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1、對(duì)應(yīng)學(xué)生用書對(duì)應(yīng)學(xué)生用書P P196 196 語(yǔ)法歸納歸納語(yǔ)法歸納語(yǔ)法 分類詳解分類詳解一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1must(1)must必須(否定式neednt或dont have to)You must pay the money，but you neednt do so at once.你必須付錢，但不必馬上付。Must I finish my homework at once?我必須馬上完成作業(yè)嗎？Yes，you must.必須。No，you neednt/you dont have to.不必。(2)mustnt絕對(duì)不可，不許You mustnt lend it to others.你不能把它借給

2、別人。I must not let anyone know.我不能讓任何人知道這件事。(3)must推測(cè)must do否定形式：cant do對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè)must have done否定形式：cant have done對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)In the distance，a person is coming.It must be Peter.遠(yuǎn)處過(guò)來(lái)一個(gè)人。此人一定是彼得。The light in my brothers room went out.He must have gone to bed.我弟弟房間的燈滅了，他一定已睡了。The light in my brothers room i

3、s still on.He cant have gone to bed.我弟弟房間的燈仍舊亮著，他不可能睡了。注意：must用于反問(wèn)句時(shí)取決于must/cant后的動(dòng)詞的真實(shí)時(shí)態(tài)。He must be in his office now，isnt he?他一定在辦公室，對(duì)嗎？He must have gone home，hasnt he?他一定已回家了，對(duì)嗎？He must have gone home yesterday，didnt he?他一定昨天就回家了，對(duì)嗎？He couldnt have met me last night，did he？他昨夜不可能見(jiàn)到我了，對(duì)吧？must主觀hav

4、e to do客觀We must make up our minds to improve our spoken English.我們必須下決心提高英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)水平。The entrance examination is near，so we have to study harder and harder.高考臨近，我們要加倍努力。2can/could能，會(huì)be able toA bird can fly.鳥會(huì)飛。(1)在特定的條件下能夠做成某事用be able toThough the earthquake was very strong，all the people were able to

5、escape and nobody was killed.盡管地震很強(qiáng)烈，但是所有人都跑出來(lái)了，無(wú)人死亡。(2)口語(yǔ)中can可以代替may表示“允許”You can go home now.你現(xiàn)在可以回家了。Can I borrow two books at a time?我一次可以借兩本書嗎？(3)could用于問(wèn)句表示委婉客氣，回答時(shí)用canCould I ask you a question?我可以問(wèn)個(gè)問(wèn)題嗎？Yes，of course you can.當(dāng)然可以。3may/might或許，也許，可以He may come or may not.來(lái)不來(lái)隨便。You may go now.你

6、可以走了。問(wèn)句第一人稱用may/might/can；二、三人稱用can。(1)May/Might I smoke here?我可以吸煙嗎？Yes，you can./No，you mustnt.可以。 不行。(2)Can I help you?用幫忙嗎？No，thanks.I can manage it myself.不，謝謝，我自己能行。(3)Can you give me a room for the night?我可以在此住一夜嗎？Yes，I may/can.(不用might)可以。4should/ought to/be supposed to應(yīng)該，按道理，竟然(1)The photos

7、should be ready by 11 oclock.相片11點(diǎn)就會(huì)洗出來(lái)。(2)We ought to give them a hand.我們應(yīng)該幫他們一把。(3)Its strange that he should be late again.很奇怪，他竟然又遲到了。5need(1)need需要，必要，(用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句)You neednt try it again.你不必再試了。Need they stay here this evening?他們今晚有必要在這嗎？Yes，they must.必須在這。No，they neednt.不必。(2)need用于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞We need

8、to do more exercises.我們需要多做練習(xí)She needs me to help her with her English.她需要我?guī)退龑W(xué)英語(yǔ)。(3)need/want/requiredoing/to be doneThe downtown needs designing again.商業(yè)區(qū)需要重新規(guī)劃。The downtown needs to be designed again.6dare敢(用于疑問(wèn)句、否定句和條件句)He dare not kill snakes.他不敢殺蛇。Dare you go home alone?你敢自己回家嗎？Yes，I dare.敢/No，

9、I dare not.不敢I dare say.習(xí)慣用法dare用于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞We dare to struggle against the pollution.我們要敢于與污染作斗爭(zhēng)。Does he dare to speak in public?他敢在人前講話嗎？7will(1)will愿意，想要I will tell you an interesting story.我想給你講一個(gè)有趣的故事。We will do our best to realize our idea.我們要盡最大的努力實(shí)現(xiàn)我們的理想。(2)will必然性，傾向性If he says hell come，he will.

