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1、Module3Unit 2 Language（2）動詞的時態(tài)動詞的時態(tài)(2)一、一般過去時通常表示過去一段時間的習(xí)慣性動作或狀態(tài)或過去某一具體時間發(fā)生的動作或所處的狀態(tài)。但過去時有時并不實際表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)。受主句過去時態(tài)影響，從句用過去時態(tài)；表示虛擬語氣時用過去時態(tài)。與一般過去時連用的時間狀語(舉例時)有 yesterday, (two days) ago, last (year)，the other day(前幾天)，once upon a time(很久以前)，just now(剛才)，in the old days(在過去的日子里)，before liberation(解放前)，W

2、hen I was 8 years old(當(dāng)我8歲時)，at (7 oclock)等。The train arrived ten minutes ago.火車10分鐘前就到了。Mother said father didnt like smoked food.母親說父親不喜歡熏制食品。If I were you, I would choose to work at home.假如我是你，我會選擇在國內(nèi)工作。二、過去進(jìn)行時的動詞主要表示在過去某一時刻或某一段時間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行或持續(xù)進(jìn)行的動作。過去進(jìn)行時動詞與always, continually, frequently 等詞連用時，表示明顯的感情

3、色彩。進(jìn)行時與when連用表達(dá)“正在做某事，突然”的意思。短暫性動作用于進(jìn)行時時，表達(dá)“慢慢地”的意思。常見時間狀語有this time yesterday/last month/last year等，表達(dá)“過去這個時候”的意思。This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson.昨天這個時候，我們正在上英語課。She was setting the table when it began to shake terribly. 她擺桌子時突然感到桌子劇烈地震動起來。In Qing Dynasty, China was always say

4、ing Yes to western powers. 清朝時，中國總是屈服于西方列強(qiáng)。三、過去完成時的基本含義表示在過去某一參照時間或動作之前動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生或到過去某一參照時間或動作為止動作或狀態(tài)已經(jīng)持續(xù)一段時間。用過去完成時，必須有一個過去的時間或動作來作參照，說明在此之前某動作已發(fā)生或某狀態(tài)已經(jīng)存在。體會 “過去的過去”或“從過去到過去”是理解過去完成時的關(guān)鍵。具體時間狀語有：by過去時間或before過去時間。She had visited China twice before she came last year.她去年來這里前兩次訪問過中國。By the middle of last

5、month, I had lived in Beijing for five years. 到上月中旬，我已在北京住了5年了。If I had attended the meeting last night, I would have seen Mr. Li, chairman of the meeting.要是昨晚我參加了會議(事實上沒去)，我就會見到會議主席李先生了。He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught redhanded. 他剛偷到錢包就被當(dāng)場抓獲。I had hoped that nothing would get w

6、orse. 我原本希望情況不會更糟(事實上更糟)。四、過去將來時表示相對過去某時間而言將要發(fā)生的事情，多用在賓語從句中。表達(dá)形式多樣：主語would/should動詞；主語was/were going to 動詞；主語was/were to動詞；主語was/were about動詞。They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon.他們問我是否很快要去廣州。I told her I was going to see her that afternoon.我告訴她我那天下午要去看她。She and I were to meet at an agreed

7、place.她和我將在一個約定的地方見面。Mrs. Brown was about to begin, but Jennie spoke first.布朗夫人剛要開始，但是珍妮先說話了。五、過去完成進(jìn)行時表示一直持續(xù)到過去某個時間的行為動作，此行為動作或剛結(jié)束、或還沒結(jié)束。這一時態(tài)經(jīng)常與一般過去時一起使用，該過去時動作起參照作用。When we arrived, the roads were dangerous, for it had been raining for a week. 我們趕到時，道路很危險。當(dāng)時雨一直下了一個星期。They were tired because they ha

8、d been working since dawn. 當(dāng)時他們累了，因為從天亮開始他們就一直在工作。六、過去將來完成時表示到相對過去某一特定時間而言的未來時間為止?fàn)顟B(tài)或動作已經(jīng)持續(xù)一段時間或動作已經(jīng)完成。該時態(tài)多用于賓語從句，常用時間狀語為by點時間。The traveler said he would have been away from home for 30 years by the next year.旅行者當(dāng)時說到下一年為止他離開家里30 年了。七、過去將來進(jìn)行時指相對過去時間而言的未來時間正在發(fā)生的動作。 My son was born in 1998 and I would b

9、e working in another city far away from home the next year and I had to employ a babysitter to take care of my son and my wife as well.我兒子1998年出生，而我第二年將在離家很遠(yuǎn)的一個城市工作，于是我雇了個保姆照顧兒子和妻子。八、過去將來完成進(jìn)行時表示到過去的將來時間為止，動作一直持續(xù)一段時間，可能繼續(xù)下去或宣告終止。注意其中動詞必須為延續(xù)性動作。該時態(tài)更多用于間接引語。常用時間狀語為by點時間。The model worker said he would h

10、ave been working in the factory for 40 years by the time he retired.那個模范工人說到他退休時他在這個工廠工作滿40年了。高考湖南卷的單選題中對過去時的考查是重中之重。1一般過去時(1)有具體的過去的時間只能用一般過去時。這個考點只要是考到一般過去時，基本上會考到。只不過是出題人往往會通過對話的方式來隱含這個過去的時間。(2)used to do表示過去經(jīng)常但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再維持的習(xí)慣動作。to為不定式，后接動詞原形。be/become/get used to doing sth.表示“習(xí)慣于做某事”。(3)在時間和條件狀語從句中，

