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1、Warming upWarming upthe Arctic Oceanthe Indian Oceanthe Pacific Oceanthe Atlantic Ocean What is the difference between a navigator and an explorer?Navigator seanautical instrumentsfind new islands or continentsNavigator is somebody who finds the position and plots the course of a ship using maps and

2、 instruments.Explorerlanduse of compass and landmarksfind new places within an already identified island or continentExplorer is somebody who travels into or through a place in order to learn about it.Very often navigators are also explorers. In the year between 1405 and 1433, seven large treasure f

3、leets sailed westwards on voyages of trade and exploration. Under the command of Zheng He, the fleets set sail from the South China Sea across the Indian Ocean to the Red Sea, and then traveled further south, discovering the eastern coast of Africa. He renewed relations with the Kingdoms of the East

4、 African coast. One African king sent the Ming emperor a royal present: two giraffes. About 700 years ago a young trader from Italy took a long trip to Cathay. Cathay is known as China today. He went with his father and uncle, who had traveled there once before. They stayed in China for about two de

5、cades. The young mans name was Marco Polo. He was liked by the leader in China at the time. He knew four languages and traveled around the kingdom for the leader. When Marco Polo returned to Italy, he dictated his story to a writer. He told of the Chinese postal system, paper money, and the use of c

6、oal as fuel. James Cook James Cook (1728-1779) was the greatest Britain navigator. Cook enlisted in the Royal Navy in 1755. In 1768 he was promoted and sent to the Pacific where he surveyed Tahiti, New Zealand, and Australia. On his famous second expedition (1772-1775) he explored Antarctica. In 177

7、6 he undertook his third and final voyage in which he explored the West Coast of North America and tried to locate a passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. On this voyage he discovered the Hawaiian Islands, and sailed up the coast of North America through the Bering Straits to the Arctic O

8、cean. On his return he was killed by Hawaiian islanders.Explanation1.navigator n. 導(dǎo)航者導(dǎo)航者,領(lǐng)航員領(lǐng)航員 navigate vi. 航行航行, 航海航海, 航空航空 vt. 航行于航行于, 駕駛駕駛, 操縱操縱, 使通過使通過 They navigated with difficulty through the crowd. 他們在人群中堅難行進。他們在人群中堅難行進。 navigation n. 航海，航行航海，航行 navigational adj. 航海的，航行的航海的，航行的Listen to the

9、 tapecompassastrolabeThe astrolabe measures the height and position of the sun. If you can measure this accurately, a sailor can tell how many degrees the boat is from the North Pole. From this he can tell where the boat is in the ocean.sextantThe sextant is a navigational instrument for measuring t

10、he angle between the horizon and some object in the sky. quadrantnautical chartNautical charts are maps of the depth of the sea and the currents of the oceans. They provide modern sailors with routes through the seas, rather like roads through the countryside. The information began to be collected i

11、n the nineteenth century and has continued to be updated ever since. ComprehensionCOMPREHENDING1. Read the passage and answer the following questions.1)What is the use of a bearing circle, astrolabe, quadrant or sextant? ( ) What is the use of a compass? ( )A. To set the course of the ship B. To mea

12、sure the position of the ship C. To measure the speed of the ship D. To tell the timeAB4. Read the passage again and use the information to analyse the navigational skills.Using nature_ fresh seaweed, nesting birds returning home in the evening or fog sea currents or tides and windsSextant: an updat

13、ed version of the quadrant and so it was more accurate, to measure the angle between two fixed points outside the ship (using two mirrors to find the ships position). 1. How do you think seamen found their way before modern accurate methods of navigation were invented? 在現(xiàn)代精確的導(dǎo)航法尚未發(fā)明之前在現(xiàn)代精確的導(dǎo)航法尚未發(fā)明之前

14、, 你認(rèn)為航海員是怎樣探路的你認(rèn)為航海員是怎樣探路的?Explanation on P11這是一個這是一個“特殊疑問詞特殊疑問詞+do you think” 的雙重疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)。除的雙重疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)。除think以外以外believe，guess, suppose等詞也可以用于此結(jié)構(gòu)。等詞也可以用于此結(jié)構(gòu)。What do you suppose has happened to him?在在I thinkbelieveguesssuppose/ imagine等詞的句式中，如果從句有否定，等詞的句式中，如果從句有否定，否定詞應(yīng)該前移，即否定轉(zhuǎn)移。否定詞應(yīng)該前移，即否定轉(zhuǎn)移。I dont think

