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學 院
機械工程學院
專 業(yè)
機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化
設(shè)計（論文）題目
玻璃磨邊機的設(shè)計
內(nèi)容及要求：
（1）了解國內(nèi)現(xiàn)有該產(chǎn)品的情況及設(shè)計該課題的現(xiàn)實意義
（2）對現(xiàn)有玻璃磨邊機參觀，研究及其分析。
（3）對現(xiàn)有玻璃磨邊機的傳動機構(gòu)改進設(shè)計分析其不足。
（4）擬訂改進設(shè)計方案。
（5）完成關(guān)鍵結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計文件，包括裝配工程圖和零件圖。
（6）完成畢業(yè)論文。
技術(shù)參數(shù)：
送料速度 0.5～4m/min
加工厚度 3～25mm
設(shè)計內(nèi)容：
裝配圖 2張 設(shè)計說明書 1份
零件圖 3張 翻譯資料 1份
進度安排：
1～3周： （1）查找相關(guān)的資料，完成開題報告。
（2）熟練使用計算機輔助繪圖軟件。
4～8周： （1）完成玻璃磨邊機的傳動機構(gòu)的設(shè)計。
9～12周： （1）對傳動機構(gòu)的改進，最終完成設(shè)計。
（2）完成玻璃磨邊機傳動機構(gòu)的裝配工程圖和零件圖。
（3）編寫畢業(yè)論文。
13～15周： （1）上繳畢業(yè)論文給導師，并完成相關(guān)的修改。
（2）打印論文和圖紙做好答辯的準備工作。
指導教師（簽字）：
年 月 日
學院院長（簽字）：
年 月 日
畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）任務(wù)書
1． 選擇蝸桿傳動類型
根據(jù)GB/T10085—1988的推薦，采用漸開線蝸桿（ZI）。
2、選擇材料
根據(jù)
3、按齒面接觸疲勞強度進行設(shè)計
根據(jù)閉式蝸桿傳動的設(shè)計準則，先按齒面接觸疲勞強度進行設(shè)計，再校核齒根彎曲疲勞強度。傳動中心距
1）、確定作用在蝸輪上的轉(zhuǎn)矩
按=2，估取效率=0.8，則
2）、確定載荷系數(shù)K
因工作載荷較穩(wěn)定，故取載荷分布不均勻系數(shù)=1；由表選取使用系數(shù)=1.15；由于轉(zhuǎn)速不高，沖擊不大，可取動載系數(shù)=1.05；則
K==1.15=1.21
3）確定彈性影響系數(shù)
因選用的是鑄錫磷青銅蝸輪和鋼蝸桿相配，故=160。
4）確定接觸系數(shù)
先假設(shè)蝸桿分度圓直徑和傳動的中心距a的比值=0.35，從圖中可查到=2.9
5）確定許用接觸應(yīng)力[]
根據(jù)蝸輪材料為鑄錫磷青銅ZCuSn10Pl，金屬模鑄造，蝸桿螺旋齒面硬度 >45HRC，可從表中查得蝸輪的基本許用應(yīng)力=268MPa。
應(yīng)力循環(huán)次數(shù)
壽命系數(shù)
則
6）計算中心距
取中心距200mm，因i=20，故查表取模數(shù)m=8mm，蝸桿分度圓直徑=80mm。這時=0.4，從圖中查得接觸系數(shù)=2.74，因為< ，因此以上結(jié)果可用。
4、蝸桿和蝸輪的主要參數(shù)和幾何尺寸
1）、蝸桿
軸向齒距==25.133mm，直徑系數(shù)=10，齒頂圓直徑=96mm；齒根圓直徑mm；分度圓導程角；蝸桿的軸向齒厚12.5664mm。
2）、蝸輪
蝸輪齒數(shù)=41；變位系數(shù)=-0.5；
驗算傳動比，這時傳動比誤差為=0.025=2.5%，是允許的。
蝸輪分度圓直徑
蝸輪喉圓直徑
蝸輪齒根圓直徑
蝸輪咽喉母圓半徑
5、校核齒根彎曲疲勞強度
當量齒數(shù)
根據(jù)，從圖中可查到齒形系數(shù)
螺旋角系數(shù)
許用彎曲應(yīng)力
從表中查得由ZCuSn10Pl制造的蝸輪的基本許用彎曲應(yīng)力。
壽命系數(shù)
彎曲強度是滿足的。
6、精度等級公差和表面粗糙度的確定
考慮到所設(shè)計的蝸桿傳動是動力傳動，屬于通用機械減速器，從GB/T 10089—1988圓柱蝸桿、蝸輪精度等級中選擇8級精度，側(cè)隙種類為f，標注為8f GB/T 10089—1988。然后查得要求的公差項目及表面粗糙度。
Waste Management 25 (2005) 733–736
www.elsevier.com/locate/wasman
Composite materials based on wastes of ?at glass processing
A.V. Gorokhovsky a,*, J.I. Escalante-Garcia a, G.Yu. Gashnikova b, L.P. Nikulina b, S.E. Artemenko b
a Department of Engineering Ceramics, CINVESTAV Unidad Saltillo, Carr. Saltillo-Monterrey km13, AP 663, Saltillo, CP25000 Coahuila, Mexico
b Department of Chemical Technology, Technological Institute of Saratov State Technical University, Pl. Svobody 17, Engels 413100, Russian Federation
Accepted 3 November 2004
Available online 25 December 2004
Abstract
Glass mirrors scrap and poly (vinyl) butiral waste (PVB) obtained from ?at glass processing plants were investigated as raw mate-
