外文翻譯--拉深模設(shè)計(jì)中拉深壁起皺的分析【中英文文獻(xiàn)譯文】,中英文文獻(xiàn)譯文,外文,翻譯,拉深模,設(shè)計(jì),中拉深壁,起皺,分析,中英文,文獻(xiàn),譯文 桂林電子科技大學(xué) 1 Int J Adv Manuf Technol 2002 19 253 259 2002 Springer Verlag London Limited An Analysis of Draw Wall Wrinkling in a Stamping Die Design F K Chen and Y C Liao Department of Mechanical Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan Wrinkling that occurs in the stamping of tapered square cups and stepped rectangular cups is investigated A common characteristic of these two types of wrinkling is that the wrinkles are found at the draw wall that is relatively unsupported In the stamping of a tapered square cup the effect of process parameters such as the die gap and blank holder force on the occurrence of wrinkling is examined using finiteelement simulations The simulation results show that the larger the die gap the more severe is the wrinkling and such wrinkling cannot be suppressed by increasing the blank holder force In the analysis of wrinkling that occurred in the stamping of a stepped rectangular cup an actual production part that has a similar type of geometry was examined The wrinkles found at the draw wall are attributed to the unbalanced stretching of the sheet metal between the punch head and the step edge An optimum die design for the purpose of eliminating the wrinkles is determined using finite element analysis The good agreement between the simulation results and those observed in the wrinkle free production part validates the accuracy of the finite element analysis and demonstrates the advantage of using finite element analysis for stamping die design Keywords Draw wall wrinkle Stamping die Stepped rectangular cup Tapered square cups 1 Introduction Wrinkling is one of the major defects that occur in the sheet metal forming process For both functional and visual reasons wrinkles are usually not acceptable in a finished part There are three types of wrinkle which frequently occur in the sheet metal forming process flange wrinkling wall wrinkling and elastic buckling of the undeformed area owing to residual elastic compressive stresses In the forming operation of stamping a complex shape draw wall wrinkling means the occurrence of wrinkles in the die cavity Since the sheet metal in the wall area is relatively unsupported by the tool the elimination of wall wrinkles is more difficult than the suppression of flange wrinkles It is well known that additional stretching of the material in the unsupported wall area may prevent wrinkling and this can be achieved in practice by increasing the blankholder force but the application of excessive tensile stresses leads to failure by tearing Hence the blank holder force must lie within a narrow range above that necessary to suppress wrinkles on the one hand and below that which produces fracture on the other This narrow range of blank holder force is difficult to determine For wrinkles occurring in the central area of a stamped part with a complex shape a workable range of blank holder force does not even exist In order to examine the mechanics of the formation of wrinkles Yoshida et al 1 developed a test in which a thin plate was non uniformly stretched along one of its diagonals They also proposed an approximate theoretical model in which the onset of 桂林電子科技大學(xué) 2 wrinkling is due to elastic buckling resulting from the compressive lateral stresses developed in the non uniform stress field Yu et al 2 3 investigated the wrinkling problem both experimentally and analytically They found that wrinkling could occur having two circumferential waves according to their theoretical analysis whereas the experimental results indicated four to six wrinkles Narayanasamy and Sowerby 4 examined the wrinkling of sheet metal when drawing it through a conical die using flat bottomed and hemispherical ended punches They also attempted to rank the properties that appeared to suppress wrinkling These efforts are focused on the wrinkling problems associated with the forming operations of simple shapes only such as a circular cup In the early 1990s the successful application of the 3D dynamic explicit finite element method to the sheetmetal forming process made it possible to analyse the wrinkling problem involved in stamping complex shapes In the present study the 3D finite element method was employed to analyse the effects of the process parameters on the metal flow causing wrinkles at the draw wall in the stamping of a tapered square cup and of a stepped rectangular part A tapered square cup as shown in Fig 1 a has an inclined draw wall on each side of the cup similar to that existing in a conical cup During the stamping process the sheet metal on the draw wall is relatively unsupported and is therefore prone to wrinkling In the present study the effect of various process parameters on the wrinkling was investigated In the case of a stepped rectangular part as shown in Fig 1 b another type of wrinkling is observed In order to estimate the effectiveness of the analysis an actual production