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1、Module5Unit2The environment（2）如何寫(xiě)好名詞性從句掌握了寫(xiě)好簡(jiǎn)單句的基礎(chǔ)學(xué)習(xí)，要寫(xiě)好名詞性從句就很容易了。什么樣的名詞性從句就應(yīng)該置于什么位置。但是使用名詞性從句主要應(yīng)注意其引導(dǎo)詞的用法與區(qū)別、何時(shí)用it作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)來(lái)代替真正的主語(yǔ)從句或賓語(yǔ)從句等。(1) He told a lie to everyone. It is wrong. (合并成一個(gè)復(fù)合句)That he told a lie to everyone is wrong.(2) That he told a lie to everyone is wrong. I think(合并成復(fù)合句)I t

2、hink that he told a lie to everyone is wrong. 若賓語(yǔ)從句后還有補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，要用 it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而把賓語(yǔ)從句放在句尾。根據(jù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)方式，如果主語(yǔ)從句或賓語(yǔ)從句太長(zhǎng)，可用it作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)，真正主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)置于后面，則得出該句最標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)句式：I think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone.(3)Something was going on in the art. They were interested in it.(合并成一個(gè)復(fù)合句)兩句合并成一個(gè)句子，首先語(yǔ)義上要符合邏輯，這樣可以確定主從

3、句；再根據(jù)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)及連詞的用法表述句子，得出該句為：They were interested in what was going on in the art. (賓語(yǔ)從句)或?yàn)椋篢hey were interested in something that was going on in the art. (that為定語(yǔ)從句，something that what) 翻譯下列句子1. 我猜想你對(duì)政治不感興趣。 _2. 我不知道李甜甜是否能按時(shí)到這里。 _3. 為了更好地掌握我們所學(xué)的，我們應(yīng)該被給予更多的機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)運(yùn)用它。 _4. 你要哪一個(gè)就挑選哪一個(gè)。 _5. 這位教授給我們提出了一些如何學(xué)好

4、英語(yǔ)的建議。 _6. 今天的中國(guó)不再是50年前的中國(guó)。 _7. 問(wèn)題是我們什么時(shí)候完成這項(xiàng)工程。_8. 這就是古泗州城所處的位置。_9. 這位畫(huà)家是什么地方人我們都不知道。_10. 我們什么時(shí)候開(kāi)運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)還是個(gè)問(wèn)題。_1. I imagine that youre not interested in politics. 2. I dont know whether Li Tiantian will be here on time. 3. We should be given more opportunities to use what weve learned in order to have

5、a better grasp of it. 4. You may choose whichever you want. 5. The professor gave us some advice on how we could learn English well. 6. China of today is no longer what it was fifty years ago. 7. The question is when well complete the works.8. This was where the Old Sizhou Town lay.9. Where the pain

6、ter is from is unknown to us all.10. It is still a question when well have our sports meet.ving形式形式ving形式由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾ing構(gòu)成。有一般時(shí)和完成時(shí)，及物動(dòng)詞的有主動(dòng)態(tài)和被動(dòng)態(tài)，不及物動(dòng)詞的只有主動(dòng)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般時(shí)doingbeing done完成時(shí)having donehaving been done1v.ing形式的句法功能：(1)用作主語(yǔ)或在形式主語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)中用作真正主語(yǔ)。Seeing is believing.眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。(2)用作表語(yǔ)。The situation is enc

7、ouraging.形勢(shì)令人鼓舞。(3)用作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)，可用于復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。You seem to take giving up pretty easily.你似乎很輕易就放棄了。(4)作定語(yǔ)如果是單詞，一般放在被修飾詞的前面；如果是短語(yǔ)，則放在被修飾詞的后面，作后置定語(yǔ)。John is an attacking boxer.約翰是一個(gè)攻擊型的拳擊手。(5)v.ing形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)， ving形式就變成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。She was heard singing all the time.人們聽(tīng)到她一直在唱。(6)作狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間，原因，條件，結(jié)果，讓步，方式。Crossing

8、the road, he was run over by a car.他在穿過(guò)馬路時(shí)，被一輛轎車(chē)從身上碾過(guò)。Being sick I went to see a doctor.我因病去看醫(yī)生。Thinking hard, you will find a good way.仔細(xì)想想，你就會(huì)找到一個(gè)好辦法。Knowing all this, they asked us to finish the task in ten days.他們盡管了解這一切，還是要我們?cè)?0天之內(nèi)完成任務(wù)。He sat in the armchair, reading the newspaper.他坐在扶手椅上讀報(bào)紙。2v

