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1、nThe world of our senses一.相關(guān)概念1.名詞名詞：表示人或事物的名稱的詞叫名詞。表示人或事物的名稱的詞叫名詞。2.名詞的句法作用：名詞的句法作用：名詞在句中主要作主語(yǔ)、賓名詞在句中主要作主語(yǔ)、賓 語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。另外還可以作定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)。語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。另外還可以作定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)。3.名詞性從句名詞性從句： 在英語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)中，本來(lái)該由名詞充當(dāng)?shù)闹髟谟⒄Z(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)中，本來(lái)該由名詞充當(dāng)?shù)闹?語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)，由一個(gè)句子來(lái)充當(dāng)，語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)，由一個(gè)句子來(lái)充當(dāng)， 這個(gè)句子就叫名詞性從句。這個(gè)句子就叫名詞性從句。4.名詞性從句的種類：名詞性從句的種類： 根據(jù)名詞性

2、從句在句子中所充當(dāng)?shù)牟煌煞?，根?jù)名詞性從句在句子中所充當(dāng)?shù)牟煌煞郑?名詞性從句可以分為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表名詞性從句可以分為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表 語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。 名詞性從句名詞性從句 noun clause 主語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)從句subject clause 賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句object clause 表語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句predicative clause 同位語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句appositive clause 1.When we will start is not clear. 2.Mrs Black wont believe that her son has be

3、come a thief. 3. My idea is that we should do it right now. 4.I had no idea that you were her friend.主語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句 名詞性從句的種類名詞性從句的種類1. 主語(yǔ)從句：從句在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)成分主語(yǔ)從句：從句在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)成分1). That he will succeed is certain .2) Whether he will go there is not known .3) What he said is not true .4) Wh

4、ere he hid the money is to be found out .5) Whoever comes is welcome.6) Its certain that he will succeed .7) How we can help the twins will be discussed at the meeting. 8)When theyll start the project has not been decided yet.It 的用法：的用法： （形式主語(yǔ)）（形式主語(yǔ)） It possible/important/necessary/clear that很可能很可能/

5、重要的是重要的是/必要的是必要的是/很清楚很清楚 It said/ reported that.據(jù)說(shuō)據(jù)說(shuō)/據(jù)報(bào)道據(jù)報(bào)道 Its been announced/declared that.已經(jīng)通知已經(jīng)通知/宣宣布布 It seems/appears/happens. that顯然、明顯、顯然、明顯、 碰巧碰巧. Its no wonder that并不奇怪并不奇怪/無(wú)疑無(wú)疑 Its a pity/a fact /a common knowledge (眾所周知）眾所周知） / a common saying.（俗話說(shuō)）俗話說(shuō)）1).whether可以引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句可以引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,但但if不能不能

6、.2).為避免主語(yǔ)冗長(zhǎng)為避免主語(yǔ)冗長(zhǎng),句子頭重腳輕句子頭重腳輕,經(jīng)經(jīng) 常用常用it作形式主語(yǔ)作形式主語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)從句放在后主語(yǔ)從句放在后 面作真正的主語(yǔ)面作真正的主語(yǔ). 注意點(diǎn)2.用IF 或WHETHER 填空1. I dont know _ Ill be free tomorrow.2. I dont know _ or not Ill be free tomorrow.3. The question is _ this book is worth writing.whether/ifwhetherwhether4. It depends on _ we will have enough mon

7、ey.5. _ they can do it matters little to us.6._ you are not free tomorrow , Ill go without you.歸納:a.主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從 句、介詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句只能用句、介詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句只能用whether，不能用不能用if ；b.后面緊跟后面緊跟 or not 時(shí)時(shí), 用用whetherwhetherwhetherIf It is well known /reported / thought/said that It is clear/ necessary/ certai

8、n/ true/doubtfulthatIt is a pity/a shame/an honour/ thatIt doesnt matter whetherIt seems that It happens that2. 賓語(yǔ)從句：從句在句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)成分（賓語(yǔ)從句：從句在句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)成分（ 可以作謂語(yǔ)可以作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、介詞、不定式等非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)）動(dòng)詞、介詞、不定式等非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)）連詞：連詞：that, whether，if （ that ?？墒÷裕┏？墒÷裕?who, what, which, whoever, whatever, when where why how1). They