10、他說(shuō)來(lái)他就會(huì)來(lái)。You will be glad to see her.見(jiàn)到她你會(huì)很高興。Fish will die without water.魚沒(méi)有水會(huì)死的。8would是will的過(guò)去式(1)愿望“I would do anything for our soldiers.”said the old lady.“我愿意為戰(zhàn)士做任何事”，老大媽說(shuō)。(2)習(xí)慣On Sundays he would come and work with us.一到周日他就來(lái)和我們一起干活。(3)請(qǐng)求(語(yǔ)氣委婉)Would you please not smoke?請(qǐng)不要吸煙好嗎？9shall(1)用于第一人稱、

11、第三人稱疑問(wèn)句中，表示說(shuō)話人征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)和向?qū)Ψ秸?qǐng)求。如：Shall we begin our class?開始上課吧？Shall the driver wait outside?讓司機(jī)在外面等著嗎？(2)用于第二、第三人稱陳述句，表示說(shuō)話人給對(duì)方的命令、警告、允諾或威脅。如：You shall go with me.(命令)你和我一起去。You shall have the book when I have finished it.(允諾)我看完這本書就給你。He shall be punished.(威脅)他將受到懲罰。10表示推測(cè)(1)can用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句He cant be her

12、 husband.他不可能是她丈夫。It cant have been stolen.它不可能被偷了。Can it be true?這是真的嗎？(2)could用于肯定句、否定句、疑問(wèn)句He could be ill.他可能病了。He could not have seen me yesterday.他昨天不可能見(jiàn)到我了。could have done本來(lái)能夠I could have had my breakfast this morning，but a friend came.我本來(lái)能夠吃上早飯，可是一位朋友來(lái)了。(3)may用于肯定句、否定句That may be so，but I dou

13、bt it.也許是這樣，但我表示懷疑。may have done.可能做過(guò)。may not have done.可能未做過(guò)。It may not have been my mistake.也許不是我的錯(cuò)。He may have arrived in Shanghai.他可能已經(jīng)到達(dá)上海了。(4)might肯定句、否定句、疑問(wèn)句He might have known the news.他也許已經(jīng)知道了這個(gè)消息。He might not have arrived in Shanghai.他也許還沒(méi)到上海。(5)must do一定He must work in a hospital.他一定在一家醫(yī)院

14、工作。must have done一定已經(jīng)He must have finished his work.他一定已經(jīng)完成了任務(wù)。(7)neednt have done本不必You neednt have posted him the book.He is coming this afternoon.你本不必把書寄過(guò)去，他下午就來(lái)。二、虛擬語(yǔ)氣1虛擬語(yǔ)氣與陳述語(yǔ)氣的區(qū)別：(1)意義不同陳述語(yǔ)氣表示動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實(shí)的，確實(shí)的或符合事實(shí)的，而虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示動(dòng)作狀態(tài)不是事實(shí)，而是說(shuō)話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)、建議或推測(cè)等。(2)形式不同虛擬語(yǔ)氣的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式和陳述語(yǔ)氣的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式不同，如虛擬條件句的謂語(yǔ)和真實(shí)

15、條件句的謂語(yǔ)就截然不同。如：If it rains tomorrow，our picnic will be put off.如果明天下雨，我們的郊游就推遲。(陳述語(yǔ)氣，說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為下雨的可能性很大。)If it rained tomorrow，our picnic would be put off.萬(wàn)一明天下雨，我們的郊游就推遲。(虛擬語(yǔ)氣，說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為下雨的可能性較小。)2虛擬語(yǔ)氣在句子中的應(yīng)用(1)虛擬語(yǔ)氣在非真實(shí)性條件句中的應(yīng)用虛擬條件句主句例句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)If主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be動(dòng)詞用were)主語(yǔ)should(would，could，might)動(dòng)詞原形If I had tim

16、e，I would attend the meeting. 如果我有時(shí)間我就去參加會(huì)議。If I were you，I should seize the chance to go abroad. 如果我是你，我就會(huì)抓住這次出國(guó)的機(jī)會(huì)。與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)If主語(yǔ)had過(guò)去分詞主語(yǔ)should(would，could，might)have過(guò)去分詞If you had taken my advice，you would not have failed in the exams. 如果你聽了我的話，你就不會(huì)考試及不了格。與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)If主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式If主語(yǔ)were to動(dòng)詞原形If主語(yǔ)s

17、hould動(dòng)詞原形主語(yǔ)should，would，could，might動(dòng)詞原形If you came tomorrow，we would have the meeting. 如果你明天來(lái)，我們就開會(huì)。If it were to rain tomorrow，the sports meeting would be put off. 如果明天下雨，運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)就推遲。If he should not come tomorrow，we should put off the meeting till next Monday. 如果明天他不來(lái)，我們就把會(huì)議推遲到下周一。注意：(1)如果條件從句中包含有were，