rials to produce composites. The emphasis was on studying the in?uence of milled glass mirror waste contents on properties of com- posites produced with PVB. The characterization involved: elongation under rupture, water absorption, tensile strength and elastic modulus tests. The results showed that the composite containing 10 wt% of ?ller powder had the best properties among the com- positions studied. The in?uence of the time of exposure in humid atmosphere on the composite properties was investigated. It was found that the admixture of PVB iso-propanol solution to the scrap of glass mirrors during milling provided stabilization of the properties of the composites produced.
2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
The use of industrial wastes to produce composite materials is one of the current problems of industry; this provides a means to decrease environmental contamina- tion. Flat glass processing involves the generation of wastes, like scrap of glass mirrors as well as strips of poly (vinyl) butiral ?lm (PVB), from the manufacture of automobile windscreens (Garner, 1996) and safety architectural glass (Lievens, 1995). Clean PVB waste can be recycled on the basis of well-known technological processes; however, about 5–20% of this waste contains contamination, which precludes its recycling. Moreover, in developing countries there is little e?orts or possibility for the recycling of this type of waste. Additionally, waste from glass mirror production (scrap or mirrors not meeting standards) has to be disposed because of the lack of technological processes oriented towards its
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +52 844 438 9600; fax: +52 844 438
9610.
E-mail address: alexande@saltillo.cinvestav.mx (A.V. Gorokhovsky).
utilization (Foss, 1997). The amounts of such waste
can reach 10–15% of commercial production in di?erent plants.
Taking into account that the plants oriented to ?at glass processing, usually produce both types of the aforementioned wastes or are located close by, it was of interest to investigate the possibility of producing glass-polymer composites based on the complex utiliza- tion of such wastes that are inapplicable for recycling. The production of composites based on PVB wastes is especially attractive in developing countries, where their collection as well as transportation into the plants spe- cialized in PVB recycling is economically unpro?table. The high adhesion properties of the PBV to the soda-
lime-silicate glass surface (Garner, 1996; Gopal et al.,
1997) make the composite, based on PVB waste and milled glass, a promising material useful for di?erent applications. The best scheme is that for plants produc- ing both wastes, for example in the manufacturing of di?erent pro?led rods, characterized with high mechan- ical properties stable in conditions of humid atmosphere and temperature changes. However, the presence of
0956-053X/$ - see front matter 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2004.11.007
734 A.V. Gorokhovsky et al. / Waste Management 25 (2005) 733–736
metal particles on the glass surface of milled glass mirror
scrap as well as the use of PVB waste could negatively in?uence the exploitation properties and thus must be investigated.
