣體迅速吹走切削區(qū)產(chǎn)生的切削,從而將大量的切削熱帶走,同時(shí)經(jīng)霧化的潤滑油可以在刀具刃部和工件表面形成一層極薄的微觀保護(hù)膜,可有效地延長刀具壽命并提高零件的表面質(zhì)量。
三、 高速切削加工的刀具
刀具是高速切削加工中最活躍重要的因素之一,它直接影響著加工效率、制造成本和產(chǎn)品的加工精度。刀具在高速加工過程中要承受高溫、高壓、摩擦、沖擊和振動(dòng)等載荷,高速切削刀具應(yīng)具有良好的機(jī)械性能和熱穩(wěn)定性,即具有良好的抗沖擊、耐磨損和抗熱疲勞的特性。高速切削加工的刀具技術(shù)發(fā)展速度很快,應(yīng)用較多的如金剛石(PCD)、立方氮化硼(CBN)、陶瓷刀具、涂層硬質(zhì)合金、(碳)氮化鈦硬質(zhì)合金TIC(N)等。
在加工鑄鐵和合金鋼的切削刀具中,硬質(zhì)合金是最常用的刀具材料。硬質(zhì)合金刀具耐磨性好,但硬度比立方氮化硼和陶瓷低。為提高硬度和表面光潔度,采用刀具涂層技術(shù),涂層材料為氮化鈦(TiN)、氮化鋁鈦(TiALN)等。涂層技術(shù)使涂層由單一涂層發(fā)展為多層、多種涂層材料的涂層,已成為提高高速切削能力的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)之一。直徑在10~40mm范圍內(nèi),且有碳氮化鈦涂層的硬質(zhì)合金刀片能夠加工洛氏硬度小于42的材料,而氮化鈦鋁涂層的刀具能夠加工洛氏硬度為42甚至更高的材料。高速切削鋼材時(shí),刀具材料應(yīng)選用熱硬性和疲勞強(qiáng)度高的P類硬質(zhì)合金、涂層硬質(zhì)合金、立方氮化硼(CBN)與CBN復(fù)合刀具材料(WBN)等。切削鑄鐵,應(yīng)選用細(xì)晶粒的K類硬質(zhì)合金進(jìn)行粗加工,選用復(fù)合氮化硅陶瓷或聚晶立方氮化硼(PCNB)復(fù)合刀具進(jìn)行精加工。精密加工有色金屬或非金屬材料時(shí),應(yīng)選用聚晶金剛石PCD或CVD金剛石涂層刀具。選擇切削參數(shù)時(shí),針對(duì)圓刀片和球頭銑刀,應(yīng)注意有效直徑的概念。高速銑削刀具應(yīng)按動(dòng)平衡設(shè)計(jì)制造。刀具的前角比常規(guī)刀具的前角要小,后角略大。主副切削刃連接處應(yīng)修圓或?qū)Ы?,來增大刀尖角,防止刀尖處熱磨損。應(yīng)加大刀尖附近的切削刃長度和刀具材料體積,提高刀具剛性。在保證安全和滿足加工要求的條件下,刀具懸伸盡可能短,刀體中央韌性要好。刀柄要比刀具直徑粗壯,連接柄呈倒錐狀,以增加其剛性。盡量在刀具及刀具系統(tǒng)中央留有冷卻液孔。球頭立銑刀要考慮有效切削長度,刃口要盡量短,兩螺旋槽球頭立銑刀通常用于粗銑復(fù)雜曲面,四螺旋槽球頭立銑刀通常用于精銑復(fù)雜曲面。
四、 模具高速加工工藝
高速加工包括以去除余量為目的的粗加工、殘留粗加工,以及以獲取高質(zhì)量的加工表面及細(xì)微結(jié)構(gòu)為目的的半精加工、精加工和鏡面加工等。
1. 粗加工
模具粗加工的主要目標(biāo)是追求單位時(shí)間內(nèi)的材料去除率,并為半精加工準(zhǔn)備工件的幾何輪廓。高速加工中的粗加工所應(yīng)采取的工藝方案是高切削速度、高進(jìn)給率和小切削用量的組合。等高加工方式是眾多CAM軟件普遍采用的一種加工方式。應(yīng)用較多的是螺旋等高和等Z軸等高兩種方式,也就是在加工區(qū)域僅一次進(jìn)刀,在不抬刀的情況下生成連續(xù)光滑的刀具路徑,進(jìn)、退刀方式采用圓弧切入、切出。螺旋等高方式的特點(diǎn)是,沒有等高層之間的刀路移動(dòng),可避免頻繁抬刀、進(jìn)刀對(duì)零件表面質(zhì)量的影響及機(jī)械設(shè)備不必要的耗損。對(duì)陡峭和平坦區(qū)域分別處理,計(jì)算適合等高及適合使用類似3D偏置的區(qū)域,并且可以使用螺旋方式,在很少抬刀的情況下生成優(yōu)化的刀具路徑,獲得更好的表面質(zhì)量。在高速加工中,一定要采取圓弧切入、切出連接方式,以及拐角處圓弧過渡,避免突然改變刀具進(jìn)給方向,禁止使用直接下刀的連接方式,避免將刀具埋入工件。加工模具型腔時(shí),應(yīng)避免刀具垂直插入工件,而應(yīng)采用傾斜下刀方式(常用傾斜角為20°~30°),最好采用螺旋式下刀以降低刀具載荷。加工模具型芯時(shí),應(yīng)盡量先從工件外部下刀然后水平切入工件。刀具切入、切出工件時(shí)應(yīng)盡可能采用傾斜式(或圓弧式)切入、切出,避免垂直切入、切出。采用攀爬式切削可降低切削熱,減小刀具受力和加工硬化程度,提高加工質(zhì)量。
2. 半精加工
模具半精加工的主要目標(biāo)是使工件輪廓形狀平整,表面精加工余量均勻,這對(duì)于工具鋼模具尤為重要,因?yàn)樗鼘⒂绊懢庸r(shí)刀具切削層面積的變化及刀具載荷的變化,從而影響切削過程的穩(wěn)定性及精加工表面質(zhì)量。