18、had，should，有時(shí)可把if省略掉，把were，had，should放在主語(yǔ)前，構(gòu)成倒裝，意思不變。如：Were I twenty now，I would join the army.If I were twenty now，I would join the army.如果我今年二十歲，我就參軍。Had we made a great effort, we might have succeeded.If we had made a great effort，we might have succeeded.如果我們做了很大的努力的話，我們可能就獲得成功了。Should Mr.White c

19、all，what would you say?If Mr.White should call，what would you say?如果懷特先生來(lái)電話你怎么說(shuō)？(2)有時(shí)候，條件從句表示的動(dòng)作和主句表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是不一致的，我們稱之為“錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句”。這時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)其所表示的時(shí)間做出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。如：If the doctor hadnt tried their best to save you，you wouldnt be standing here now.如果不是醫(yī)生全力以赴把你救活的話，你現(xiàn)在就不會(huì)站到這里。(3)有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示而是通過(guò)一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示

20、，或是通過(guò)上下文等其他手段來(lái)表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。We couldnt have finished the work ahead of time without your help.(if we hadnt got your help)沒(méi)有你們的幫助，我們不可能提前完成任務(wù)。What would you do with a million dollars？(if you had a million dollars)如果你有一百萬(wàn)美元，你打算怎么花？But for the rain(If it hadnt been for the rain)，we would have finished the work.

21、要不是下雨，我們就把工作干完了。I thought you would remain there for a while after the conference.Otherwise I wouldnt have bought you a single ticket.我原以為會(huì)后你會(huì)在那呆一段時(shí)間，否則我就不會(huì)只給你買單程票了。He would have given you more help，but he was so busy at that time.他要不是太忙就會(huì)給你更多幫助。He telephoned to inform me of your birthday，or I would

22、 have known nothing about it.他打來(lái)電話通知我你的生日，否則我對(duì)此一無(wú)所知。Everything taken into consideration，they would have raised their output quickly.如果當(dāng)初考慮全面，產(chǎn)量會(huì)迅速上升。3虛擬語(yǔ)氣在其他從句中及一些固定句式中的用法。(1)在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)(與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，用would動(dòng)詞原形(與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反)。如：I wish we could go to the seaside today.我們今天能去海濱

23、就好了。I wish he would try again.我希望他還能再試一次。We wish we had paid more attention to our pronunciation.我們對(duì)發(fā)音注意得更多一些就好了。注意：would(should)like(love)后接不定式的完成式所表達(dá)的意思與wish后賓語(yǔ)從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)這種形式相同，意思是“希望過(guò)去做了某事”。如：Id like to have seen his face when he opened the letter.(I wish I had seen his face.)我真希望能看一看他打開信時(shí)的表情。這種結(jié)構(gòu)

24、還用would have liked后接不定式的一般式來(lái)表示。如：Id have liked to see his face when he opened the letter.Id liked to have seen his face when he opened the letter.我真想看一眼他打開信時(shí)的表情。(2)在if only(如果就好了；但愿)引起的驚嘆句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式與wish后賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞形式一樣。如：If only I could see him once again!我要能再見(jiàn)到他就好了！If only I had listened to your advice

25、!我要是聽了你的勸告就好了！(3)在suggest(建議)，propose(提議)，demand(要求)，request(請(qǐng)求)，desire(要求)，require(請(qǐng)求)，order(命令)，command(命令)，insist(堅(jiān)持)等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should動(dòng)詞原形(should可以省略)。如：The officer ordered that the army(should)advance 100 miles.軍官命令部隊(duì)前進(jìn)100英里。The chief commanded that the prisoners(should)not be shot.首領(lǐng)下令不準(zhǔn)槍殺

26、俘虜。注意：當(dāng)suggest意思為“暗示、表明”，insist意思為“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為、說(shuō)”，且后面的從句中的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生時(shí)，他們后面的從句都不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：Her expression suggested that she was angry.她的表情表明她生氣了。The girl insisted that she gave me the money the other day.那女孩堅(jiān)持說(shuō)她幾天前把錢給我了。(4)在It is suggested；It is requested；It is ordered；It is necessary/natural/important；It has bee

27、n decided；It is desired等結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)從句中，用should動(dòng)詞原形(should可以省略)。It is requested that Miss Cai(should)give a performance at the party.有人請(qǐng)蔡小姐在會(huì)上表演個(gè)節(jié)目。It is necessary that he be sent there at once.有必要馬上派他到那里去。It has been decided that the meeting be put off till next Saturday.已經(jīng)決定會(huì)議延期到下星期六開。(5)在suggestion，prop