9、know that the habit will kill them.2).It all depends on whether they will support us .3) He asked how much I paid for the violin.4).He made it clear to the public that he did an important and necessary job . 5).I find it necessary that we should do the homework.1).whether和和if都可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句都可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句 a.當(dāng)當(dāng)w

10、hether后緊跟后緊跟or not時(shí)時(shí),不用不用if. eg: I dont know whether I will stay or not.b.介詞介詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句不能用后面的賓語(yǔ)從句不能用if. eg: I worry about whether I hurt her feeling.注意注意2).that在賓語(yǔ)從句中的省略與保留在賓語(yǔ)從句中的省略與保留a.在在主主+謂謂+it(形式賓語(yǔ)形式賓語(yǔ))+賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)+that 從句從句(真正賓語(yǔ)真正賓語(yǔ)) 的句型中的句型中不省略不省略. eg: We must make it clear that we mean what we say.b.由

11、連詞由連詞and連接的兩個(gè)由連接的兩個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo) 的賓語(yǔ)從句中的賓語(yǔ)從句中,第二個(gè)第二個(gè)that 不省略不省略.eg: He told me（ that） he would come and that he would come on time.3. 表語(yǔ)從句：從句在句中充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)成分，一般放在連表語(yǔ)從句：從句在句中充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)成分，一般放在連系動(dòng)詞之后系動(dòng)詞之后. 作用：對(duì)主語(yǔ)進(jìn)行解釋說(shuō)明。作用：對(duì)主語(yǔ)進(jìn)行解釋說(shuō)明。連接詞：連接詞：that / whether /as if /as though（ if 不引導(dǎo)不引導(dǎo) 表語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句)連接代詞：連接代詞：who / whom / whos

12、e / which / what 連接副詞：連接副詞：when / where / why / how / because The question is whether we can rely on him. Thats because we were in need of money at that time .He looked as if he was going to cry .Thats why I was late .填空填空:1.The reason _ we didnt trust him is _ he has often lied2.The reason _ he gav

13、e for his absent is _ he was ill.reason 后面的表語(yǔ)從句只能用后面的表語(yǔ)從句只能用that 引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo), 不能不能用用why 引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo), 但但reason后面的定語(yǔ)從句可以用后面的定語(yǔ)從句可以用why 或者或者that 引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)。注注 意：意：1.在表語(yǔ)從句中，表在表語(yǔ)從句中，表“是否是否” 時(shí)，只能用時(shí)，只能用 “whether”不能用不能用“If”。2.一般情況下，一般情況下，“that”不能省。不能省。3. It is /was because . It is /was why. 3. The reason (why/for)is /was that

14、.4 The reason is because /whythat .4 同位語(yǔ)從句：從句在句中充當(dāng)同位語(yǔ)成分，其一般跟同位語(yǔ)從句：從句在句中充當(dāng)同位語(yǔ)成分，其一般跟在一些抽象名詞（在一些抽象名詞（ idea ；belief ； fact ； truth ； problem ；news 等）后面，對(duì)名詞作進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明等）后面，對(duì)名詞作進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明.同位語(yǔ)從句常用同位語(yǔ)從句常用 that 引導(dǎo)或用連接副詞引導(dǎo)或用連接副詞when / where/why / how / whether 1) The idea that computers can recognize human voices

15、surprises many people .2) Word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them .3).Sydney kept his promise that he would always do anything he could for Lucie to make sure of her happiness.1.Two thirds of all girls in Britain are on a diet./ The fact worries their parents and teachers a lot.2.