粗加工是基于體積模型,精加工則是基于面模型。以前開發(fā)的CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)對(duì)零件的幾何描述是不連續(xù)的,由于沒有描述粗加工后、精加工前加工模型的中間信息,故粗加工表面的剩余加工余量分布及最大剩余加工余量均是未知的。因此應(yīng)對(duì)半精加工策略進(jìn)行優(yōu)化以保證半精加工后工件表面具有均勻的剩余加工余量。優(yōu)化過程包括:粗加工后輪廓的計(jì)算、最大剩余加工余量的計(jì)算、最大允許加工余量的確定、對(duì)剩余加工余量大于最大允許加工余量的型面分區(qū)(如凹槽、拐角等過渡半徑小于粗加工刀具半徑的區(qū)域)以及半精加工時(shí)刀心軌跡的計(jì)算等。
現(xiàn)有的模具高速加工C A D /CAM軟件大都具備剩余加工余量分析功能,并能根據(jù)剩余加工余量的大小及分布情況采用合理的半精加工策略。如MasterCAM軟件提供了束狀銑削(Pencil milling)和剩余銑削(Rest milling)等方法來清除粗加工后剩余加工余量較大的角落以保證后續(xù)工序均勻的加工余量。
3. 精加工
模具的高速精加工策略取決于刀具與工件的接觸點(diǎn),而刀具與工件的接觸點(diǎn)隨著加工表面的曲面斜率和刀具有效半徑的變化而變化。對(duì)于由多個(gè)曲面組合而成的復(fù)雜曲面加工,應(yīng)盡可能在一個(gè)工序中進(jìn)行連續(xù)加工,而不是對(duì)各個(gè)曲面分別進(jìn)行加工,以減少抬刀、下刀的次數(shù)。然而,由于加工中表面斜率的變化,如果只定義加工的側(cè)吃刀量(Step over),就可能造成在斜率不同的表面上實(shí)際步距不均勻,從而影響加工質(zhì)量。
一般情況下,精加工曲面的曲率半徑應(yīng)大于刀具半徑的1.5倍,以避免進(jìn)給方向的突然轉(zhuǎn)變。在模具的高速精加工中,在每次切入、切出工件時(shí),進(jìn)給方向的改變應(yīng)盡量采用圓弧或曲線轉(zhuǎn)接,避免采用直線轉(zhuǎn)接,以保持切削過程的平穩(wěn)性。
五、 結(jié)束語
高速切削技術(shù)是切削加工技術(shù)的主要發(fā)展方向之一,目前主要應(yīng)用于汽車工業(yè)和模具行業(yè),尤其是在加工復(fù)雜曲面的領(lǐng)域、工件本身或刀具系統(tǒng)剛性要求較高的加工領(lǐng)域等,是多種先進(jìn)加工技術(shù)的集成,其高效、高質(zhì)量為人們所推崇。它不僅涉及到高速加工工藝,而且還包括高速加工機(jī)床、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、高速切削刀具及CAD/CAM技術(shù)等。模具高速加工技術(shù)目前已在發(fā)達(dá)國家的模具制造業(yè)中普遍應(yīng)用,而在我國的應(yīng)用范圍及應(yīng)用水平仍有待提高,由于其具有傳統(tǒng)加工無可比擬的優(yōu)勢,仍將是今后加工技術(shù)必然的發(fā)展方向
Mold high speed milling processing technology
The abstract Introduced the high speed milling in the mold processing application as well as the influence, and brief introduction high speed milling engine bed structure, control system and cutting tool. Has carried on the simple analysis to the high speed processing craft.
Key word high speed milling; mold processing
First, foreword
In the modern mold production, along with to models artistic and the function must obtain more and more high, models the internal structure to design more and more complex, the mold contour design day by day is also complex, the free curved surface accounts for the proportion to increase unceasingly, the corresponding mold structure also designs more and more complex. These all set a higher request to the mold processing technology, not only should guarantee the high manufacture precision and the surface quality, moreover must pursue the processing surface artistic. Along with is unceasingly thorough to the high speed processing engineering research, is processing the engine bed, the numerical control system, the cutting tool system, CAD/ especially Correlation technology and so on CAM software develops unceasingly under the impetus, high speed processes the technology more and more many to apply in the mold cavity processing and the manufacture.
