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1、 專題十三 閱讀理解 A組　2016～2014年各省市高考題（改編） 考點(diǎn)一　主旨大意與寫作意圖題 Passage 1　(2016·全國(guó)Ⅰ) 話題：沉默的解讀 詞數(shù)：329 The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say.A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, or worry.Silence

2、 may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap (間隙) with conversation.Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs. Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a

3、 basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do.Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what maybe implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.In these c

4、ultures, silence is a call for reflection. Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power.For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between pa

5、rties about the topic under discussion.However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her.In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder

6、or a person in authority. Nurses and other care－givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing.Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is no

7、t interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily.A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures. 1．What does the author say about silence in conversations? A．It implies anger.

8、B．It promotes friendship. C．It is culture－specific. D．It is content－based. 2．Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought? A．The Chinese. B．The French. C．The Mexicans. D．The Russians. 3．What does the author advise nurses to do about silence? A．Let it

9、 continue as the patient pleases. B．Break it while treating patients. C．Evaluate its harm to patients. D．Make use of its healing effects. ★4.What may be the best title for the text? A．Sound and Silence B．What It Means to Be Silent C．Silence to Native Americans D．Speech Is Silver; Silence Is

10、Gold Passage 2　(2016·全國(guó)Ⅱ) 話題：圖書分享活動(dòng) 詞數(shù)：250 Reading can be a social activity.Think of the people who belong to book groups.They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them.Now, the website BookC turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group. Members go on the site and register th

11、e books they own and would like to share.BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book.Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it． Bruce Peterson, the managing director

12、of BookCrossing, says, “The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read.BookCrossing combines both.” Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops.Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it. People

13、 who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it.E－mails are then sent to the BookCrossing to keep them updated about where their books have been found.Bruce Peterson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.

14、 BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual(虛擬)．The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty－five countries. ★1.Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph? A．To explain what they are. B．

15、To introduce BookCrossing. C．To stress the importance of reading. D．To encourage readers to share their ideas. 2．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．The book. B．An adventure. C．A public place. D．The identification number. 3．What will a BookCrosser do with a book aft

16、er reading it? A．Meet other readers to discuss it. B．Keep it safe in his bookcase. C．Pass it on to another reader. D．Mail it back to its owner. ★4.What is the best title for the text? A．Online Reading: A Virtual Tour B．Electronic Books: A new Trend C．A Book Group Brings Tradition Back D．A W

17、ebsite Links People through Books Passage 3　(2016·全國(guó)Ⅲ) 話題：蘋果節(jié) 詞數(shù)：277 If you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see what’s around.It’s called Apple Day but in practice it’s more like Apple Month.The day itself is on October 21, but since it has caught on

18、, events now spread out over most of October around Britain. Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples.To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to se

19、e the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.Although it doesn’t taste of anything special, it’s still worth a try, as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cat’s Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else. There are also varieties developed to suit speci

20、fic local conditions.One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it’s a__pipe__dream for most apple lovers who fall for it. At the events, you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best

21、 suit your conditions, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered for with apple－themed fun and games. Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit，including stately gardens and commercial orchards(果園)．If you want to have a real orchard experience,

22、 try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale，near Faversham in Kent. 1．What can people do at the apple events? A．Attend experts’ lectures. B．Visit fruit－loving families. C．Plant fruit trees in an orchard. D．Taste many kinds of apples. 2．What can we learn about Decio? A．It is a new

23、variety. B．It has a strange look. C．It is rarely seen now. D．It has a special taste. 3．What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．A practical idea. B．A vain hope. C．A brilliant plan. D．A selfish desire. ★4.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A

24、．To show how to grow apples. B．To introduce an apple festival. C．To help people select apples. D．To promote apple research. Passage 4　(2016·全國(guó)Ⅲ) 話題：好消息傳播快 詞數(shù)：338 Bad news sells.If it bleeds, it leads.No news is good news, and good news is no news.Those are the classic rules for the evening br

25、oadcasts and the morning papers.But now that information is being spread and monitored(監(jiān)控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules.By tracking people’s e－mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories. “The

26、‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media，” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania.“They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling.But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react.You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer

27、.” Researchers analyzing word－of－mouth communication—e－mails，Web posts and reviews, face－to－face conversations—found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消極的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news.Was positive news shared more often simply because people exper

28、ienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr.Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’ website.He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most e－mailed” list for six months.One of his first finds was that

29、 articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non－science articles.He found that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others. Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative f

30、eelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.They needed to be aroused(激發(fā)) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad.The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr.Berger explains in his new book, “Contagious: Why Things Catch On

31、.” 1．What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to? A．News reports. B．Research papers. C．Private e－mails. D．Daily conversations. 2．What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer? A．They’re socially inactive. B．They’re good at telling stories. C．They’re inconsiderate of othe

32、rs. D．They’re careful with their words. 3．Which tended to be the most e－mailed according to Dr.Berger’s research? A．Sports news. B．Science articles. C．Personal accounts. D．Financial reviews. ★4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Sad Stories Travel Far Wide. B．Online News Attrac

33、ts More People. C．Reading Habits Change with the Times. D．Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks. Passage 5　(2015·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ) 話題：房間與身材 詞數(shù)：316 Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.Y

34、ou can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan. Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating，for people are often less self-conscious(難為情)when they're in poorly l

35、it places－and so more likely to eat lots of food.If your home doesn't have enough window light，get more lamps and flood the place with brightness. Mind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.In one study，people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in

36、 a yellow or red room.Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing，while cold colors make us feel less hungry.So when it's time to repaint，go blue. Don't forget the clock－or the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through

37、 their meals.Begin keeping track of the time，and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.And while you're at it，actually sit down to eat.If you need some help slowing down，turn on relaxing music.It makes you less likely to rush through a meal. Downsize the dishes.Big serving bowls and plates ca

38、n easily make us fat.We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate.When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one，total intake(攝入) jumps by 14 percent.And we'll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short，wide glass than a tall，skinny glass. 1．The text is es

39、pecially helpful for those who care about________. A．their home comforts B．their body shape C．house buying D．healthy diets 2．A home environment in blue can help people________. A．digest food better B．reduce food intake C．burn more calories D．regain their appetites 3．What are people advised

40、 to do at mealtimes? A．Eat quickly. B．Play fast music. C．Use smaller spoons. D．Turn down the lights. ★4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Is Your House Making You Fat? B．Ways of Serving Dinner C．Effects of Self-Consciousness D．Is Your Home Environment Relaxing? Passage 6　(2015·安

41、徽) 話題：家庭團(tuán)結(jié) 詞數(shù)：304 When her five daughters were young, Helene An always told them that there was strength in unity (團(tuán)結(jié)). To show this, she held up one chopstick, representing one person. Then she easily broke it into two pieces. Next, she tied several chopsticks together, representing a family. Sh

42、e showed the girls it was hard to break the tied chopsticks. This lesson about family unity stayed with the daughters as they grew up. Helene An and her family own a large restaurant business in California. However, when Helene and her husband Danny left their home in Vietnam in 1975, they didn't h

43、ave much money. They moved their family to San Francisco. There they joined Danny's mother, Diana, who owned a small Italian sandwich shop. Soon afterwards, Helene and Diana changed the sandwich shop into a small Vietnamese restaurant. The five daughters helped in the restaurant when they were young

44、. However, Helene did not want her daughters to always work in the family business because she thought it was too hard. Eventually the girls all graduated from college and went away to work for themselves, but one by one, the daughters returned to work in the family business. They opened new restau

45、rants in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Even though family members sometimes disagreed with each other, they worked together to make the business successful. Daughter Elisabeth explains, “Our mother taught us that to succeed we must have unity, and to have unity we must have peace. Without the stren

46、gth of the family, there is no business.” Their expanding business became a large corporation in 1996, with three generations of Ans working together. Now the Ans' corporation makes more than $20 million each year. Although they began with a small restaurant, they had big dreams, and they worked to

47、gether. Now they are a big success. 1．Helene tied several chopsticks together to show________. A．the strength of family unity B．the difficulty of growing up C．the advantage of chopsticks D．the best way of giving a lesson 2．We can learn from Paragraph 2 that the An family_______________