part with stepped geometry was examined in the present study The cause of the wrinkling was determined using finite element analysis and an optimum die design was proposed to eliminate the wrinkles The die design obtained from finite element analysis was validated by observations on an actual production part Sketches of a a tapered square cup 桂林電子科技大學(xué) 3 Sketches of b a stepped rectangular cup Fig 1 2 Finite Element Model The tooling geometry including the punch die and blankholder were designed using the CAD program PRO ENGINEER Both the 3 node and 4 node shell elements were adopted to generate the mesh systems for the above tooling using the same CAD program For the finite element simulation the tooling is considered to be rigid and the corresponding meshes are used only to define the tooling geometry and are not for stress analysis The same CAD program using 4 node shell elements was employed to construct the mesh system for the sheet blank Figure 2 shows the mesh system for the complete set of tooling and the sheet blank used in the stamping of a tapered square cup Owing to the symmetric conditions only a quarter of the square cup is analysed In the simulation the sheet blank is put on the blank holder and the die is moved down to clamp the sheet blank against the blank holder The punch is then moved up to draw the sheet metal into the die cavity In order to perform an accurate finite element analysis the actual stress strain relationship of the sheet metal is required as part of the input data In the present study sheet metal with deep drawing quality is used in the simulations A tensile test has been conducted for the specimens cut along planes coinciding with the rolling direction 0 and at angles of 45 and 90 to the rolling direction The average flow stress calculated from the equation 0 2 45 90 4 for each measured true strain as shown in Fig 3 is used for the simulations for the stampings of the tapered square cup and also for the stepped rectangular cup All the simulations performed in the present study were run on an SGI Indigo 2 workstation using the finite element program PAMFSTAMP To complete the set of input data required for the simulations the punch speed is set to 10 m s 1 and a coefficient of Coulomb friction equal to 0 1 is assumed 桂林電子科技大學(xué) 4 Fig 2 Finite element mesh Fig 3 The stress strain relationship for the sheet metal 3 Wrinkling in a Tapered Square Cup A sketch indicating some relevant dimensions of the tapered square cup is shown in Fig 1 a As seen in Fig 1 a the length of each side of the square punch head 2Wp the die cavity opening 2Wd and the drawing height H are considered as the crucial dimensions that affect the wrinkling Half of the difference between the dimensions of the die cavity opening and the punch head is termed the die gap G in the present study i e G Wd Wp The extent of the relatively unsupported sheet metal at the draw wall is presumably due to the die gap and the wrinkles are supposed to be suppressed by increasing the blank holder force The effects of both the die gap and the blank holder force in relation to the occurrence of wrinkling in the stamping of a tapered square cup are investigated in the following sections 3 1 Effect of Die Gap In order to examine the effect of die gap on the wrinkling the stamping of a tapered square cup with three different die gaps of 20 mm 30 mm and 50 mm was simulated In each simulation the die cavity opening is fixed at 200 mm and the cup is drawn to the same height of 100 mm The sheet metal used in all three simulations is a 380 mm 380 mm square sheet with thickness of 0 7 mm the stress strain curve for the material is shown in Fig 3 桂林電子科技大學(xué) 5 Fig 4 Wrinkling in a tapered square cup G 50 mm The simulation results show that wrinkling occurred in all three tapered square cups and the simulated shape of the drawn cup for a die gap of 50 mm is shown in Fig 4 It is seen in Fig 4 that the wrinkling is distributed on the draw wall and is particularly obvious at the corner between adjacent walls It is suggested that the wrinkling is due to the large unsupported area at the draw wall during the stamping process also the side length of the punch head and the die cavity openingare different owing to the die gap The sheet metal stretched between the punch head and the die cavity shoulder becomes unstable owing to the presence of compressive transverse stresses The unconstrained stretching of the sheet metal under compression seems to be the main cause for the wrinkling at the draw wall In order to compare the results for the three different die gaps the ratio of the two principal strains is introduced being min max where max and min are the major and the minor principal strains respectively Hosford and Caddell 5 have shown that if the absolute value of is greater than a critical value wrinkling is supposed to occur and the larger the absolute value of the greater is the possibility of wrinkling The values along the cross section M N at the same drawing height