The numerical control high-speed cutting processing took in the mold manufacture a most important advanced manufacture technology, is the collection is highly effective, high quality, the low consumption in a body advanced manufacture technology. Is opposite in the traditional machining, its cutting speed, entered to the speed had the very big enhancement, moreover cut the mechanism not to be same. The high-speed cutting caused the machining to have the leap, its specific power metal excision rate enhanced 30%~40%, the cutting force reduced 30%, the cutting tool working durability enhanced 70%, remained hotly large scale reduces in the work piece cutting, the low step shudder vanished nearly. Along with the cutting speed enhancement, unit time semifinished materials material removing rate increased, the cutting time reduced, the processing efficiency enhanced, thus reduced the product manufacture cycle, enhanced the product market competitive power. At the same time, the high speed processing small amount entered quickly causes the cutting force to reduce, the scrap high speed discharged reduced the work piece cutting force and the thermal load distorts, enhances the rigidity to be bad and the thin wall components machining possibility. Because cutting force reducing, the rotational speed enhancement causes the cutting system the operating frequency to be far away the engine bed the low step natural frequency, but the work piece surface roughness is most sensitive to the low step frequency, from this reduced the surface roughness. In mold high hard steel stock (HRC45~HRC65) in the processing process, uses the high-speed cutting to be possible to substitute for the working procedure which the electrical finishing and rubs truncates polishes, thus has avoided the electrode manufacture and the time-consuming electrical finishing, large scale reduced fitter's polishing with to throw the light quantity. Thin wall mold work piece more and more needs which regarding some markets in, the high speed milling also may smoothly complete, moreover in the high speed milling CNC processing center, a mold attire clamps may complete the multiplex step of processing.
