【溫馨提示】====設(shè)計(jì)包含CAD圖紙 和 DOC文檔，均可以在線預(yù)覽，所見即所得，，dwg后綴的文件為CAD圖，超高清，可編輯，無任何水印，，充值下載得到【資源目錄】里展示的所有文件======課題帶三維，則表示文件里包含三維源文件，由于三維組成零件數(shù)量較多，為保證預(yù)覽的簡(jiǎn)潔性，店家將三維文件夾進(jìn)行了打包。三維預(yù)覽圖，均為店主電腦打開軟件進(jìn)行截圖的，保證能夠打開，下載后解壓即可。======詳情可咨詢QQ：1304139763 上海師范大學(xué)天華學(xué)院 2012 屆 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開題報(bào)告 設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目 多功能果蔬打漿機(jī)設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué)生姓名 學(xué)號(hào) 專業(yè)、班級(jí) 系部 指導(dǎo)老師姓名 一、選題的作用及意義 隨著社會(huì)的進(jìn)步，經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，促使人們的生活水平和生活質(zhì)量也在不斷的提高，因此人們?cè)陲嬍撤矫嬉仓饾u開始注重起來了，不僅要考慮健康還要考慮便捷，為此人們發(fā)明了果蔬打漿機(jī)等等，來達(dá)到飲食的便捷性。 因?yàn)槭袌?chǎng)的大量需求，果蔬打漿生產(chǎn)線成為廣受歡迎的產(chǎn)品，具有高速、成套、自動(dòng)化水平高、穩(wěn)定性好等特點(diǎn)，大大的降低了生產(chǎn)時(shí)間，提高了生產(chǎn)效率，是生產(chǎn)廠家的首選設(shè)備。為提高生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量，縮短生產(chǎn)周期的要求，提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率，節(jié)約大量勞動(dòng)力，可降低勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，改善勞動(dòng)條件。 二、國(guó)內(nèi)外的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)等情況 目前，世界上有三大果蔬主產(chǎn)區(qū)：美國(guó)、意大利和中國(guó)。美國(guó)所產(chǎn)的果蔬醬主要提供美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)食用，其出口量?jī)H占全球貿(mào)易總量的6%-7%；意大利和中國(guó)的出口量各占到全球貿(mào)易總量的30%。近兩年美國(guó)果蔬大幅減產(chǎn)，歐盟果蔬種植加工量急劇下降，中國(guó)果蔬醬市場(chǎng)占用份額逐年加大。 近幾十年來，世界范圍內(nèi)的果蔬產(chǎn)量和制品貿(mào)易增長(zhǎng)迅速，中國(guó)果蔬及制品貿(mào)易在世界果蔬貿(mào)易的地位也越來越重要，對(duì)世界果蔬貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生了重要的影響。 中國(guó)果蔬加工產(chǎn)業(yè)的迅速崛起和發(fā)展，使中國(guó)已經(jīng)躋身世界主要生產(chǎn)國(guó)家的行列。 作為新鮮果蔬食用消費(fèi)大國(guó)，據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，中國(guó)全國(guó)每年新鮮果蔬的消費(fèi)量達(dá)到二千六百萬噸，與全球果蔬加工數(shù)字相近。今后中國(guó)果蔬制品消費(fèi)將呈現(xiàn)每年增長(zhǎng)百分之十五的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。 目前中國(guó)擁有麥當(dāng)勞、肯德基快餐店三千余家，每天快餐消費(fèi)超過三百萬人次，油炸土豆條配有果蔬沙司，成為中國(guó)消費(fèi)者消費(fèi)果蔬制品的最佳方式。 中國(guó)果蔬原料種植面積達(dá)一百萬畝，主要分布在、內(nèi)蒙和甘肅，是全世界三大主要種植區(qū)域之一。其中果蔬種植面積八十萬畝，是中國(guó)加工果蔬種植最大的省區(qū)。中國(guó)果蔬醬紅色素高，色差、粘稠度和霉菌均達(dá)到世界同類產(chǎn)品先進(jìn)水平，而相對(duì)低廉的制造成本，構(gòu)建了產(chǎn)品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。 果蔬醬和果蔬漿果蔬醬罐頭是世界上主要的蔬菜罐頭之一，它由果蔬經(jīng)打漿、濃縮而成，是果蔬的主要加工品。世界年貿(mào)易量100萬t左右，主要作調(diào)料或湯料，同時(shí)是加工果蔬沙司的主要原料，也是加工混合蔬菜、茄汁魚、豆等屹頭的輔料。果蔬醬根據(jù)其濃縮程度不同有?。?4％—27.9％）、中（28％—31.9％）、濃（32％—39.3％）和超濃（大于39.3％）幾種。還有低于24％的產(chǎn)品，稱果蔬漿或果蔬泥，常見的為?。?.0％—10.1％）、中等（10.2％—11.2％）和濃（15.0％—24.0％）幾種。 果蔬制品的主要產(chǎn)品有果蔬紅素、大包裝果蔬醬、小罐果蔬調(diào)味醬、果蔬沙司、以果蔬汁等，但無論何種制品，都要對(duì)果蔬進(jìn)行打漿，打漿的方法主要有人工打漿，機(jī)械打漿，人工打漿效果低，加工條件質(zhì)量不夠好，產(chǎn)量低，顯然不能滿足果蔬加工行業(yè)的需求，加工時(shí)果蔬進(jìn)入頭道物料桶內(nèi)，主軸帶動(dòng)葉輪高速旋轉(zhuǎn)，物料被葉輪帶動(dòng)與篩網(wǎng)磨擦擠壓，使得果蔬的肉、汁與皮、籽分離，肉和汁通過篩網(wǎng)上的小孔從出料口排出，皮和籽則向軸端推進(jìn)經(jīng)過排渣口排出。 打漿機(jī)是圍繞打漿的工藝流程展開的，其工作原理是：主軸帶動(dòng)葉輪高速旋轉(zhuǎn)，物料被葉輪帶動(dòng)形成擠壓，使得果蔬的肉、汁、皮和籽分離，肉和汁通過篩網(wǎng)上的小孔，產(chǎn)品由出料口接管道把液體引流再灌入洗瓶機(jī)出來的潔凈瓶子由輸瓶帶送入灌裝機(jī)的進(jìn)瓶螺旋，經(jīng)進(jìn)瓶星輪送至回轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)的托瓶氣缸上并升高．瓶口在定中裝置的 導(dǎo)向下緊壓灌裝閥的下料口，形成密封。瓶子 在被抽真空后，貯液缸內(nèi)的背壓氣體被沖 人瓶中，當(dāng)瓶中氣體壓力與貯液缸內(nèi)氣體壓力 相等時(shí)，液閥在液閥彈簧的作用下開啟．此時(shí) 啤酒通過回氣管上傘型反射環(huán)的導(dǎo)向作用．自 動(dòng)沿瓶壁灌入玻璃瓶?jī)?nèi)，玻璃瓶中的，通過 回氣管被置換回貯液缸內(nèi)．當(dāng)液面上升到一定 高度并將回氣管口封閉時(shí)．自動(dòng)停止下流的液體。然 后將液閥和氣閥關(guān)閉，排掉瓶頸部位的壓力氣 體以防止帶氣液在玻璃瓶下降時(shí)的噴涌，這 樣便完成了整個(gè)灌裝過程。 當(dāng)前國(guó)內(nèi)外果蔬打漿方式是通過打漿機(jī)打漿。各式各樣的打漿機(jī)大同小異，有單道打漿機(jī)、雙道打漿機(jī)甚至多道打漿機(jī)。灌裝機(jī)主要有：液體灌裝機(jī)，顆粒灌裝機(jī)，膏體灌裝機(jī)等。但他們的原理都是到旋轉(zhuǎn)型灌注機(jī)進(jìn)行灌裝和封口，在通過帶輪運(yùn)輸出去。如果是雙道打漿或者多道打漿，就是第一道產(chǎn)品到第二道繼續(xù)打漿再進(jìn)過管道運(yùn)輸?shù)焦嘌b機(jī)進(jìn)行灌裝封口，以此類推。 隨著食品工業(yè)的發(fā)展，在果蔬打漿、包裝設(shè)備不斷的向高的方向發(fā)展。目前這方面的發(fā)展水平主要是澳大利亞、日本、法國(guó)等國(guó)家。主要表現(xiàn)為生產(chǎn)效率高、設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化、多功能化、自動(dòng)化等。 三、完成此任務(wù)的思路及方案 1.思路大綱 1、緒論 2、打漿機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 2.1打漿工藝流程簡(jiǎn)介 2.1基本結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 3、打漿機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)的確定 3.1電動(dòng)機(jī)的選擇 3.2傳動(dòng)參數(shù)計(jì)算 4、主要零件的設(shè)計(jì)與校核 4.1 V帶傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì) 4.2齒輪傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì) 5.3傳動(dòng)主軸的設(shè)計(jì) 5.4軸上零件的選擇 5.5滾筒的設(shè)計(jì) 2. 方案 當(dāng)前國(guó)內(nèi)外果蔬的打漿方式主要是通過打漿機(jī)打漿，各式各樣的打漿機(jī)但都大同小異，有單道打漿機(jī)，二道打漿機(jī)，甚至多道打漿機(jī)，但他們的原理都是：主軸帶動(dòng)葉輪高速旋轉(zhuǎn)，物料被葉輪帶動(dòng)與篩網(wǎng)磨擦擠壓，使得果蔬的肉、汁與皮、籽分離，肉和汁通過篩網(wǎng)上的小孔，產(chǎn)品由出料口排出，廢品由排渣口排出；如果是雙道打漿或者多道打漿，就是第一道的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入第二道繼續(xù)打漿，以此類推。打漿機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)方案如下圖： 圖1 打漿機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)原理圖 1-電動(dòng)機(jī) 2-皮帶輪 3-進(jìn)料控制板 4-進(jìn)料裝置 5-螺旋進(jìn)料 6-破碎漿 7-實(shí)心長(zhǎng)軸 8-棍棒 9-滾筒 10-篩筒 11-銷釘 12-機(jī)架 13-廢料出口 14-出料口 原理：如上圖所示，它具有開口的圓筒篩水平安裝在機(jī)殼內(nèi)部,筒身用0.35-1.20毫米厚的不銹鋼板（在其上面沖有孔眼）彎曲成圓厚焊接而成，并在其兩邊焊上加強(qiáng)圈以增加其強(qiáng)度。但也有用兩個(gè)半圓體由螺釘連接而成筒體。軸支撐在軸承上，在軸上裝有使物料移向破碎槳葉的螺旋推進(jìn)器以及擦碎物料用的兩根棍棒（棍棒又稱刮板），棍棒是用螺栓和安裝在軸上的夾持器相連的，通過調(diào)整螺栓可以調(diào)整棍棒與篩筒壁之間的距離。