2. Methodology
Wastes of Saratovsteklo Inc. (Russia) were used for the experiments. The glass used to produce mirrors had the following chemical composition (wt%): 73.1
SiO2; 1.1 Al2O3; 8.6 CaO; 3.6 MgO; 13.6 Na2O. The mirror coating was formed by vacuum sputtering of stainless steel. PVB waste was obtained from the poly- mer ?lm B-17 produced by Monsanto.
In Series 1 of the experiments, the ?ller was produced by dry ball milling of glass mirror scrap, in jars of alu- mina with balls of alumina, to reach a surface area of
4000 ± 100 cm2/g (controlled by LHM-8MD Russian
equipment). The ground glass was then added to PVB waste molten at 115 C, the latter was previously ad- mixed with 0.5 wt% of poly (ethyl) silane (PES-5, Volzh- skii, Russia) to promote the blending of components and increase homogeneity of composition. The ratio of glass powder and molten PVB was varied in the range of 1–30 wt%. The mixtures obtained were used to pro- duce ?lms by quenching, as well as rods by extrusion.
It is well known that water vapor adsorption onto the surface of soda-lime-silicate glasses in?uences their adhesion to polymers (Kawaguchi and Pearson, 2003; Gu et al., 2000; Radhakrishnan and Unde, 1999). It has been shown (Soshko et al., 1989) that the admixtures of some organic polymers into the glass scrap during milling promoted the modi?cation of the glass surface by the products of their thermo-mechanical destruction
(Dhaliwal and Hay, 2000). For this reason, an addi- tional batch of Series 2 was prepared using composites made from the resulting material obtained after joint ball milling of glass mirrors scrap admixed with PVB waste dissolved at room temperature in iso-propanol
(15% solution); the weight ratio of glass scrap and PVB–alcohol solution was 0.05. It was expected that the glass powder thus obtained would have enhanced hydrophobic properties and improved adhesion to PVB. To characterize such surface modi?cation, the ob- tained ?llers were investigated by TGA/DTGA (Perkin Elmer/Seiko Instruments, Japan) for the following types
of glass powder: (a) ‘‘fresh’’ dry milled, (b) dry milled
and exposed to a humid atmosphere for a month, (c) milled with PVB alcohol solution and exposed to a hu- mid atmosphere for a month.
The average tensile mechanical strength of the com- posite articles was measured by testing 18 specimens of each system using the ER-5046-5 Russian equipment. The Young modulus was measured following the E1875-00e1 ASTM standard using UZIS equipment
(LETI, Russia).
Taking into account the in?uence of environmental factors on the properties of materials produced, speci- mens of the two composites, prepared with the ?llers of Series 1 and 2, were exposed for three months at 25
C in air (40% humidity); and the same mechanical tests,
as previously described, were repeated to determine the range of variation in the main characteristics during exploitation.
3. Results and discussion
The main characteristics of composites with di?erent contents of glass powder for Series 1, measured immedi- ately after their production, are presented in Table 1. The introduction of 1–10 wt% of glass powder into the matrix of PVB waste increased the mechanical strength of the composite (by 1.6 times) and decreased its relative elongation under the rupture (by 1.3 times). Further in- crease of glass powder contents decreased the exploita- tion properties.
The in?uence of exposure to a humid atmosphere on the exploitation properties of the composite, made from Series 1 with 10 wt% of glass powder (highest mechani- cal properties), is presented in Figs. 1 and 2. All the tested properties decreased only during the ?rst two months of exposure and then stabilized. The same e?ect was displayed by the results presented in Table 2, show- ing the properties of composites obtained with the
‘‘fresh’’ and ‘‘old’’ (exposed in air for a month) glass powder. Such reduction in the exploitation properties observed, in agreement with published results (Keller and Mortelmans, 1999), can be attributed to the pro- cesses taking place on the surface of glass ?ller before the production of composites: adsorption (condensa- tion) of water vapor from the atmosphere, leaching of sodium ions, and crystallization of Na2CO3 and NaH-
Table 1
The properties of composites obtained by extrusion of samples made of separate dry milling of glass
Properties Contents of glass powder (wt%)
0 1 3 5 10 15 20 25 30
Young module (MPa) 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 4.3 3.8 2.7 2.5 2.3
Tensile strength (MPa) 6.8 5.2 7.4 7.9 11.2 8.4 8.5 7.0 5.4
Relative elongation under rupture (%) 318 345 288 271 237 328 295 286 142
A.V. Gorokhovsky et al. / Waste Management 25 (2005) 733–736 735
35
30
25 Relative elongation
60
50
40
1
4 5
6
C
20
15
10
under a rupture
Tensile strength
30
20
10
1
1
2
2
3
B
5 Young
A
0
modulus
0 50 100 150
Exposure, days
0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Temperature,?C
Fig. 1. In?uence of exposure to humid atmosphere on properties of
composites produced with powder obtained from Series 1 (continuous lines) and Series 2 (dashed lines): relative elongation under a rupture
(%·10 1), tensile strength (MPa), Young modulus (MPa).