The high speed processing technology has had the huge influence to the mold processing craft, changed the traditional mold processing to use "the annealing → milling processing → heat treatment → to rub truncates" or "the electric spark machining →manually polishes, polishes" and so on the complex long technical process, even might use the high-speed cutting processing substitution original complete working procedure. The high speed processing technology besides may apply in the hard mold cavity direct processing (in particular half precision work and precision work), in EDM aspect and so on electrode processing, fast type manufacture also obtained the widespread application. The mass productions practice indicated that, the application high-speed cutting technology may save in the mold following processing 80% handwork to grind the time approximately, saves the processing cost expense nearly 30%, the mold face work precision may reach 1 m, the cutting tool cutting efficiency may enhance one time.
Second, high speed milling processing engine bed
The high-speed cutting technology is one of machining technology main development directions, it along with foundation technology the and so on CNC technology, microelectronic technology, new material and new structure development but steps a higher stair. Because the mold processes particular as well as high speed processing technology own characteristic, (processed engine bed, numerical control system, cutting tool to the mold high speed processing related technology and the craft system and so on) proposed processed a higher request compared to the traditional mold.
1. High stable engine bed strut part
The high-speed cutting engine bed lathe bed and so on supports the part to be supposed to have very well moves, the static rigidity, hot rigidity and best damping characteristic. The majority of engine beds all use high grade, the high rigidity and Gao Kangzhang the gray iron took the strut part material, some engine bed companies also increase the high damping characteristic in the foundation polymer concrete, by increases its vibration-proof and the thermostability, this not only may guarantee the engine bed precision is stable, also may prevent when cutting the cutting tool inspires trembles. Uses the enclosed lathe bed design, the overall casting lathe bed, the symmetrical lathe bed structure and has the densely covered stiffener and so on also enhances the engine bed stable important measure. Some engine bed companies' research and development departments in design process, but also uses the modality analysis and the finite element structure computation and so on, optimized the structure, stably causes the engine bed strut part to be reliable.
2. Engine bed main axle
The high speed engine bed main axle performance is the realization high-speed cutting processing important condition. The high-speed cutting engine bed main axle rotational speed scope is 10000~100000m/Min, the main axle power is bigger than 15kW. Is not bigger than 0.005mm through the main axle compressed air of or axial play between the cooling system control hilt and the main axle. Also requests the main axle to have the fast vertical speed, to assign the performance which the position is fast stops (namely to have extremely high angle addition and subtraction speed), therefore the high speed main axle often uses the liquid static pressure bearing type, the air static pressure bearing type, the thermo-compression nitriding silicon (Si3N4) the ceramic bearing magnetism aerosol bearing type isostructuralism form. Lubricates uses technology and so on oil gas lubrication, splash lubrication. The main axle cools uses the main axle interior water cooling generally or air cooled.
3. The engine bed actuates the system
In order to satisfy the mold high speed processing the need, high speed processes the engine bed the actuation system to be supposed to have the following characteristic:
(1) high entering for speed.
The research indicated that, regarding the minor diameter cutting tool, enhances the rotational speed and each tooth enters for the quantity is advantageous in reduces the cutting tool attrition. At present commonly used entering for the speed range is 20~30m/Min, like uses leads greatly the ball bearing guide screw transmission, enters may reach 60m/ for the speedMin; Uses the straight line electrical machinery then may enable to achieve 120m/ to the speedMin.
(2) high acceleration.
Has the good acceleration characteristic to the three dimensional complex curved surface silhouette high speed processing request actuation system, the request provides the driver which the high rapid advance or progress gives (to enter speed approximately 40m/ quicklyMin, the 3D outline processing speed is 10m/Min), can provide 0.4m/S2 to 10m/The s2 acceleration and reduces the speed.
The engine bed manufacturer mostly uses the entire closed loop position servo-control slightly to lead, the great size, the high grade ball bearing guide screw or leads greatly many guide screws. Along with the electrical machinery technology development, the advanced straight line electric motor already was published, and the success applied in the CNC engine bed. The advanced straight line direct motor drive enable the CNC engine bed no longer to have the mass inertia, in advance, question and so on lag and vibration, sped up the servo speed of response, increased the servo-control precision and the engine bed processing precision.