16、The Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China./ We heard the news last night._ The fact that two thirds of all girls are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot._We heard the news last night that the Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China.4.Time travel is possible./ T

17、here is no scientific proof for the idea.5.Chinese students should be given more free time./ The suggestion is welcomed by many people, especially kids in school.3.Teenagers should not spend too much time online./ Many British parents hold the view._Many British parents hold the view that teenagers

18、shouldnt spend too much time online._There is no scientific proof for the idea that time travel is possible._The suggestion that Chinese students should be given more free time is welcomed by many people, especially kids in school.引導(dǎo)名詞從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。引導(dǎo)名詞從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。分析下列賓語(yǔ)從句中的連詞分析下列賓語(yǔ)從句中的連詞1. I dont doubt （that ）

19、you will succeed.2. I dont know whether/if he will come tonight.3. I doubt if /whether you will keep your promise.3個(gè)句子中的連詞個(gè)句子中的連詞that, whether, if （是否）在名詞性從句是否）在名詞性從句中只起連接作用，中只起連接作用，在句中不擔(dān)任成分在句中不擔(dān)任成分,被稱為連接詞被稱為連接詞注意：注意：a. that 本身無(wú)意義，在賓語(yǔ)從句中可以省略，但在本身無(wú)意義，在賓語(yǔ)從句中可以省略，但在別的三種名詞性從句中不可以省略。別的三種名詞性從句中不可以省略。 B. w

20、hether 和和if有有是否的意義，在賓語(yǔ)從句中二者通?？梢曰Q。但是否的意義，在賓語(yǔ)從句中二者通?？梢曰Q。但whether 可以用于所有的四種名詞性從句，而可以用于所有的四種名詞性從句，而if 僅可以用僅可以用于賓語(yǔ)從句。于賓語(yǔ)從句。連接詞連接詞 考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)一:主語(yǔ)從句后置主語(yǔ)從句后置! That we shall be late is certain.- Its certain that we shall be late.1. That the earth is round is known to all.- 2. That you missed the chance is a pit

21、y.- That you missed the chance.Its known to all that the earth is round.考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)二: 虛擬語(yǔ)氣虛擬語(yǔ)氣 subjunctive mood. Its high/about time that I leave. Its high/about time that I left. It is demanded that he (should) leave at once. It is demanded that he left at once. 由連詞由連詞 whether 和和 if, 連接代詞連接代詞 what, who,

22、which 和連接副詞和連接副詞 when, where, why, how 等引等引 導(dǎo)導(dǎo).也常常后置也常常后置: Whether she comes or not doesnt concern me. If she comes or not doesnt concern me. When and where we will go are still not known. When and where we will go is still not known. 1. The idea _ computers will recognizehuman voices surprises many

23、 people.2. The possibility _ the majority of thelabour force will work at home is often discussed.3. I have no idea _ he has gone.4. They are thinking about the question _ they could succeed in the competition.5. Please tell us the truth _ did that for us.thatthatwherehowwhoII. Choose the best answe

24、r1.They expressed the hope _they would come over to China. A. which B. that C. whom D. when2.The fact_ he didnt see Tom yesterday is true. A. that B. which C. when D. what3.I have no idea _he will come back.A. where B. when C. what D. that4.The news _ surprised everybody yesterday now proves to be f

25、alse. A. that B. when C. what D. how 5.One of the men held the view _ the book said was right. A. what that B. that which C. that what D. which that6.Word has come _ some American guests will come for a visit to our college next week.A. what B. whether c. that D. which7.The question is _the film is

26、worth seeing. A. if B. what C. whether D. how 8.They received orders _ the work be done at once. A .which B. when C. / D .that 9.The reason _ I have to go is _ my mother is ill in bed. A .why; why B. why; because C. why ; that D. that; because 10. _ I cant understand is _ she wants to change her min

27、d. A. What; why B. Which; how C. That; why D. What; because11. _ his dream of going to college will come true is uncertain. A. That B. Whether C. If D. Even if12. It is known to us _ where there is pollution, there is harm. A. which B. where C. what D. that13. I have the information _. A. of what he

28、ll come soon B. that hell come soon C. of that hell come soon D. his coming soon14. - I saw your neighbor break your window with a basketball. - _ it made me nearly mad. A. That he broke B. What he broke C. He broke D. His break15.It remains a question _ we can get so much money in such a short time

29、. A.how B. that C. when D. what16.- Can I help you? - Yes, do you know _? A. when comes the bus B. when will come the bus C. when does the bus come D. when the bus comes17. He made a promise _ anyone set him free he would make him very rich. A. that B. if C. what D. that if18. They lost their way in the forest and _ made matters worse was _ night began to fall. A. what; that B. it; that C. what; when D. which; what