15、he will comeI think he will not come正正誤誤1. I believe he is an honest man,_2. We dont think Tom has broken the regulations,_3. Mary guessed his father must have bought her a beautiful shirt,_ Isnt he?has he?didnt she invent vt發(fā)明，創(chuàng)作；虛構(gòu)，杜撰發(fā)明，創(chuàng)作；虛構(gòu)，杜撰Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.

16、1876年阿歷山大年阿歷山大格雷厄姆格雷厄姆貝爾發(fā)明了電話。貝爾發(fā)明了電話。The whole story was invented.整個故事是虛構(gòu)的。整個故事是虛構(gòu)的。 inventor n發(fā)明者，發(fā)明家，創(chuàng)造者發(fā)明者，發(fā)明家，創(chuàng)造者 invention n發(fā)明，創(chuàng)造；發(fā)明物發(fā)明，創(chuàng)造；發(fā)明物discover：invent：Gilbert _electricity, but Edison _the electric light bulb.Who _America?Who _the computer?客觀存在，被人發(fā)現(xiàn)客觀存在，被人發(fā)現(xiàn)客觀沒有，被人發(fā)明客觀沒有，被人發(fā)明discoveredi

17、nventeddiscoveredinvented吉爾伯特發(fā)現(xiàn)了電，愛迪生發(fā)明了電燈。吉爾伯特發(fā)現(xiàn)了電，愛迪生發(fā)明了電燈。誰發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲？誰發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲？誰發(fā)明了電腦？誰發(fā)明了電腦？2. work out to calculate an answer, amount, price, or value 計算計算 to think about sth. and manage to understand it 設(shè)法弄懂設(shè)法弄懂 to think carefully about how you are going to do sth. and plan a good way of doing it 精心制

18、定出，安排精心制定出，安排eg. See if you can work out this bill . The plot is so complicated that itll take you a while to work it out.計算計算弄明白弄明白 I cant work out Geoff ; one day hes friendly ,the next day he ignores me completely. I havent worked out whos gong to look after the kids tonight.明白明白計劃計劃3. latitude O

19、ur position is latitude 40 degrees north.我們的位置是北緯我們的位置是北緯40度。度。4. longitudeOur position is longitude 116 degrees east.我們的位置是東經(jīng)我們的位置是東經(jīng)116度。度。5. identify vt.把把等同于等同于;認(rèn)出認(rèn)出,鑒定鑒定, 認(rèn)為同一認(rèn)為同一I identified the jacket at once；it was my brothersHe identifies beauty with goodnessidentify oneself with 與與有聯(lián)系有聯(lián)系,支

20、持支持He preferred not to identify himself with that group.identification n. 辨認(rèn)辨認(rèn), 鑒定鑒定, 證明證明, 視為同一視為同一identity n.同一性同一性, 身份身份, 一致一致, 特性特性, 恒等式恒等式identity card 身份證身份證1. We may well wonder how seamen explored the oceans before latitude and longitude made it possible to plot a ships position on a map. 在經(jīng)

21、緯度未能繪出航船在地圖上的在經(jīng)緯度未能繪出航船在地圖上的位置之前，我們很想知道航海員是怎樣位置之前，我們很想知道航海員是怎樣在海上探險的。在海上探險的。 ReadingPage 1 may/might well 很可能，極有可能很可能，極有可能 These are excellent photographs and we may well use them in our magazine. 這些是很不錯的照片，我們很有可能這些是很不錯的照片，我們很有可能把它們用在我們的雜志上。把它們用在我們的雜志上。 You might well find that youll need more by th

22、e weekend. 到周末你很可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)你需要更多東到周末你很可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)你需要更多東西。西。 主語主語+thinkfeelmakeconsider+it +n.adj.+ forof sb. to do其中其中it為形式賓語，為形式賓語，forof引出動詞不定式引出動詞不定式的邏輯主語。的邏輯主語。我認(rèn)為學(xué)好英語對他很重要。我認(rèn)為學(xué)好英語對他很重要。我已經(jīng)表明我反對這個計劃。我已經(jīng)表明我反對這個計劃。I think it important for him to learn English wellI have made it clear that I object to the plan.