4. Numerical control system
The advanced numerical control system is guaranteed the mold complex curved surface high speed processing quality and the efficiency key aspect, the mold high-speed cutting processing to the numerical control system basic request is:
A. High speed numerical control return route (Digital control loop), including: 32 or above 64 bit parallel processors and 1.5Gb hard disk; Extremely short straight line electrical machinery sampling time.
B. Speed and acceleration feed-forward control (Feed forward control); Digital actuation system crawling control (Jerk control).
C. Advanced inserts makes up the method (to insert based on the NURBS transect makes up), by obtains the good surface quality, the precise size and the high geometry precision.
D. Pretreatment (Look-ahead) function. The request has the large capacity cushion register, may read in advance and inspects many segments (for example the DMG engine bed to be possible to reach 500 segments, the Simens system may reach a 1000~2000 segment), in order to when is processed the superficial shape (curvature) changes may promptly adopt changes for measure and so on speed by avoids cutting and so on.
E. The error compensatory function, including because the straight line electrical machinery, the main axle and so on gives off heat the hot error which causes to compensate, the quadrantal error compensates, the measurement system error compensates and so on the function. In addition, the mold high-speed cutting processing very is also high to the data transmission speed request.
F. The traditional data connection, like the RS232 serial mouth transmission speed is 19.2kb, but many advanced processings centers have used the ether local area network (Ethernet) to carry on the data transmission, the speed may reach 200kb.
5. Cooling lubrication
The high speed processing uses the belt coating the hard alloy tools, in high speed, the high temperature situation does not need the cutting compound, the cutting efficiency to be higher. This is because: The milling main axle high speed revolves, the cutting compound if achieved the cutting area, first must overcome the enormous centrifugal force; Even if it overcame the centrifugal force to enter the cutting area, also was possible as a result of the cutting area high temperature but to evaporate immediately, the cooling effect very small did not even have; At the same time the cutting compound can cause the cutting tool edge of a sword the temperature intense change, is easy to cause the crack the production, therefore must pick the oil used/Gas cooling lubrication dry type cutting way. This way may use the compressed gas rapidly the cutting which the cutting area produces, thus the massive cuttings hotly will carry off, at the same time might forms extremely thin microscopic protective film after the atomization lubricating oil in the cutting tool edge of a sword and the work piece surface, but effectively will lengthen the cutting tool life and enhances the components the surface quality.
Third, high-speed cutting processing cutting tool
The cutting tool is in the high-speed cutting processing one of most active important factors, it is affecting the processing efficiency, the production cost and the product processing precision directly. The cutting tool must withstand load and so on high temperature, high pressure, friction, impact and vibration in the high speed processing process, the high-speed cutting cutting tool should have the good machine capability and the thermostability, namely has the good anti- impact, the wearability and resists heat the weary characteristic. The high-speed cutting processing cutting tool technological development speed is very quick, application many like diamonds (PCD), cubic boron nitride (CBN), ceramic cutting tool, coating hard alloy, (carbon) titanium nitrides hard alloy TIC (N) and so on.
In the processing cast iron and in the alloy steel cutting tool, the hard alloy is the most commonly used cutting tool material. Hard alloy tools resistance to wear good, but the solidity ratio cube boron nitride and the ceramics are low. In order to enhance degree of hardness and the superficially attractive fineness, uses the cutting tool coating technology, the coating material for the titanium nitrides (TiN), the aluminium nitride titanium (TiALN) and so on. The coating technology causes the coating by the sole coating development for multilayered, the many kinds of coating material coating, has become one of enhancement high-speed cutting ability essential technical. The diameter in the 10~40mm scope, also has the carbon titanium nitrides coating the hard alloy bit to be able to process the Luo river degree of hardness to be smaller than 42 materials, but the titanium nitrides aluminum coating cutting tool can process the Luo river degree of hardness is 42 even higher materials. When high-speed cutting steel products, the cutting tool material should select the hot rigidity and the fatigue strength high P kind of hard alloy, the coating hard alloy, the cubic boron nitride (CBN) and the CBN compound cutting tool material (WBN) and so on. The cutting cast iron, should select the fine grain K kind of hard alloy to carry on the rough machining
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