棍棒對(duì)稱安裝于軸的兩側(cè)，而且與軸線有一夾角，這夾角叫導(dǎo)程角。棍棒用不銹鋼制造，實(shí)際上是一塊長(zhǎng)方形的不銹鋼板，為了保護(hù)圓筒篩，有時(shí)還在棍棒上裝上耐酸橡膠板。還有下料斗、收集漏斗及機(jī)架、傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)等。 物料進(jìn)入篩筒后，由于棍棒的回轉(zhuǎn)作用和導(dǎo)程角的存在，使物料沿著圓筒向出口端移動(dòng)，移動(dòng)的軌跡實(shí)際上是一條螺旋線。物料就在棍棒與篩筒之間的移動(dòng)過程中守離心力作用而被擦碎，汁液和肉質(zhì)（已成漿狀）從篩孔中通過到收集器中送到下一道工序。皮和籽等則從圓筒另一開口端排出，以此達(dá)到分離的目的。 四、所需儀器和設(shè)備 電機(jī)、V帶及帶輪、減速器、打漿滾筒及篩筒、螺旋進(jìn)料器、支架、軸承、鍵、軸 5、 參考文獻(xiàn) [1] 葉興乾/等.出口加工蔬菜[M]. 北京. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)出版社. 1997-05 1997-05 P35-65 [2] 李喜秋.畫法幾何及機(jī)械制圖習(xí)題集[M].武漢.華中科技大學(xué)2008.4 P88-111 [3] 紀(jì)名剛等.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京.高等教育出版社.2005.12 [4] 周良德，朱泗芳等編著[M]．長(zhǎng)沙.現(xiàn)代工程圖學(xué)．湖南科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社.2000.8 [5] 羅迎社.材料力學(xué)[M].武漢.武漢理工出版社.2000.10 P23-55 [6] 席偉光.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京.高等教育出版社.2002.9 [7] 洪鐘德.簡(jiǎn)明機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M].上海.同濟(jì)大學(xué)出版社.2002.1 [8] 徐灝主編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M]．北京.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1999.1 [9] 成大先.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M].上海.化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社 [10] 劉燕萍. 工程材料[M].北京. 國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社.2009.9 P48-76 學(xué)生姓名 __________（簽名） 日期： 年 月 日 指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語： 指導(dǎo)教師 _________（簽名） 日期： 年 月 日 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 裝 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 訂 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 線 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 摘 要 因?yàn)榇罅康氖袌?chǎng)需求，水果和蔬菜生產(chǎn)線產(chǎn)品的精制成為流行的高速，自動(dòng)化程度高，穩(wěn)定性好等特點(diǎn)，大大降低了生產(chǎn)時(shí)間，提高生產(chǎn)效率；多功能機(jī)廠家的首選設(shè)備。水果和蔬菜提煉本設(shè)計(jì)可以完成碎漿，蔬菜，水果和蔬菜和水果補(bǔ)充和混合切碎，粘貼，分離汁和肉。 本設(shè)計(jì)主要是針對(duì)功能多的水果和蔬菜的鼓手的設(shè)計(jì)。首先，通過精煉的蔬菜和水果機(jī)的原理和結(jié)構(gòu)分析，在此基礎(chǔ)上提出了程序的總體結(jié)構(gòu)；然后，主要技術(shù)參數(shù)的選擇計(jì)算；然后，主要部件的設(shè)計(jì)及驗(yàn)證；最后，通過AutoCAD圖形軟件繪制裝配圖的多功能脫粒和水果和蔬菜的主要部件圖。 通過這次設(shè)計(jì)，建設(shè)大學(xué)的專業(yè)知識(shí)，例如：、機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)、材料力學(xué)、寬容和互換性和機(jī)械制圖，掌握機(jī)械產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)方法和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，利用AutoCAD軟件，在今后的工作生活具有重要的意義。 關(guān)鍵詞:果蔬，打漿，齒輪，電機(jī) Abstract Because of the large market demand, fruit and vegetable pulping production line become popular products, has characteristics, such as speed, complete, high level of automation, good stability, greatly reducing the production time, improve production efficiency, is the preferred equipment manufacturers. The design of multifunctional fruit and vegetable pulping machine can complete vegetable stir chopped, beating, and completion of the fruits and vegetables and fruit mixed material of minced, beating, juice and meat separation. This design is mainly for the design of multifunctional vegetable beater. First of all, based on fruit and vegetable pulping machine structure and principle analysis, this analysis is proposed based on the overall structure of the program; then, the main technical parameters were calculated to select; then, of the main parts were designed and checked. Finally, through the AutoCAD drawing software drawn multifunctional fruit and vegetable pulping machine assembly and major parts of the map. Through the design, the consolidation of the University of the professional knowledge, such as: mechanical principles, mechanical design, mechanics of materials, tolerance and interchangeability theories, mechanical drawing; master the design method of general machinery products and be able to skillfully use AutoCAD drawing software, for the future work in life is of great significance. Key words: Fruit, Beating, Gear, Motor 目錄 摘 要 I Abstract II 1 緒論 1 1.1研究背景及意義 1 1.2國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀 1 1.3現(xiàn)有果蔬打漿設(shè)備 2 2 總體方案設(shè)計(jì) 3 2.1設(shè)計(jì)要求 3 2.2方案選定 3 2.3原理分析 3 2.4基本結(jié)構(gòu) 4 3 主要零部件設(shè)計(jì) 5 3.1電機(jī)的選擇 5 3.2總體動(dòng)力參數(shù)計(jì)算 5 3.2.1傳動(dòng)比計(jì)算 5 3.2.2各軸的轉(zhuǎn)速 5 3.2.3各軸的輸入功率 6 3.2.4各軸的輸入轉(zhuǎn)矩 6 3.3 V帶傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì) 6 3.3.1V帶的基本參數(shù) 6 3.3.2帶輪結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì) 9 3.4齒輪傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì) 9 3.4.1選精度等級(jí)、材料和齒數(shù) 9 3.4.2按齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì) 9 3.4.3按齒根彎曲強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì) 11 3.4.4幾何尺寸計(jì)算 13 3.5軸及軸承、鍵的設(shè)計(jì) 14 3.5.1尺寸與結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 14 3.5.2強(qiáng)度校核計(jì)算 15 3.5.3鍵的選擇與校核 16 3.5.4軸承的選擇與校核 16 3.6進(jìn)料螺旋攪龍?jiān)O(shè)計(jì) 17 3.7機(jī)架設(shè)計(jì) 18 總 結(jié) 20 參考文獻(xiàn) 21 致 謝 22 21 1 緒論 1.1研究背景及意義 隨著社會(huì)的進(jìn)步，經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，生活水平的提高和人們生活質(zhì)量的不斷提高，因此，人們?cè)陲嬍持兄饾u開始關(guān)注健康，不僅應(yīng)考慮到實(shí)踐，為此，他們發(fā)明了磨漿機(jī)的蔬菜和水果等，以達(dá)到方便食品。 