9、.ing形式的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)。(1)一般式所表示的動(dòng)作可與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。A big job should be done in popularizing education.普及教育應(yīng)該花大力氣。(2)完成式所表示的動(dòng)作皆發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前。We all got angry for having been cheated by the company.被那家公司欺騙， 我們都很氣憤。(3)一般式和完成式都可用于被動(dòng)式。Jack objects to being kept waiting.杰克反對(duì)讓他等著。I cant forgive myself for having

10、been attacked by surprise.遭到突然襲擊，我不能原諒自己。(4)在句中雖為主動(dòng)形式，卻含有被動(dòng)意義，這樣的詞有need, want, require, be worth。The bike needs repairing.自行車(chē)需要修理。高考湖南卷的單選題中v.ing形式必考，每年一題，總計(jì)1分。1只接v.ing形式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)：cant help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, t

11、ake pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to等。2既可以接不定式，又可以接v.ing形式的有：(1)意義基本相同。begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具體的動(dòng)作，接動(dòng)名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為)(2)意義相反。stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事；stop doing 停止正在做的事(3)意義不同

12、。remember/forget/regret to do(指動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生); remember/forget/regret doing(指動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生)go on to do(接著做另外一件事); go on doing(接著做同一件事)try to do(設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力)；try doing(試試去做，看有何結(jié)果)mean to do(打算做，企圖做)；mean doing (意思是，意味著)cant help to do(不能幫忙做)；cant help doing(忍不住要做)3不定式與v.ing形式用法比較(1)v.ing形式著重進(jìn)程；不定式著重結(jié)果。He has been t

13、rying to solve the problem.他一直在設(shè)法解決這一問(wèn)題。Your work needs correcting.你寫(xiě)的東西需要修改。(2)v.ing形式表示一般或抽象的多次性行為；而不定式則往往表示具體的或一次性的動(dòng)作。To play with fire will be dangerous.玩火會(huì)發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)。Walking for an hour at a street is more exhausting than you seem to think.在街上行走一小時(shí)似乎會(huì)比你想象的要累。(3)有的動(dòng)詞其后接v.ing形式表示已完成的動(dòng)作；不定式則表示未完成的動(dòng)作。I r

14、emember closing the window.我記得把窗戶(hù)關(guān)上了。Remember to close the window.記著要關(guān)窗戶(hù)。(4)v.ing形式的邏輯主語(yǔ)可能泛指“人們”；而不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)則常常是句子中的名詞或代詞。I hate working on Sundays.我討厭星期日上班。I hate to smoke.我討厭抽煙。4注意某些短語(yǔ)中的to不是不定式符號(hào)，而是介詞，后面應(yīng)該接v.ing形式(請(qǐng)參閱介詞講解部分)。1. Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _ to go to uni

15、versity. So do I. A. hope B. hopes C. hoping D. hoped B此題應(yīng)選B，句子的真正主語(yǔ)是 each of the students，空格處填的 hopes 是句子謂語(yǔ)，其中的 working hard at his or her lessons 是插入成分修飾主語(yǔ)。2. The husband advised _ to the south, but his wife advised him _ up the idea. A. moving; giving B. to move; to give C. moving; to give D. to

16、move; givingC此題容易誤選A，因?yàn)樵S多學(xué)生都記住了“advise 后接動(dòng)詞要用動(dòng)名詞而不用不定式”這一搭配規(guī)則。但此“規(guī)則”的表述是不準(zhǔn)確的，準(zhǔn)確的說(shuō)法應(yīng)該是：advise 后接動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用動(dòng)名詞，不用不定式；但若其后接的動(dòng)詞前有賓語(yǔ)，此動(dòng)詞用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，則此動(dòng)詞要用不定式。即說(shuō) advise doing sth.(建議做某事)或 advise sb. to do sth.(建議某人做某事)。類(lèi)似情況的還有 allow(允許)，permit(允許)，forbid(禁止)等動(dòng)詞，即：allow doing sth. 允許做某事； allow sb. to do sth. 允

17、許某人做某事； permit doing sth. 允許做某事，permit sb. to do sth. 允許某人做某事； forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事； forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事。順便說(shuō)一句，要特別注意以上各句型后一結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式，如：We dont allow smoking in the lab. 我們不準(zhǔn)在實(shí)驗(yàn)室吸煙。We dont allow people to smoke in the lab. 我們不準(zhǔn)人們?cè)趯?shí)驗(yàn)室吸煙。People are not allowed to smoke in the lab. 人們不準(zhǔn)在實(shí)驗(yàn)室吸煙。綜上所述，此題答案應(yīng)選C。