for the three simulated shapes with different die gaps as marked in Fig 4 are plotted in Fig 5 It is noted from Fig 5 that severe wrinkles are located close to the corner and fewer wrinkles occur in the middle of the draw wall for all three different die gaps It is also noted that the bigger the die gap the larger is the absolute value of Consequently increasing the die gap will increase the possibility of wrinkling occurring at the draw wall of the tapered square cup 3 2 Effect of the Blank Holder Force It is well known that increasing the blank holder force can help to eliminate wrinkling in the stamping process In order to study the effectiveness of increased blank holder force the stamping of a tapered square cup with die gap of 50 mm which is associated with severe wrinkling as stated above was simulated with different values of blank holder force The blank holder force was increased from 100 kN to 600 kN which yielded a blank holder pressure of 0 33 MPa and 1 98 MPa respectively The remaining simulation conditions are maintained the same as those specified in the previous section An intermediate blank holder force of 300 kN was 桂林電子科技大學(xué) 6 also used in the simulation The simulation results show that an increase in the blankholder force does not help to eliminate the wrinkling that occurs at the draw wall The values along the cross section compared with one another for the stamping processes with blank holder force of 100 kN and 600 kN The simulation results indicate that the values along the cross section M N are almost identical in both cases In order to examine the difference of the wrinkle shape for the two different blank holder forces five cross sections of the draw wall at different heights from the bottom to the line M N as marked in Fig 4 are plotted in Fig 6 for both cases It is noted from Fig 6 that the waviness of the cross sections for both cases is similar This indicates that the blank holder force does not affect the occurrence of wrinkling in the stamping of a tapered square cup because the formation of wrinkles is mainly due to the large unsupported area at the draw wall where large compressive transverse stresses exist The blankholder force has no influence on the instability mode of the material between the punch head and the die cavity shoulder Distance mm Fig 5 value along the cross section M N for different die gaps Fig 6 Cross section lines at different heights of the draw wall for different blank holder forces a 100 kN b 600 kN 4 Stepped Rectangular Cup In the stamping of a stepped rectangular cup wrinkling occurs at the draw wall even though the die gaps are not so significant Figure 1 b shows a sketch of a punch shape used for stamping a stepped rectangular cup in which the draw wall C is followed by a step D E An actual production part that has this type of geometry was examined in the present study The material used for this production part was 0 7 mm thick and the stress strain relation obtained from tensile tests is shown in Fig 3 桂林電子科技大學(xué) 7 The procedure in the press shop for the production of this stamping part consists of deep drawing followed by trimming In the deep drawing process no draw bead is employed on the die surface to facilitate the metal flow However owing to the small punch corner radius and complex geometry a split occurred at the top edge of the punch and wrinkles were found to occur at the draw wall of the actual production part as shown in Fig 7 It is seen from Fig 7 that wrinkles are distributed on the draw wall but are more severe at the corner edges of the step as marked by A D and B E in Fig 1 b The metal is torn apart along the whole top edge of the punch as shown in Fig 7 to form a split Fig 7 Split and wrinkles in the production part Fig 8 Simulated shape for the production part with split and wrinkles In order to provide a further understanding of the deformation of the sheet blank during the stamping process a finiteelement analysis was conducted The finite element simulation was first performed for the original design The simulated shape of the part is shown from Fig 8 It is noted from Fig 8 that the mesh at the top edge of the part is stretched significantly and that wrinkles are distributed at the draw wall similar to those observed in the actual part The small punch radius such as the radius along the edge A B and the radius of the punch corner A as marked in Fig 1 b are considered to be the major reasons for the wall breakage However according to the results of the finiteelement analysis splitting can be avoided by increasing the above mentioned radii This concept was validated by the actual production part manufactured with larger corner radii Several attempts were also made to eliminate the wrinkling First the blank 桂林電子科技大學(xué) 8 holder force was increased to twice the original value However just as for the results obtained in the previous section for the drawing of tapered square cup the effect of blank holder force on the elimination of wrinkling was not found to be