因?yàn)榇罅康氖袌?chǎng)需求，水果和蔬菜生產(chǎn)線產(chǎn)品的精制成為流行的高速，自動(dòng)化程度高，穩(wěn)定性好等特點(diǎn)，大大降低了生產(chǎn)時(shí)間，提高生產(chǎn)效率；制造商的首選設(shè)備。為提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，降低生產(chǎn)周期的要求，提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率，節(jié)約勞動(dòng)力，降低勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，改善工作條件。精煉的水果和蔬菜，目前主要通過打漿機(jī)打漿所有，但是，只有一個(gè)通道的鼓手，二擊球員一樣多，但他們更獨(dú)特的功能。多功能機(jī)的蔬菜和水果提煉本設(shè)計(jì)可以完成碎漿，蔬菜，水果和蔬菜，補(bǔ)充和水果混合漿汁，切碎，與分離的肉。 1.2國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀 目前，有三個(gè)主要產(chǎn)區(qū)的水果和蔬菜的世界：美國(guó)、意大利和中國(guó)醬油的水果和蔬菜產(chǎn)品主要提供美國(guó)，食用，其出口量?jī)H占總數(shù)的6%到7%全球貿(mào)易；出口量的意大利和中國(guó)的全球貿(mào)易總額的30%。過去兩年，美國(guó)的水果和蔬菜，水果和蔬菜的歐盟大幅減少急劇下降的文化處理量水果和蔬菜的市場(chǎng)份額占領(lǐng)醬，每年都在增加。 在過去的幾十年，生產(chǎn)的水果和蔬菜產(chǎn)品，貿(mào)易和世界貿(mào)易的迅速增長(zhǎng)，水果和蔬菜產(chǎn)品在世界貿(mào)易中的地位越來越重要的水果和蔬菜，水果和蔬菜的貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生了重要的影響。 迅速興起和發(fā)展，中國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型的水果和蔬菜，使中國(guó)在世界上的主要生產(chǎn)國(guó)的行列。喜歡吃水果和新鮮蔬菜，據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，全國(guó)每年消費(fèi)的水果和蔬菜二千六百萬噸新鮮，水果和蔬菜加工數(shù)字未來類似的水果和蔬菜的消費(fèi)趨勢(shì)，每年增長(zhǎng)15%。 精制的水果和蔬菜，目前主要通過打漿機(jī)打漿五花八門，但是，只有一個(gè)通道的鼓手，二擊球員一樣多，但他們：主軸帶動(dòng)葉輪高速旋轉(zhuǎn)，帶材料動(dòng)態(tài)摩擦輪和篩擠壓，使水果和蔬菜，肉，分離汁和皮，種子，水果和果汁，穿過篩孔的肉產(chǎn)品從廢物排放口的開口排渣排出；如果是雙通道或精煉精煉等該產(chǎn)品首次進(jìn)入第二行繼續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗。 隨著食品工業(yè)的發(fā)展，水果和蔬菜、精制、包裝設(shè)備不斷向高的方向。這方面的發(fā)展水平主要是澳大利亞、日本、法國(guó)等國(guó)家。主要用于生產(chǎn)效率高，結(jié)構(gòu)自動(dòng)化設(shè)備等多種功能。 1.3現(xiàn)有果蔬打漿設(shè)備 精制的水果和蔬菜，目前主要通過打漿機(jī)打漿五花八門，但是，有一道的打漿，二道打漿，但他們的原則是主軸帶動(dòng)葉輪高速旋轉(zhuǎn)，物料由一驅(qū)動(dòng)輪擠壓摩擦和屏幕，使肉，水果和蔬菜汁的分離和皮膚，種子，水果和果汁，穿過篩孔的肉產(chǎn)品從廢物排放口的排渣口排出。如果是雙通道或精煉精煉等產(chǎn)品第一個(gè)輸入第二行繼續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗。 2 總體方案設(shè)計(jì) 2.1設(shè)計(jì)要求 設(shè)計(jì)多功能果蔬打漿機(jī)。 2.2方案選定 本次設(shè)計(jì)的多功能打漿機(jī)采用如下方案： 圖2-1 打漿機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)原理圖 1-電動(dòng)機(jī) 2-皮帶輪 3-進(jìn)料控制板 4-進(jìn)料裝置 5-螺旋進(jìn)料 6-破碎漿 7-實(shí)心長(zhǎng)軸 8-棍棒 9-離心筒 10-篩筒 11-銷釘 12-機(jī)架 13-廢料出口 14-出料口 2.3原理分析 鼓手的水果和蔬菜的原則：如上所述，具有開口的圓筒篩水平安裝在外殼內(nèi)，筒體與不銹鋼板（其上的孔）成圓厚焊接彎曲，兩側(cè)焊接加強(qiáng)環(huán)，以增加其也有兩個(gè)半圓體通過螺釘固定在筒體。支撐軸在軸承安裝在軸上，使材料的兩個(gè)螺旋刃磨到與所使用的材料（也被稱為這些樹枝刮棒），通過螺栓與你T軸安裝夾連接，通過調(diào)節(jié)螺栓之間的距離可以調(diào)節(jié)俱樂部和筒壁兩側(cè)對(duì)稱篩。棒安裝在軸上，軸角，這是不銹鋼棒，不銹鋼箔，一個(gè)矩形塊，為了保護(hù)一個(gè)圓筒篩，有時(shí)酸橡膠板上還棒。 當(dāng)物料進(jìn)入篩筒，由于存在旋轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)向和傾斜角度，使物料沿氣缸的輸出端的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡，實(shí)際上是一個(gè)線之間移動(dòng)在俱樂部和篩筒或離心力的作用，這些汁和肉品質(zhì)（漿）通過以下程序集從網(wǎng)格。皮膚，如種子和一個(gè)開放的氣缸的另一端排出，以達(dá)到目標(biāo)分離。 2.4基本結(jié)構(gòu) 如上圖2-1所示打漿機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)原理簡(jiǎn)圖，打漿機(jī)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括圓筒篩，破碎槳葉，傳動(dòng)部分以及機(jī)架。 （1）圓筒 問題鋼瓶是專為滿足正常生產(chǎn)，由下半圓柱形不銹鋼焊接，不銹鋼，因?yàn)樘幚淼氖称芳庸ぃ仨毮軌蚰透g，防銹，不是因?yàn)椴牧媳旧砗臀廴经h(huán)境的產(chǎn)品，更好的食品衛(wèi)生狀況，并具有抗沖擊、抗磨損，如選擇45鋼為材料設(shè)計(jì)的圓柱離心筒附近焊接處內(nèi)壁與網(wǎng)絡(luò)在郵件鋼的金屬壁上方的圓柱形外，有一個(gè)開口，如果有問題，可以觀察的情況內(nèi)的出口和入口，設(shè)計(jì)渣，應(yīng)根據(jù)條件的采集裝置的位置，確定具體的實(shí)踐。 （2）破碎槳葉 斷葉片在整個(gè)工作過程的作用初步壓碎的水果和蔬菜，水果和蔬菜的輸入時(shí)，電源通過螺旋傳動(dòng)離心筒首先進(jìn)入，通過粉碎刀在脫粒離心筒軸套焊接。破碎引起的轉(zhuǎn)子葉片在旋轉(zhuǎn)軸，軸的一端固定在肩上，因?yàn)樵O(shè)計(jì)的脫粒機(jī)不需要很精確，使另一端可固定銷。 （3）傳動(dòng)部分 傳動(dòng)帶是一級(jí)傳動(dòng)，電機(jī)固定在機(jī)架的下部。 （4）機(jī)架 機(jī)架的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)能更好地使機(jī)器工作穩(wěn)定，不產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈振動(dòng)；支持HT150鑄件。 （5）其它 筒的右端設(shè)有排污口，下端設(shè)有出口產(chǎn)品，左上方有一個(gè)入口。 3 主要零部件設(shè)計(jì) 3.1電機(jī)的選擇 電機(jī)是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件。因?yàn)楣ぷ髑?，運(yùn)動(dòng)負(fù)荷穩(wěn)定，所以選擇通用系列全封閉自扇冷式三相異步電動(dòng)機(jī)鼠籠。 市場(chǎng)調(diào)查的果蔬在破碎機(jī)電機(jī)的選擇為Y100L1-4，其額定功率為2.2KW，滿載轉(zhuǎn)速為1420r/min。 3.2總體動(dòng)力參數(shù)計(jì)算 3.2.1傳動(dòng)比計(jì)算 所選電動(dòng)機(jī)的額定轉(zhuǎn)速為 取打漿主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)速為： 故V帶傳動(dòng)比為： 則：； ； 3.2.2各軸的轉(zhuǎn)速 1軸 2軸 離心筒 3.2.3各軸的輸入功率 1軸 2軸 離心筒 3.2.4各軸的輸入轉(zhuǎn)矩 電機(jī)軸 1軸 2軸 離心筒 3.3 V帶傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì) 3.3.1V帶的基本參數(shù) 1）確定計(jì)算功率： 已知：；； 查《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)》表13-8得工況系數(shù)：； 則： 對(duì)于A型帶選用 （3）實(shí)際中心距： 6）驗(yàn)算主動(dòng)輪上的包角： 由 得 其中為小帶輪的包角。 3.3.2帶輪結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì) 3.4齒輪傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì) 3.4.1選精度等級(jí)、材料和齒數(shù) 3.4.2按齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì) 由設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算公式進(jìn)行試算，即 （i）計(jì)算 試算小齒輪分度圓直徑，代入中的較小值 計(jì)算圓周速度v 3.4.3按齒根彎曲強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì) 彎曲強(qiáng)度的設(shè)計(jì)公式為 1）確定公式內(nèi)的計(jì)算數(shù)值 由圖6.15查得 小齒輪的彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度極限 大齒輪的數(shù)據(jù)大 5）設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 對(duì)比計(jì)算得到的結(jié)果，由齒輪齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度計(jì)算得到的模數(shù)大于由齒輪齒根彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度計(jì)算得到的模數(shù)，因此可取由齒輪彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度計(jì)算得到的模數(shù)2.62，并圓整為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值m＝3mm。 