23、2. The voyages of travelers before the 17th century show that they were not at the mercy of the sea even though they did not have modern navigational aids.17世紀(jì)前的海上航行表明，即使沒有現(xiàn)世紀(jì)前的海上航行表明，即使沒有現(xiàn)代航海術(shù)的幫助，旅行者也沒有受大海代航海術(shù)的幫助，旅行者也沒有受大海的支配。的支配。voyage n./ vi. 航海航海, 航行航行The voyage from England to India used to tak

24、e six months.過去從英國航行到印度要六個月。過去從英國航行到印度要六個月。 go on/make/take a sea voyage去航海旅行去航海旅行voyager n.航行者航行者, 航海者航海者trip 指休閑或因商的短途旅行指休閑或因商的短途旅行journey 指從一地出發(fā)直達(dá)目的地的長指從一地出發(fā)直達(dá)目的地的長途陸路旅行或旅程，不含回到原出發(fā)點途陸路旅行或旅程，不含回到原出發(fā)點之意。之意。travel 常指到國外或某個遙遠(yuǎn)的地方去，常指到國外或某個遙遠(yuǎn)的地方去，不強調(diào)具體目的地。指具體的旅行時常不強調(diào)具體目的地。指具體的旅行時常用復(fù)數(shù)，用單數(shù)一般表示旅行的抽象概用復(fù)數(shù)，用

25、單數(shù)一般表示旅行的抽象概念。念。voyage 強調(diào)較遠(yuǎn)距離的水上或空中旅行強調(diào)較遠(yuǎn)距離的水上或空中旅行或游歷?；蛴螝v。tour 指周游或巡回旅行，常常是訪問一指周游或巡回旅行，常常是訪問一系列地方后再回到原出發(fā)點。系列地方后再回到原出發(fā)點。e.g.We will have a comfortable voyage to the Far East through air.我們乘飛機去遠(yuǎn)東旅游將會非常舒適。我們乘飛機去遠(yuǎn)東旅游將會非常舒適。The journey to the seaside will take not more than two days.到海邊去旅行最多需要花費兩天時間。到海邊

26、去旅行最多需要花費兩天時間。I at once began making preparations for a trip home.我馬上開始為回家做準(zhǔn)備。我馬上開始為回家做準(zhǔn)備。Our American friends are making a tour of Shanghai.我們的美國朋友正在對上海進行巡回旅我們的美國朋友正在對上海進行巡回旅行。行。He came back home after years of foreign travel.在多年的國外旅行后他回到了家。在多年的國外旅行后他回到了家。 They have got everything ready to make a _

27、 across the Atlantic. A. trip B. travel C. voyage D. tour at the mercy ofwithout any protection against; helpless before 任由任由擺布；在擺布；在面前無助面前無助 They were lost at sea, at the mercy of wind and weather. 他們在海上迷失了方向他們在海上迷失了方向,任憑風(fēng)和天氣任憑風(fēng)和天氣的擺布。的擺布。 I dont like to be at the mercy of such a man. 我不愿受這樣一個人的擺布。

28、我不愿受這樣一個人的擺布。have mercy on/ show mercy to 對對表示憐憫表示憐憫The terrorists showed no mercy to the hostages.恐怖分子對人質(zhì)殘酷無情?？植婪肿訉θ速|(zhì)殘酷無情。without mercy 毫不留情地毫不留情地The mother left the dying baby in the hospital without mercy.那位母親狠心地把垂死的嬰兒丟棄在醫(yī)院。那位母親狠心地把垂死的嬰兒丟棄在醫(yī)院。Its a mercy (that) (口口)幸運的是幸運的是,幸虧幸虧(用于表示更遭的情況得以避免總算是幸