11、代替將來時。He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise.如果他提了工資，就答應(yīng)給我買一臺電腦。2過去進(jìn)行時(1)在復(fù)合句中，如果主要動作和背景動作都是延續(xù)的或同時發(fā)生的，那么主從句的動詞都可用過去進(jìn)行時。While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper.他邊等車邊看報。 (兩個動作都是延續(xù)的)He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. 他擦車時我在做飯。(兩個動作同時進(jìn)行)(2)通常不能用于過去進(jìn)行時的動詞主要有：agr

12、ee, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have(擁有), hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish等。誤：I was knowing the answer.正：I knew the answer.我知道答案。誤：I wasnt understanding him.正：I didnt understand him.我不明白他的意思。(3)過去進(jìn)行時與一般過去時的區(qū)別 進(jìn)行時表某一行為的“片斷”，

13、一般時表示行為的“整體”和存在的狀態(tài)。 I was reading the book at that time. (未讀完，“讀”的片段) I read the book yesterday. (已讀完，表整個“讀”) 一般持續(xù)時間狀語多與進(jìn)行時連用 It was raining all night.(優(yōu)先用was raining ，rained 為持續(xù)動詞，故也可使用) He was writing a letter the whole of afternoon. (短暫動詞與持續(xù)時間連用，表反復(fù)，連續(xù)發(fā)生，不可用一般過去時) while 時間狀語從句中用短暫動詞時只能用進(jìn)行時。 He br

14、oke a chair while he was jumping up and down. while 所在主從句動作大致持續(xù)相等時主從句一般都用進(jìn)行時，但若是持續(xù)動詞可都用一般過去時，兩個動作一長一短時短的用一般時，長的用進(jìn)行時。 I was cooking the dinner while he was playing the piano.(平行) 3過去完成時(1)能用這種時態(tài)的動作肯定發(fā)生在“過去的過去”，句中有明顯的參照動作或時間狀語，這種時態(tài)從來不孤立使用。They finished earlier than we had expected.他們完成得比我們想象的要早。(2)用在h

15、ardly/scarcelywhen； no soonerthan的句型中，主句用過去完成時，從句用一般過去時。I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.他來看我時我剛剛完成工作。(3)表示“第幾次做某事”和“自從多長時間”，主句用一般過去時，從句用過去完成時。That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.那是她第二次看到她的外祖父。(4)動詞hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan用于過去完

16、成時，表示“過去未曾實現(xiàn)的愿望，打算和意圖”。I had intended to see you but I was too busy.我本想去看你，但我太忙了。4過去將來時(1)一般用于主句為過去時的賓語從句中。 He said he would stay with us. 他說他要與我們待在一起。(2)“was/were going to 動詞原形”或“was/were 動詞不定式的完成式”可表示未能實現(xiàn)的過去將來時間的動作。 Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained. 上星期天我們本想去游覽長城的，但

17、卻下雨了。(沒有去成)(3)“be about to do” 和 “be on the point of doing”結(jié)構(gòu)一般不與表示將來的時間狀語連用，但后面可以接when引導(dǎo)的分句。 I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain. 我正要動身天突然下雨了。(4)come，go，leave，arrive，start等動詞可用過去進(jìn)行時代替過去將來時。He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.他說火車將于第二天早晨6點離開。1. Jeff, you look so exc

18、ited today. Sure I am, I _ a good job in a big company, you know. A. offered B. will offer C. have been offered D. was offered C句意：杰夫，你今天顯得好興奮。那確實，我在一家大公司謀得了一份好工作。此題中“得到工作在過去，高興到現(xiàn)在”。2. Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makesC割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情，應(yīng)用過去時。同時，when表時間的同時

19、性，“瑪麗在做衣服時”提供事情發(fā)生的背景，因此用過去進(jìn)行時。3. As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read; fellB句中的as when, while，意為“當(dāng)之時”。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時，用過去進(jìn)行時；一個長動作發(fā)生的時候，另一個短動作發(fā)生。句意 “在她看報紙時，奶奶睡著了?！本渲械?fell (fall的過去時)，是系動詞，后跟形容詞，如：fall sick。4. He will come

20、tomorrow. But Id rather he _ the day after tomorrow. A. will come B. is coming C. came D. had comeC此題容易誤選A或B，因為上文的 He will come tomorrow 以及下文的時間狀語 the day after tomorrow 似乎都表明空白處應(yīng)填一個一般將來時態(tài)。但實際上此題的最佳答案是 C，這與 would rather 的用法有關(guān)。按照英語習(xí)慣，would rather 后接that 從句時，其謂語的時態(tài)規(guī)律是：用過去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?，用過去完成時表示過去。5. Mr. Smi

21、th _ a book about China last year but I dont know whether he has finished it. A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing D此題應(yīng)選D，這是由 but I dont know whether he has finished it 這一句話的語境決定的，全句意“史密斯先生去年在寫一本書，但我不知道他現(xiàn)在是否寫完了”。有的同學(xué)可能由于受 last year的影響而誤選B。但若選B，則句子前半部分的意思則為“史密斯先生去年寫了一本書”，既然是“寫了”，那么這與下文的“但我不知道他現(xiàn)在是否寫完了”相矛盾。