CO3 as a result of the sodium ions interaction with dis- solved CO2. The presence of these crystals and adsorbed water onto the surface of glass ?ller decreased adhesion with PVB. At the same time, modi?cation of the glass powder surface during the milling of glass mirrors scrap with PVB alcohol solution (Series 2) can increase the hydrophobic properties of the glass powder and stabilize the structure of the composite. A comparison of proper- ties for composites from Series 1 and 2 is shown in Figs.
1 and 2; an improvement and increased stability of prop- erties of the composite produced in Series 2 can be noted.
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 50 100 150
Exposure, days
Fig. 2. In?uence of exposure in humid atmosphere (dashed lines) and water (continuous lines) on weight of composite rods produced from Series 1 (d) and Series 2 (s).
Fig. 3. DTGA data obtained for di?erent types of ?ller: A – ‘‘fresh’’
dry milled, B – ‘‘old’’ dry milled, C – ‘‘old’’ milled with PVB alcohol solution. 1, 2 – desorption of condensed water, 3 – desorption of chemically adsorbed water, 4 – melting of PVB; 5, 6 – thermal decomposition of PVB and its derivatives formed by milling.
The obtained data of DTGA (Fig. 3) indicates that the ‘‘old’’ glass ?ller, in comparison with the ‘‘fresh’’ ?l- ler obtained by dry ball milling, is characterized by the additional intensive peak at 350–420 C, related to the desorption of chemically adsorbed water (Hench, 1978; Gorokhovsky, 1988). At the same time, this peak is ab- sent for the ?ller milled jointly with the PVB solution in iso-propanol; moreover, the quantity of condensed water is much less. The additional peaks in the thermo- gram of this ?ller are related to the melting and thermal decomposition of PVB (Dhaliwal and Hay, 2000). Thus,
it is possible to propose that the e?ect of stabilization of the mechanical properties, obtained for the composite produced on the base of glass powder with modi?ed sur- face (Series 2), was achieved due to a decreased adsorp- tion of water vapor.
The composite rods of di?erent pro?les, produced by extrusion of the batch based on the PVB wastes and glassy ?ller (10 wt%), obtained by joint ball milling of glass mirrors scrap with PVB waste, dissolved at room temperature in iso-propanol (15% solution), were ap- plied in Salavatsteklo Co. (Salavat, Russia) to manufac- ture the double glazing blocks, as well as bases for the storage and transportation of glass sheets of high thick- ness (weight).
Table 2
Properties of composites, made from Series 1 and with 10 wt% of glass powder, produced immediately after the milling and after one month of glass powder storage in air
Property Type of glass powder applied
4. Conclusions
Composite materials with attractive exploitation properties can be produced on the basis of typical wastes of ?at glass processing: poly (vinyl) butiral ribbons and
One month
after milling
‘‘Fresh’’ powder
glass mirror scrap. The contents about of 10 wt% of
glass powder results in composites with high and stable
Young modulus (MPa) 3.8 4.3
Tensile strength (MPa) 8.2 11.2
mechanical properties. The introduction of PVB alco-
hol solution resulted in the stabilization of properties
Relative elongation before
the rupture (%)
281 237
of the composites in the case of exposure to humid
atmospheres.
736 A.V. Gorokhovsky et al. / Waste Management 25 (2005) 733–736
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