按接觸強(qiáng)度算得的分度圓直徑 算出小齒輪齒數(shù)　取　 大齒輪齒數(shù)　取 3.4.4幾何尺寸計(jì)算 1）計(jì)算分度圓直徑 2）計(jì)算中心距 3）計(jì)算齒寬寬度取35mm （5）驗(yàn)算 合適 3.5軸及軸承、鍵的設(shè)計(jì) 3.5.1尺寸與結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 1）軸上的功率P1,轉(zhuǎn)速n1和轉(zhuǎn)矩T1 ，， 4）軸上零件的周向定位 查機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)表，聯(lián)接大帶輪的平鍵截面。 3.5.2強(qiáng)度校核計(jì)算 1）求作用在軸上的力 2）求軸上的載荷 首先，根據(jù)方案的決策樹結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)圖的確定軸承的旋轉(zhuǎn)位置，教材中提取有價(jià)值的滾珠軸承6208型，通過研究手冊(cè)= 15毫米。因此，范圍支撐軸的L1 = 72mm。 根據(jù)計(jì)算做圖軸彎矩和扭矩圖的樹圖結(jié)構(gòu)板的彎曲和扭轉(zhuǎn)的C部分是危險(xiǎn)截面的計(jì)算C部分MH，MV和M的值表示表。 載荷 水平面H 垂直面V 支反力F ， ， C截面彎矩M 總彎矩 扭矩 3.5.3鍵的選擇與校核 采用圓頭普通平鍵A型（GB/T 1096—1979）連接，聯(lián)接大帶輪的平鍵截面，。齒輪與軸的配合為，滾動(dòng)軸承與軸的周向定位是過渡配合保證的，此外選軸的直徑尺寸公差為。 校核鍵聯(lián)接的強(qiáng)度： 鍵、軸材料都是鋼，由機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)查得鍵聯(lián)接的許用擠壓力為 鍵的工作長(zhǎng)度 ，合適 3.5.4軸承的選擇與校核 （3）徑向當(dāng)量動(dòng)載荷 動(dòng)載荷為，查得，則有 由式13-5得 滿足要求。 3.6進(jìn)料螺旋攪龍?jiān)O(shè)計(jì) 根據(jù)連續(xù)輸送機(jī)生產(chǎn)率的公式； 在料槽，消費(fèi)的影響填充系數(shù)果蔬運(yùn)輸過程和填充系數(shù)低（即ψ= 5 %），積累的高度低，大多數(shù)果蔬果蔬在槽壁和具有一個(gè)小的圓周速度，滑移面幾乎平行于輸送方向運(yùn)動(dòng)（圖4－10a）。果蔬顆粒運(yùn)動(dòng)沿軸向方向的圓周方向是更重要的。所以，當(dāng)垂直于輸送方向流的額外的果蔬不嚴(yán)重，更吃完的小單元優(yōu)化時(shí)，改進(jìn)的填充因子（即ψ= 13 %和40 %），滑動(dòng)面運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)（圖4－10b陡峭，C）。這個(gè)時(shí)候，運(yùn)動(dòng)在圓周方向上相對(duì)于輸送方向運(yùn)動(dòng)，導(dǎo)致減少運(yùn)輸速度和消費(fèi)的進(jìn)一步高低立式混合機(jī)，填充系數(shù)果蔬不是更大，更好的是，相反，值越小，通常＜50% PSI顆粒填充不同的參考值的果蔬4－4表。 表3－5傾斜修正系數(shù)c 傾斜角β 0° ≤5° ≤10° ≤15° ≤20° c 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.65 3.7機(jī)架設(shè)計(jì) 主要角色的底盤部件的安裝和所有其他的人。為了降低成本，一個(gè)完整的框架，連接件通過焊接與螺栓。根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)要求，主要包括邊框焊接在鋼板加固由梁部分角鋼等。焊接時(shí)，主要致力于加強(qiáng)鐵位置與機(jī)架焊接，同時(shí)確保不出現(xiàn)夾渣、裂紋等機(jī)架材料主要是5毫米厚角鋼1435毫米×100毫米大小，采用等離子切割A(yù)P非常成型、沖壓等加工手段。分別加強(qiáng)板，加強(qiáng)抗機(jī)架連接方式，加強(qiáng)板的左側(cè)和右側(cè)的底盤是螺栓連接，在一個(gè)框架和加強(qiáng)板的加工過程中，在其位置上的螺栓連接孔的一些技術(shù)要求。支架之間的光束角大約是固定的，固定的方法焊接，因?yàn)樵撦S流脫粒的工作環(huán)境，為山區(qū)，丘陵和處理，確保運(yùn)輸安全人員，為保證焊接R焊接的焊接工藝要求，要求不能有渣，沒有裂紋等缺陷組裝完成框架，暴露的表面刷防銹漆。 總 結(jié) 設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)回顧大學(xué)的知識(shí)，綜合運(yùn)用過的知識(shí)的能力，獨(dú)立思考我們的獨(dú)立，解決技術(shù)問題的能力、繪圖、理論知識(shí)手冊(cè)中的加工生產(chǎn)這四年后，甚至研究學(xué)習(xí)很多知識(shí)，但沒有機(jī)會(huì)使用和掌握這些東西。通過這種做法，我設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)過程的全面理解，計(jì)算能力和整體設(shè)計(jì)的訓(xùn)練和提高，而且我興趣坡你的機(jī)器更強(qiáng)大，更堅(jiān)定了我的信心在工業(yè)開始設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)站，去圖書館，我下載了許多文獻(xiàn)中，水果和蔬菜引腳捏煉機(jī)理解并開始準(zhǔn)備我的開題報(bào)告，概述了任務(wù)書和方法的總體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，我也遇到了很多困難，經(jīng)過多次修改的數(shù)據(jù)在總體方案確定，開始畫畫。在設(shè)計(jì)過程中得到老師的幫助，我想的過程中通信教授，我能學(xué)到很多東西，老師從另一個(gè)角度的靈感，我給了我很大的幫助，鼓勵(lì)和設(shè)計(jì)的這段時(shí)間里，我基本上是按設(shè)計(jì)要求設(shè)計(jì)果蔬破碎機(jī)主軸打敗，但因?yàn)槲业闹R(shí)水平是有限的，沒有工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)，在實(shí)踐中，這種設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān)鍵不足，請(qǐng)老師和同學(xué)提出寶貴的意見，以正確的時(shí)間。當(dāng)然，我知道所有的設(shè)計(jì)還沒有結(jié)束，因?yàn)槲覀冃枰q護(hù)，而且防御問題和意見，宣布你，我的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)終于可以結(jié)束了。因此，我還需要繼續(xù)努力，認(rèn)真準(zhǔn)備辯護(hù)，檢查我的論文，提高一個(gè)滿意的結(jié)論畫在我的大學(xué)。 參考文獻(xiàn) [1] 葉興乾/等.出口加工蔬菜[M]. 北京. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)出版社. 1997-05 1997-05 P35-65 [2] 李喜秋.畫法幾何及機(jī)械制圖習(xí)題集[M].武漢.華中科技大學(xué)2008.4 P88-111 [3] 紀(jì)名剛等.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京.高等教育出版社.2005.12 [4] 周良德，朱泗芳等編著[M]．長(zhǎng)沙.現(xiàn)代工程圖學(xué)．湖南科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社.2000.8 [5] 羅迎社.材料力學(xué)[M].武漢.武漢理工出版社.2000.10 P23-55 [6] 席偉光.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京.高等教育出版社.2002.9 [7] 洪鐘德.簡(jiǎn)明機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M].上海.同濟(jì)大學(xué)出版社.2002.1 [8] 徐灝主編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M]．北京.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1999.1 [9] 成大先.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M].上海.化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社 [10] 劉燕萍. 工程材料[M].北京. 國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社.2009.9 P48-76 [11] M.YATA，C.YOSHIDA .Identification and Charactification of Molecular Species of Collagen in Fish Skin.[J] Food Sci.2001，66(2) [12] Werner J Glantschnis. Green design: An introduction to issues and challenges [J] IEEE Transactions on Components. Packaging and Manufacturing Technology.Part-A.1994.17(4) 致 謝 四年的大學(xué)生活即將結(jié)束，設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)的本科教育，圓滿地完成了本次畢業(yè)是分不開的，幫助教師和學(xué)生。 首先要感謝我的導(dǎo)師在我們的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)階段，其負(fù)責(zé)的態(tài)度，我還對(duì)學(xué)生和藹可親，耐心地解決設(shè)計(jì)中遇到的困難，如何指導(dǎo)思路清晰，良好的設(shè)計(jì)的全過程，給我指導(dǎo)和幫助徹底，對(duì)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)我們的辛勤工作花費(fèi)了大量的時(shí)間和老師的幫助，沒有設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果，今天在這里，向他表示我們的尊敬和感激。 