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1、第三章3.2對(duì)數(shù)與對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)3.2.1對(duì)數(shù)及其運(yùn)算第1課時(shí)對(duì)數(shù)概念及常用對(duì)數(shù) 學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo) 1.理解對(duì)數(shù)的概念,掌握對(duì)數(shù)的基本性質(zhì).2.掌握指數(shù)式與對(duì)數(shù)式的互化,能應(yīng)用對(duì)數(shù)的定義和性質(zhì)解方程.1 預(yù)習(xí)導(dǎo)學(xué) 挑戰(zhàn)自我,點(diǎn)點(diǎn)落實(shí)2 課堂講義 重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn),個(gè)個(gè)擊破3 當(dāng)堂檢測(cè) 當(dāng)堂訓(xùn)練,體驗(yàn)成功 知識(shí)鏈接 2.若2x8,則x ;若3x81,則x .443 預(yù)習(xí)導(dǎo)引 1.對(duì)數(shù)(1)定義:對(duì)于指數(shù)式abN,把“以a為底N的對(duì)數(shù)b”記作 ,即 ,其中,數(shù)a叫做對(duì)數(shù)的 ,N叫做 ,讀作“ ”.(2)常用對(duì)數(shù):當(dāng)a10時(shí),log10N記作 ,叫做常用對(duì)數(shù).(3)對(duì)數(shù)恒等式: .lg NlogaNblogaN(a0,且
2、a1)底數(shù)真數(shù)b等于以a為底N的對(duì)數(shù)2.對(duì)數(shù)的基本性質(zhì)性質(zhì)1 沒有對(duì)數(shù)性質(zhì)21的對(duì)數(shù)是 ,即loga1 (a0且a1)性質(zhì)3底的對(duì)數(shù)是 ,即logaa (a0且a1)0和負(fù)數(shù)0101要點(diǎn)一指數(shù)式與對(duì)數(shù)式的互化例1將下列指數(shù)式與對(duì)數(shù)式互化:(2)102100;解log101002,即lg 1002.(3)ea16;解loge16a.(5)log392;解329.(6)logxyz.解xzy.規(guī)律方法1.對(duì)數(shù)式與指數(shù)式的互化圖:2.并非所有指數(shù)式都可以直接化為對(duì)數(shù)式.如(3)29就不能直接寫成log(3)92,只有a0且a1,N0時(shí),才有axNxlogaN.跟蹤演練1下列指數(shù)式與對(duì)數(shù)式互化不正確的
3、一組是()解析由指對(duì)互化的關(guān)系:axNxlogaN可知A、B、D都正確;C中l(wèi)og242224.C要點(diǎn)二對(duì)數(shù)基本性質(zhì)的應(yīng)用例2求下列各式中x的值:(1)log2(log4x)0;解log2(log4x)0,log4x201,x414.(2)log3(lg x)1;解log3(lg x)1,lg x313,x1031 000.規(guī)律方法1.對(duì)數(shù)運(yùn)算時(shí)的常用性質(zhì):logaa1,loga10.2.使用對(duì)數(shù)的性質(zhì)時(shí),有時(shí)需要將底數(shù)或真數(shù)進(jìn)行變形后才能運(yùn)用;對(duì)于有多重對(duì)數(shù)符號(hào)的,可以先把內(nèi)層視為整體,逐層使用對(duì)數(shù)的性質(zhì).跟蹤演練2利用指數(shù)式、對(duì)數(shù)式的互化求下列各式中的x值:(2)logx252;解由log
4、x252,得x225.x0,且x1,x5.(3)log5x22.解由log5x22,得x252,x5.52250,(5)2250,x5或x5.要點(diǎn)三對(duì)數(shù)恒等式a N的應(yīng)用logaN規(guī)律方法對(duì)于指數(shù)中含有對(duì)數(shù)值的式子進(jìn)行化簡(jiǎn),應(yīng)充分考慮對(duì)數(shù)恒等式的應(yīng)用.這就要求首先要牢記對(duì)數(shù)恒等式,對(duì)于對(duì)數(shù)恒等式a N要注意格式:(1)它們是同底的;(2)指數(shù)中含有對(duì)數(shù)形式;(3)其值為對(duì)數(shù)的真數(shù).logaN1.2x3化為對(duì)數(shù)式是()A.xlog32 B.xlog23C.2log3x D.2logx3解析2x3,xlog23.B2.若log3x3,則x等于()A.1 B.3 C.9 D.27解析log3x3,x
5、3327.D3.有下列說法:零和負(fù)數(shù)沒有對(duì)數(shù);任何一個(gè)指數(shù)式都可以化成對(duì)數(shù)式;以10為底的對(duì)數(shù)叫做常用對(duì)數(shù).其中正確命題的個(gè)數(shù)為()A.1 B.2 C.3 D.0解析對(duì)于,(2)38不能化為對(duì)數(shù)式,不正確,其余正確.C解析log2x2,x4,5.若lg(lg x)0,則x_.解析lg x1,x10.10課堂小結(jié)1.對(duì)數(shù)概念與指數(shù)概念有關(guān),指數(shù)式和對(duì)數(shù)式是互逆的,即abNlogaNb(a0,且a1,N0),據(jù)此可得兩個(gè)常用恒等式:(1)logaabb;(2)a N.2.在關(guān)系式axN中,已知a和x求N的運(yùn)算稱為求冪運(yùn)算,而如果已知a和N求x的運(yùn)算就是對(duì)數(shù)運(yùn)算,兩個(gè)式子實(shí)質(zhì)相同而形式不同,互為逆運(yùn)算.logNa3.指數(shù)式與對(duì)數(shù)式的互化