28、osal，order，plan，idea等詞后的表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句中，用should動(dòng)詞原形(should可以省略)。如：My suggestion is that we(should)send a few people to help the other groups.我建議派幾個(gè)人去幫助其他的組。What do you think of the idea that we put on a play at the English evening?你認(rèn)為我們?cè)谟⒄Z(yǔ)晚會(huì)上演話劇如何？(6)在as if(though)引起的從句中，用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，be用were(口語(yǔ)中有時(shí)也用was)，表示與現(xiàn)在事

29、實(shí)相反；用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)，表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反。Ive loved you as if you were my son.我一直愛(ài)你就仿佛你是我的兒子。The two newcomers talked as if they had known each other for ages.那兩個(gè)新來(lái)的人聊天的樣子仿佛他們已經(jīng)相識(shí)多年了。注意：as if(though)從句如果是客觀事實(shí)，則不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，可用正常時(shí)態(tài)。如：It looks as if it isnt clean enough to swim here.看起來(lái)這兒的水好像不夠干凈，不宜游泳。Look at the clouds！It look

30、s as if it is going to rain.看那些云呀！好像要下雨了。(7)在It is time(that)后的從句中，用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)(間或可用should動(dòng)詞原形)構(gòu)成虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示“到時(shí)間了”，time前可用high，about，以示強(qiáng)調(diào)。如：Its time that we stopped(should stop)this practice.現(xiàn)在是結(jié)束這種做法的時(shí)候了。Its high time you took action.你該采取行動(dòng)了。注意：不能用were代替was，如：Its time that I/he/she was going.(8)在would(had)rat

31、her(寧愿)后的從句中用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)時(shí)間，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)表示過(guò)去時(shí)間。如：Id rather you went home now.我寧愿你現(xiàn)在就回家。Id rather you hadnt done that.我寧愿你沒(méi)做那件事。注意：would rather(not)have done sth.也表示“寧愿某人過(guò)去做了或沒(méi)做某事”。如：Did you quarrel with your boss?你和老板吵架了嗎？Yes，but I would rather not have done that.是的，但我寧愿自己沒(méi)和他吵過(guò)。(9)在would you mindif從句中用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)

32、。如：Would you mind if I opened the window?如果我打開窗戶，你不反對(duì)吧？比較：Do you mind if I smoke?我抽煙你不介意吧？(10)在expect，believe，think，suspect等動(dòng)詞的否定或疑問(wèn)形式后的賓語(yǔ)從句中；在It is a pity.，It is a shame.，It is incredible.，It is strange.，It is no wonder.等結(jié)構(gòu)后的主語(yǔ)從句中；在I am sorry，We were surprised，They were disappointed等結(jié)構(gòu)后的狀語(yǔ)從句中用shoul

33、d動(dòng)詞原形(或完成形式)，表示驚奇、惶惑、懷疑、不滿等作用，意思為“竟然”，一般不可省略should。I never expected that the problem should be so complicated.我從來(lái)沒(méi)想到問(wèn)題竟然會(huì)這樣復(fù)雜。They just couldnt believe that the new stadium should be so big.他們簡(jiǎn)直不相信新體育場(chǎng)竟會(huì)這樣大。It is a great pity that he should be so conceited.真遺憾他竟會(huì)這樣自高自大。(11)表示事與愿違的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法。should have

34、 doneought to have done本應(yīng)該You should have worn more clothes that day.那天你本該多穿些衣服。should not have doneought not to have done本不應(yīng)該We shouldnt have left him home alone.我們本不該把他一個(gè)人留在家里。be supposed to do本應(yīng)該You are supposed to die like that.像這樣死去的本該是你。be supposed to have done本應(yīng)該You are supposed to have recei

35、ved the letter.你本該早就收到那封信了。might(not)have done可能(不可能)做過(guò)He may have finished his work already.他可能已經(jīng)完成他的工作了。neednt have done本沒(méi)有必要You neednt have typed the letter yourself.你本不必自己把信打出來(lái)。could have done本能夠I could have arrived there on time.我本來(lái)能夠按時(shí)到達(dá)。would like to have donewould have liked to do本打算做I would

36、 like to have seen the film but an unexpected friend came last night.昨天晚上我本打算去看電影，但是一個(gè)朋友來(lái)了。meant/planned/hoped/wanted/thought/intended/supposed/expected.to have donehad meant/had planned/had hoped/had wanted/had thought/had intended/had supposed/had expected.to do本打算，本以為I hoped to have passed the exam，but I failed.I had hoped to pass the exam，but I failed.我本以為能通過(guò)考試，但失敗了。對(duì)應(yīng)專題對(duì)應(yīng)專題 分類訓(xùn)練分類訓(xùn)練 溫溫示示提提馨馨