通過這次設(shè)計(jì)使我考慮的問題首先要獨(dú)立思考和解決問題，但也在這一過程中，我明白了一個(gè)道理的人。謝謝你，我也感謝你在設(shè)計(jì)過程中幫助老師和同學(xué)。 最后，感謝我的同學(xué)，四年，我們住在一起，進(jìn)展，感謝你的大學(xué)四年給了我所有的關(guān)懷和幫助。 本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 外文科技文獻(xiàn)譯文 譯文題目（中文）： Basic Machining Operations and Cutting Technology （英文）： 基本加工工序和切削技術(shù) 學(xué) 院 專業(yè)班級(jí) 學(xué)生姓名 學(xué) 號(hào) 指導(dǎo)教師（簽字） 日 期 2016 年 3 月 15 日 I ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 裝 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 訂 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 線 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 外文科技文獻(xiàn)譯文 Basic Machining Operations and Cutting Technology Basic Machining Operations Machine tools have evolved from the early foot-powered lathes of the Egyptians and John Wilkinson's boring mill. They are designed to provide rigid support for both the workpiece and the cutting tool and can precisely control their relative positions and the velocity of the tool with respect to the workpiece. Basically, in metal cutting, a sharpened wedge-shaped tool removes a rather narrow strip of metal from the surface of a ductile workpiece in the form of a severely deformed chip. The chip is a waste product that is considerably shorter than the workpiece from which it came but with a corresponding increase in thickness of the uncut chip. The geometrical shape of workpiece depends on the shape of the tool and its path during the machining operation. Most machining operations produce parts of differing geometry. If a rough cylindrical workpiece revolves about a central axis and the tool penetrates beneath its surface and travels parallel to the center of rotation, a surface of revolution is produced, and the operation is called turning. If a hollow tube is machined on the inside in a similar manner, the operation is called boring. Producing an external conical surface uniformly varying diameter is called taper turning, if the tool point travels in a path of varying radius, a contoured surface like that of a bowling pin can be produced; or, if the piece is short enough and the support is sufficiently rigid, a contoured surface could be produced by feeding a shaped tool normal to the axis of rotation. Short tapered or cylindrical surfaces could also be contour formed. Flat or plane surfaces are frequently required. They can be generated by radial turning or facing, in which the tool point moves normal to the axis of rotation. In other cases, it is more convenient to hold the workpiece steady and reciprocate the tool across it in a series of straight-line cuts with a crosswise feed increment before each cutting stroke. This operation is called planning and is carried out on a shaper. For larger pieces it is easier to keep the tool stationary and draw the workpiece under it as in planning. The tool is fed at each reciprocation. Contoured surfaces can be produced by using shaped tools. Multiple-edged tools can also be used. Drilling uses a twin-edged fluted tool for holes with depths up to 5 to 10 times the drill diameter. Whether the drill turns or the workpiece rotates, relative motion between the cutting edge and the workpiece is the important factor. In milling operations a rotary cutter with a number of cutting edges engages the workpiece. Which moves slowly with respect to the cutter. Plane or contoured surfaces may be produced, depending on the geometry of the cutter and the type of feed. Horizontal or vertical axes of rotation may be used, and the feed of the workpiece may be in any of the three coordinate directions. Basic Machine Tools Machine tools are used to produce a part of a specified geometrical shape and precise I size by removing metal from a ductile material in the form of chips. The latter are a waste product and vary from long continuous ribbons of a ductile material such as steel, which are undesirable from a disposal point of view, to easily handled well-broken chips resulting from cast iron. Machine tools perform five basic metal-removal processes: I turning, planning, drilling, milling, and grinding. All other metal-removal processes are modifications of these five basic processes. For example, boring is internal turning; reaming, tapping, and counter boring modify drilled holes and are related to drilling; bobbing and gear cutting are fundamentally milling operations; hack sawing and broaching are a form of planning and honing; lapping, super finishing. Polishing and buffing are variants of grinding or abrasive removal operations. Therefore, there are only four types of basic machine tools, which use cutting tools of specific controllable geometry: 1. lathes, 2. planers, 3. drilling machines, and 4. milling machines. The grinding process forms chips, but the geometry of the abrasive grain is uncontrollable. The amount and rate of material removed by the various machining processes may be I large, as in heavy turning operations, or extremely small, as in lapping or super finishing operations where only the high spots