48、_. A．started a business in 1975 B．left Vietnam without much money C．bought a restaurant in San Francisco D．opened a sandwich shop in Los Angeles 3．What can we infer about the An daughters? A．They did not finish their college education. B．They could not bear to work in the family business. C．

49、They were influenced by what Helene taught them. D．They were troubled by disagreement among family members. ★4.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? A．How to Run a Corporation B．Strength Comes from Peace C．How to Achieve a Big Dream D．Family Unity Builds Success Passag

50、e 7　(2015·安徽) 話題：互聯(lián)網(wǎng)與記憶 詞數(shù)：288 As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information, are people remembering less? If you know your computer will save information, why store it in your own personal memory, your brain? Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what w

51、e remember and how. In a recent study, Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted some experiments. She and her research team wanted to know how the Internet is changing memory. In the first experiment, they gave people 40 unimportant facts to type into a computer. The first group of people understood that

52、the computer would save the information. The second group understood that the computer would not save it. Later, the second group remembered the information better. People in the first group knew they could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it. In another experiment, the r

53、esearchers gave people facts to remember, and told them where to find the information on the computer. The information was in a specific computer folder (文件夾). Surprisingly, people later remembered the folder location (位置) better than the facts. When people use the Internet, they do not remember the

54、 information. Rather, they remember how to find it. This is called “transactive memory (交互記憶)” According to Sparrow, we are not becoming people with poor memories as a result of the Internet. Instead, computer users are developing stronger transactive memories; that is, people are learning how to o

55、rganize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date. This doesn't mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing. ★1.The passage begins with two questions to________. A．introduce the main topi

56、c B．show the author's altitude C．describe how to use the Internet. D．explain how to store information 2．What can we learn about the first experiment? A．The Sparrow's team typed the information into a computer. B．The two groups remembered the information equally well. C．The first group

57、did not try to remember the information. D．The second group did not understand the information. 3．In transactive memory, people________. A．keep the information in mind B．change the quantity of information C．organize information like a computer D．remember how to find the information 4．What

58、 is the effect of the Internet according to Sparrow's research? A．We are using memory differently. B．We are becoming more intelligent. C．We have poorer memories than before. D．We need a better way to access information. Passage 8　(2015·四川) 話題：金字塔 詞數(shù)：436 No one is sure how the ancient Egyp

59、tians built the pyramids near Cairo.But a new study suggests they used a little rock‘n’roll.Long-ago builders could have attached wooden poles to the stones and rolled then across the sand, the scientists say. “Technically, I think what they're proposing is possible，” physicist Daniel Bonn said. P

60、eople have long puzzled over how the Egyptians moved such huge rocks.And there's no obvious answer.On average, each of the two million big stones weighed about as much as a large pickup truck.The Egyptians somehow moved the stone blocks to the pyramid site from about one kilometer away. The most po

61、pular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths.Many scientists suspect workers first would have put the blocks on sleds(滑板)．Then they would have dragged them along paths.To make the work easier, workers may have lubricated_the_paths either with wet clay or with the fat from c

62、attle.Bonn has now tested this idea by building small sleds and dragging heavy objects over sand. Evidence from the sand supports this idea.Researchers found small amounts of fat, as well as a large amount of stone and the remains of paths. However, physicist Joseph West thinks there might have be

63、en a simpler way, who led the new study .West said, “I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction.I thought, ‘Why don't they just try rolling the things？’ ” A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden pol

64、es to its sides, he realized.That, he notes, should make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”． So he tried it. He and his students tied some poles to each of four sides of a 30-kilogram stone block.That action turned the block into somewhat a wheel.Then they placed the block on th

65、e ground. They wrapped one end of a rope around the block and pulled.The researchers found they could easily roll the block along different kinds of paths.They calculated that rolling the block required about as much force as moving it along a slippery(滑的)path. West hasn't tested his idea on large

66、r blocks，but he thinks rolling has clear advantages over sliding.At least，workers wouldn't have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths. 1．It's widely believed that the stone blocks were moved to the pyramid site by ________. A．rolling them on roads B．pushing them over the sand C．sliding them on smooth paths D．dragging them on some poles 2．The underlined part “l(fā)ubricated the paths” in Paragraph 4 means________. A．made the paths wet B．made the paths hard C．made