significant The same results are also obtained by increasing the friction or increasing the blank size We conclude that this kind of wrinkling cannot be suppressed by increasing the stretching force Since wrinkles are formed because of excessive metal flow in certain regions where the sheet is subjected to large compressive stresses a straightforward method of eliminating the wrinkles is to add drawbars in the wrinkled area to absorb the redundant material The drawbars should be added parallel to the direction of the wrinkles so that the redundant metal can be absorbed effectively Based on this concept two drawbars are added to the adjacent walls as shown in Fig 9 to absorb the excessive material The simulation results show that the wrinkles at the corner of the step are absorbed by the drawbars as expected however some wrinkles still appear at the remaining wall This indicates the need to put more drawbars at the draw wall to absorb all the excess material This is however not permissible from considerations of the part design Fig 9 Drawbars added to the draw walls One of the advantages of using finite element analysis for the stamping process is that the deformed shape of the sheet blank can be monitored throughout the stamping process which is not possible in the actual production process A close look at the metal flow during the stamping process reveals that the sheet blank is first drawn into the die cavity by the punch head and the wrinkles are not formed until the sheet blank touches the step edge D E marked in Fig 1 b The wrinkled shape is shown in Fig 10 This provides valuable information for a possible modification of die design 桂林電子科技大學(xué) 9 Fig 10 Wrinkle formed when the sheet blank touches the steppededge Fig 11 Cut off of the stepped corner Fig 12 Simulated shape for the modified die design An initial surmise for the cause of the occurrence of wrinkling is the uneven stretch of the sheet metal between the punch corner radius A and the step corner radius D as indicated in Fig 1 b Therefore a modification of die design was carried out in which the step corner was cut off as shown in Fig 11 so that the stretch condition is changed favourably which allows more stretch to be applied by increasing the step edges However wrinkles were still found at the draw wall of the cup This result implies that wrinkles are introduced because of the uneven stretch between the whole punch head edge and the whole step edge not merely between the punch corner and the step corner In order to verify this idea two modifications of the die design were suggested one is to cut the whole step off and the other is to add one 桂林電子科技大學(xué) 10 more drawing operation that is to draw the desired shape using two drawing operations The simulated shape for the former method is shown in Fig 12 Since the lower step is cut off the drawing process is quite similar to that of a rectangular cup drawing as shown in Fig 12 It is seen in Fig 12 that the wrinkles were eliminated In the two operation drawing process the sheet blank was first drawn to the deeper step as shown in Fig 13 a Subsequently the lower step was formed in the second drawing operation and the desired shape was then obtained as shown in Fig 13 b It is seen clearly in Fig 13 b that the stepped rectangular cup can be manufactured without wrinkling by a two operation drawing process It should also be noted that in the two operation drawing process if an opposite sequence is applied that is the lower step is formed first and is followed by the drawing of the deeper step the edge of the deeper step as shown by A B in Fig 1 b is prone to tearing because the metal cannot easily flow over the lower step into the die cavity The finite element simulations have indicated that the die design for stamping the desired stepped rectangular cup using one single draw operation is barely achieved However the manufacturing cost is expected to be much higher for the twooperation drawing process owing to the additional die cost and operation cost In order to maintain a lower manufacturing cost the part design engineer made suitable shape changes and modified the die design according to the finite element Simulation result to cut off the lower step as shown in Fig 12 With the modified die design the actual stamping die for production was manufactured and the production part was found to be free from wrinkles as shown in Fig 14 The part shape also agreed well with that obtained from the finiteelement simulation Fig 13 a First operation and b second operation in the two operation drawing process 桂林電子科技大學(xué) 11 Fig 14 The defect free production part In order to further validate the finite element simulation results the thickness distribution along the cross section G H obtained from the simulation result as indicated in Fig 14 was compared with those measured from the production part The comparison is shown in Fig 15 It can be seen in Fig 15 that the predicted thickness distribution by finite element simulation agrees well with that