of a surface are removed. A machine tool performs three major functions: 1. it rigidly supports the workpiece or its holder and the cutting tool; 2. it provides relative motion between the workpiece and the cutting tool; 3. it provides a range of feeds and speeds usually ranging from 4 to 32 choices in each case. Speed and Feeds in Machining Speeds, feeds, and depth of cut are the three major variables for economical machining. Other variables are the work and tool materials, coolant and geometry of the cutting tool. The rate of metal removal and power required for machining depend upon these variables. The depth of cut, feed, and cutting speed are machine settings that must be established in any metal-cutting operation. They all affect the forces, the power, and the rate of metal removal. They can be defined by comparing them to the needle and record of a phonograph. The cutting speed (V) is represented by the velocity of- the record surface relative to the needle in the tone arm at any instant. Feed is represented by the advance of the needle radially inward per revolution, or is the difference in position between two adjacent grooves. The depth of cut is the penetration of the needle into the record or the depth of the grooves. Turning on Lathe Centers The basic operations performed on an engine lathe are illustrated. Those operations performed on external surfaces with a single point cutting tool are called turning. Except for drilling, reaming, and lapping, the operations on internal surfaces are also performed by a single point cutting tool. All machining operations, including turning and boring, can be classified as roughing, finishing, or semi-finishing. The objective of a roughing operation is to remove the bulk of the material as rapidly and as efficiently as possible, while leaving a small amount of material on the work-piece for the finishing operation. Finishing operations are performed to obtain the final size, shape, and surface finish on the workpiece. Sometimes a semi-finishing operation will precede the finishing operation to leave a small predetermined and uniform amount of stock on the work-piece to be removed by the finishing operation. Generally, longer workpieces are turned while supported on one or two lathe centers. Cone shaped holes, called center holes, which fit the lathe centers are drilled in the ends of the workpiece-usually along the axis of the cylindrical part. The end of the workpiece adjacent to the tailstock is always supported by a tailstock center, while the end near the headstock may be supported by a headstock center or held in a chuck. The headstock end of the workpiece may be held in a four-jaw chuck, or in a type chuck. This method holds the workpiece firmly and transfers the power to the workpiece smoothly; the additional support to the workpiece provided by the chuck lessens the tendency for chatter to occur when cutting. Precise results can be obtained with this method if care is taken to hold the workpiece accurately in the chuck. Very precise results can be obtained by supporting the workpiece between two centers. A lathe dog is clamped to the workpiece; together they are driven by a driver plate mounted on the spindle nose. One end of the Workpiece is mecained;then the workpiece can be turned around in the lathe to machine the other end. The center holes in the workpiece serve as precise locating surfaces as well as bearing surfaces to carry the weight of the workpiece and to resist the cutting forces. After the workpiece has been removed from the lathe for any reason, the center holes will accurately align the workpiece back in the lathe or in another lathe, or in a cylindrical grinding machine. The workpiece must never be held at the headstock end by both a chuck and a lathe center. While at first thought this seems like a quick method of aligning the workpiece in the chuck, this must not be done because it is not possible to press evenly with the jaws against the workpiece while it is also supported by the center. The alignment provided by the center will not be maintained and the pressure of the jaws may damage the center hole, the lathe center, and perhaps even the lathe spindle. Compensating or floating jaw chucks used almost exclusively on high production work provide an exception to the statements made above. These chucks are really work drivers and cannot be used for the same purpose as ordinary three or four-jaw chucks. While very large diameter workpieces are sometimes mounted on two centers, they are preferably held at the headstock end by faceplate jaws to obtain the smooth power transmission; moreover, large lathe dogs that are adequate to transmit the power not generally available, although they can be made as a special. Faceplate jaws are like chuck jaws except that they are mounted on a faceplate, which has less overhang from the spindle bearings than a large chuck would have. Introduction of Machining Machining as a shape-producing method is the most universally used and the most important of all manufacturing processes. Machining is a shape-producing