29、用于表示更遭的情況得以避免總算是幸運運)Its a mercy the accident happened so near the hospital.幸虧事故發(fā)生在離醫(yī)院很近的地方。幸虧事故發(fā)生在離醫(yī)院很近的地方。Its a mercy she wasnt seriously hurt.幸運的是她傷勢不重。幸運的是她傷勢不重。 even though = even if 雖然雖然,即使即使 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句A.引導(dǎo)把握不大或假設(shè)的事情引導(dǎo)把握不大或假設(shè)的事情 Even if we achieve great success in our work, we should not

30、be proud. 即使我們在工作上取得了巨大的勝利，即使我們在工作上取得了巨大的勝利，也不能驕傲。也不能驕傲。即便他能通過考試，以后找工作也成即便他能通過考試，以后找工作也成問題。問題。. 即使他們失敗十次也不灰心喪氣。即使他們失敗十次也不灰心喪氣。 He will have problems in finding a job even if he can pass the exam. They wouldnt lose heart even if they failed ten times.B.引出事實引出事實Even though he was late, he was not crit

31、icized by the teacher.他雖然遲到了，也沒有挨老師的批評。他雖然遲到了，也沒有挨老師的批評。I can still remember, even though it was so long ago.雖然這是很久以前的事，我還記得。雖然這是很久以前的事，我還記得。* There was never any time for Kate to feel lonely, she was an only childA. ever since B. now that C. even though D. even as* Allow children the space to voice

32、 their opinions, _ they are different from your own. (05湖南湖南) A. until B. even if C. unless D. as though3. alongside prep. = by the side of; side by side with在在旁邊；與旁邊；與并排并排adv. = along, near, at, or to the side在在旁邊，近旁，沿著邊旁邊，近旁，沿著邊He parked his car alongside the fence.他把車沿著圍墻停放。他把車沿著圍墻停放。A car drew u

33、p alongside.一輛汽車開上來并排而行。一輛汽車開上來并排而行。4. minimum (min) adj. 最小的最小的, 最低的最低的 n. 最小值最小值, 最小化。最小化。其反義詞為其反義詞為maximum (max) adj. 最高的最高的, 最多的最多的, 最大極限的最大極限的n. 最大量最大量, 最大限度最大限度, 極大極大 The minimum requirements for the job are a degree and two years experience. 該工作的最低要求是要有學(xué)位和兩年該工作的最低要求是要有學(xué)位和兩年的工作經(jīng)驗。的工作經(jīng)驗。 You mu

34、st get a minimum of 40 questions right to pass the examination. 你最少必須答對你最少必須答對40道題才能通過考試。道題才能通過考試。 keep/reduce sth. to a minimum 將某物保持在將某物保持在/降低到最低限度降低到最低限度 The school manages to keep bullying to a minimum. 學(xué)校設(shè)法最低限度得減少恃強凌弱的行學(xué)校設(shè)法最低限度得減少恃強凌弱的行為。為。 The maximum number of students in each class is 58. 每個

35、班學(xué)生人數(shù)的最高限額是每個班學(xué)生人數(shù)的最高限額是58名。名。 We must make maximum use of the resources available. 我們必須最大限度地利用可得到的資源。我們必須最大限度地利用可得到的資源。 Temperature will reach a maximum of 40 here. 這兒的最高氣溫將達(dá)這兒的最高氣溫將達(dá)40攝氏度。攝氏度。5. indicate vt. 指出指出, 顯示顯示, 象征象征, 預(yù)示預(yù)示, 需要需要, 簡要地說明簡要地說明I asked him where my sister was and he indicated t

36、he shop opposite.我問他姐姐在哪兒我問他姐姐在哪兒, 他朝對面的商店指了他朝對面的商店指了一下。一下。I indicated that his help was not welcome.我表明他的幫助不受歡迎。我表明他的幫助不受歡迎。6. close adj. near in space or time 空間上或時間上靠近的空間上或時間上靠近的 likely 可能的可能的careful 小心的小心的close to death 離死亡不遠(yuǎn)離死亡不遠(yuǎn)take a close look at sth.嚴(yán)密注意某物嚴(yán)密注意某物keep a close watch/eye on仔細(xì)地看