process in which a power-driven device causes material to be removed in chip form. Most machining is done with equipment that supports both the work piece and cutting tool although in some cases portable equipment is used with unsupported workpiece. Low setup cost for small Quantities. Machining has two applications in manufacturing. For casting, forging, and press working, each specific shape to be produced, even one part, nearly always has a high tooling cost. The shapes that may he produced by welding depend to a large degree on the shapes of raw material that are available. By making use of generally high cost equipment but without special tooling, it is possible, by machining; to start with nearly any form of raw material, so tong as the exterior dimensions are great enough, and produce any desired shape from any material. Therefore .machining is usually the preferred method for producing one or a few parts, even when the design of the part would logically lead to casting, forging or press working if a high quantity were to be produced. Close accuracies, good finishes. The second application for machining is based on the high accuracies and surface finishes possible. Many of the parts machined in low quantities would be produced with lower but acceptable tolerances if produced in high quantities by some other process. On the other hand, many parts are given their general shapes by some high quantity deformation process and machined only on selected surfaces where high accuracies are needed. Internal threads, for example, are seldom produced by any means other than machining and small holes in press worked parts may be machined following the press working operations. Primary Cutting Parameters The basic tool-work relationship in cutting is adequately described by means of four factors: tool geometry, cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut. The cutting tool must be made of an appropriate material; it must be strong, tough, hard, and wear resistant. The tool s geometry characterized by planes and angles, must be correct for each cutting operation. Cutting speed is the rate at which the work surface passes by the cutting edge. It may be expressed in feet per minute. For efficient machining the cutting speed must be of a magnitude appropriate to the particular work-tool combination. In general, the harder the work material, the slower the speed. Feed is the rate at which the cutting tool advances into the workpiece. "Where the workpiece or the tool rotates, feed is measured in inches per revolution. When the tool or the work reciprocates, feed is measured in inches per stroke, Generally, feed varies inversely with cutting speed for otherwise similar conditions. The depth of cut, measured inches is the distance the tool is set into the work. It is the width of the chip in turning or the thickness of the chip in a rectilinear cut. In roughing operations, the depth of cut can be larger than for finishing operations. The Effect of Changes in Cutting Parameters on Cutting Temperatures In metal cutting operations heat is generated in the primary and secondary deformation zones and these results in a complex temperature distribution throughout the tool, workpiece and chip. A typical set of isotherms is shown in figure where it can be seen that, as could be expected, there is a very large temperature gradient throughout the width of the chip as the workpiece material is sheared in primary deformation and there is a further large temperature in the chip adjacent to the face as the chip is sheared in secondary deformation. This leads to a maximum cutting temperature a short distance up the face from the cutting edge and a small distance into the chip. Since virtually all the work done in metal cutting is converted into heat, it could be expected that factors which increase the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed will increase the cutting temperature. Thus an increase in the rake angle, all other parameters remaining constant, will reduce the power per unit volume of metal removed and the cutting temperatures will reduce. When considering increase in unreformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more complex. An increase in undeformed chip thickness tends to be a scale effect where the amounts of heat which pass to the workpiece, the tool and chip remain in fixed proportions and the changes in cutting temperature tend to be small. Increase in cutting speed; however, reduce the amount of heat which passes into the workpiece and this increase the temperature rise of the chip m primary deformation. Further, the secondary deformation zone tends to be smaller and this has the effect of increasing the temperatures in this zone. Other changes in cutting parameters have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the cutting temperatures. Since it has been shown that even small changes in cutting temperature have a significant effect on tool wear rate it is appropriate to indicate how cutting temperatures can be assessed from cutting data. The most direct and accurate method for measuring temperatures in high -speed-steel cutting tools is that of Wright &. Trent which also yields detailed information on temperature distributions in high-speed-steel cutting tools. The technique is based on the metallographic examination of sectioned high-speed-steel tools which relates microstructure changes to thermal history. Trent has described measurements of cutting temperatures and temperature distributions for high-speed-steel tools when machining a wide range of workpiece materials. This technique has been further developed by using scanning electron microscopy to study fine-scale microstructure changes arising from over tempering of the tempered martens tic matrix of various high-speed-steels. This technique has also been used to study temperature distributions in both high-speed -steel single point turning tools and twist drills. Wears of Cutting Tool Discounting brittle fracture and edge chipping, which have already been dealt with, tool wear is basically of three types. Flank wear, crater wear, and notch wear. Flank wear occurs on both the major and the minor cutting edges. On the major cutting edge, which is responsible for bulk metal removal, these results in increased cutting forces and higher temperatures which if left unchecked can lead to vibration of the tool and workpiece and a condition where efficient cutting can no longer take place. On the minor cutting edge, which determines workpiece size and surface finish, flank wear can result in an oversized product which has poor surface finish. Under most practical cutting conditions, the tool will fail due to major flank wear before the minor flank wear is sufficiently large to result in the manufacture of an unacceptable component. Because of the stress distribution on the tool face, the frictional stress in the region of sliding contact between the chip and the face is at a maximum at the start of the sliding contact region and is zero at the end. Thus abrasive wear takes place in this region with more wear taking place adjacent to the seizure region than adjacent to the point at which the chip loses contact with the face. This result in localized pitting of the tool face some distance up the face which is usually referred to as catering and which normally has a section in the form of a circular arc. In many respects and for practical cutting conditions, crater wear is a less severe form of wear than flank wear and consequently flank wear is a more common tool failure criterion. However, since various authors have shown that the temperature on the face increases more rapidly with increasing cutting speed than the temperature on the flank, and since the rate of wear of any type is significantly affected by changes in temperature, crater wear usually occurs at high cutting speeds. At the end of the major flank wear land where the tool is in contact with the uncut workpiece surface it is common for the flank wear to be more pronounced than along the rest of the wear land. This is because of localised effects such as a hardened layer on the uncut surface caused by work hardening introduced by a previous cut, an oxide scale, and localised high temperatures resulting from the edge effect. This localised wear is usually referred to as notch wear and occasionally is very severe. Although the presence of the notch will not significantly affect the cutting properties of the tool, the notch is often relatively deep and if cutting were to continue there would be a good chance that the tool would fracture. If any form of progressive wear allowed to continue, dramatically and the tool would fail catastrophically, i. e. the tool would be no longer capable of cutting and, at best, the workpiece would be scrapped whilst, at worst, damage could be caused to the machine tool. For carbide cutting tools and for all types of wear, the tool is said to have reached the end of its useful life long before the onset of catastrophic failure. For high-speed-steel cutting tools, however, where the wear tends to be non-uniform it has been found that the most meaningful and reproducible results can be obtained when the wear is allowed to continue to the onset of catastrophic failure even though, of course, in practice a cutting time far less than that to failure would be used. The onset of catastrophic failure is characterized by one of several phenomena, the most common being a sudden increase in cutting force, the presence of burnished rings on the workpiece, and a significant increase in the noise level. Mechanism of Surface Finish Production There are basically five mechanisms which contribute to the production of a surface which have been machined. These are: (l) The basic geometry of the cutting process. In, for example, single point turning the tool will advance a constant distance axially per revolution of the workpiecc and the resultant surface will have on it, when viewed perpendicularly to the direction of tool feed motion, a series of cusps which will have a basic form which replicates the shape of the tool in cut. (2) The efficiency of the cutti