37、仔細(xì)地看They chose a spot close to the river for their picnic.他們選擇了一個離河不遠(yuǎn)的地方進行野他們選擇了一個離河不遠(yuǎn)的地方進行野餐。餐。Your birthday is close to mine.你的生日離我的生日相隔不長。你的生日離我的生日相隔不長。The two countries are close to signing a peace agreement.兩國即將簽署和平協(xié)議。兩國即將簽署和平協(xié)議。7. used to do表過去習(xí)慣化的動作或狀態(tài)表過去習(xí)慣化的動作或狀態(tài)be/become/get used to doing/n

38、.習(xí)慣于習(xí)慣于(to為介詞為介詞)be used to do 為被動語態(tài)，表示為被動語態(tài)，表示“被用來做某事被用來做某事”I used to go swimming on Saturdays but now I dont.The country life he was used to _ greatly since 1992. (2005 山東山東) A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changedIm not used to getting up so early. Cloth is used to make clothes.used

39、to do與與 would 用法對比用法對比1. used to do表示過去的動作、狀態(tài)表示過去的動作、狀態(tài), 重重在與現(xiàn)在情況的對比在與現(xiàn)在情況的對比,不一定要有時間狀語。不一定要有時間狀語。would 只表示過去動作的重復(fù)只表示過去動作的重復(fù), 有明確的有明確的時間狀語。時間狀語。 I would go to see my grandfather on Sunday when he was in the middle school. I used to play cards a lot, but now I seldom play. 2.表示過去的習(xí)慣表示過去的習(xí)慣, 可互換。可互換。

40、When we were very young, we used to/would go skating every winter.注注: used to do 的否定式的否定式: usednt to do/didnt use to do (usednt也可寫作也可寫作usent.) 疑問式疑問式:Did you use to do?/ Used you to do?Didnt you use to do?/ Usednt you to do?8. nowhere adv.無處無處, 到處都無到處都無 該詞用于句首時，要用倒裝語序。該詞用于句首時，要用倒裝語序。I have no job an

41、d nowhere to live.我沒工作，也沒地方住。我沒工作，也沒地方住。Nowhere could I see him.我哪兒也看不到他。我哪兒也看不到他。 Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else _ such a beautiful palace. (2004 遼寧遼寧) A. can you find B. you could find C. you can find D. could you find9. offshore adj./adv.向海面吹的向海面吹的, 離岸的離岸的, 海面上的海面上的, 海上海上

42、/下作業(yè)的下作業(yè)的offshore workers 海上作業(yè)的工人海上作業(yè)的工人 offshore bank/company/investment境外銀行境外銀行/公司公司/投資投資offshore wind/current etc.從陸地吹向海面的風(fēng)從陸地吹向海面的風(fēng)/離岸的潮流離岸的潮流The storm moved offshore. 風(fēng)暴離岸移動。風(fēng)暴離岸移動。A boat moored offshore. 船在近海下錨。船在近海下錨。10. accelerate vi./vt.= to (cause to ) move faster 加速加速, 促促進進She accelerated

43、 her car and passed the bus in front.她加快車速超過了前面的公共汽車。她加快車速超過了前面的公共汽車。The car suddenly accelerated.那輛車突然開始加速。那輛車突然開始加速。1. secure adj.安全的安全的, 可靠的可靠的, 放心的放心的, 無慮的無慮的v. 保護保護,使安全使安全 Our house is secure from flood. 我們的房子沒有被淹的危險。我們的房子沒有被淹的危險。 Some measures are needed to secure the bank from a flood. 這道堤防需要

44、采取一些措施這道堤防需要采取一些措施, 免得被免得被洪水沖壞。洪水沖壞。Page2security n.安全，保安，保護安全，保安，保護Security was tight during the Presidents visit.總統(tǒng)來訪期間，保安工作十分嚴(yán)密?？偨y(tǒng)來訪期間，保安工作十分嚴(yán)密。For security reasons the visitors were searched.為了安全起見，來賓受到了檢查。為了安全起見，來賓受到了檢查。2. no/not/never until 直到直到才才-Was his father very strict with him when he was at school?-Yes. He had never praised him _ he became one of the top students in his grade. (03 北京春北京春) A. after B. unless C. until D. whenTOO MUCH TODAY!HAVE A REST!Good bye