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1、Module 2My New TeachersGRAMMAR 1. LEAD-IN(5M) READ THE TEXT AGAIN AND FIND OUT THE WORD FOLLOWED BY V+ING AND MAKE USE OF THEM .1.But now, after two weeks, the class really like _with her.2.She avoids_you feel stupid.3.Ive always hated _ mistakes or pronouncing4. There are a few students in our clas

2、s who keep_ to.5. A few students admit_her.6.I think this is because he really enjoys_. 過去分詞只有一種形式。過去分詞只有一種形式。 現(xiàn)在分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞多表示主語所具有的特征現(xiàn)在分詞多表示主語所具有的特征或?qū)傩?；過去分詞多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)，如：或?qū)傩裕贿^去分詞多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)，如： The news was exciting. The situation is encouraging. She looked disappointed. He appeared satisfied with m

3、y answer. He seemed quite delighted at the idea. Dont get excited.已經(jīng)成為形容詞的分詞，可以用已經(jīng)成為形容詞的分詞，可以用 very 修飾；沒有完全成為形容詞的分詞宜用修飾；沒有完全成為形容詞的分詞宜用 much 或或 quite，有時也可用，有時也可用very much，如：如： Im very much pleased. Hes very much worried about his health.過去分詞作表語時，應(yīng)注意與被動結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別。過去分詞作表語時，應(yīng)注意與被動結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別。 說明主語的狀態(tài)或具有的性質(zhì)、特點；說明主語

4、的狀態(tài)或具有的性質(zhì)、特點；強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動作，指主語所承受的動作。強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動作，指主語所承受的動作。此外還有：此外還有：a. 常用一般現(xiàn)在或一般過去時態(tài)；常用一般現(xiàn)在或一般過去時態(tài)； b. 一般不帶一般不帶 狀語；狀語； c. 可以有不及物動詞的過去分詞?？梢杂胁患拔飫釉~的過去分詞。a. 有多種時態(tài)，常與主動語態(tài)的時態(tài)一致；有多種時態(tài)，常與主動語態(tài)的時態(tài)一致； b. 可以帶時間、方式或可以帶時間、方式或 by 短語作狀語；短語作狀語； c. 必須是及物動詞。必須是及物動詞。 The small village is surrounded by trees. (狀態(tài)狀態(tài)) The small vill

5、age was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers. (動作動作) Im interested in chess. I was interested by what you told me. The sun is risen. This novel was written by Lu Xun in 1921. 單獨作定語，應(yīng)放在被修飾的名詞之前，單獨作定語，應(yīng)放在被修飾的名詞之前，如：如： touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week / skilled worker / arme

6、d forces / boiled water / steamed bread Barking dogs seldom bite. Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall.分詞作定語時，意義上接近于一個定語分詞作定語時，意義上接近于一個定語從句，如：從句，如： developing countries = countries that are developing a growing city = a city that is growing liberated areas = areas that hav

7、e been liberated 在更多情況下，可以用分詞短語作定語，這時分在更多情況下，可以用分詞短語作定語，這時分詞短語應(yīng)放在被修飾的名詞之后，在意義上也相當(dāng)詞短語應(yīng)放在被修飾的名詞之后，在意義上也相當(dāng)于一個定語從句，如：于一個定語從句，如： Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door? They built a highway leading (= which leads) into the mountains. They are problems left (= which have been left) over

8、by history. Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun? 作定語的現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作發(fā)生的時間有兩作定語的現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作發(fā)生的時間有兩種情況：種情況：a. 表示正在進(jìn)行的動作表示正在進(jìn)行的動作, (變?yōu)閺木鋾r要用進(jìn)行時態(tài)變?yōu)閺木鋾r要用進(jìn)行時態(tài)), 如：如： Tell the children (who are playing there) not to make so much noise. Did you see the man (who was talking) ?b. 表示經(jīng)常性的動作表示經(jīng)常性的動作, 或現(xiàn)在或

9、現(xiàn)在 (或當(dāng)時或當(dāng)時) 的狀態(tài)的狀態(tài), (變變?yōu)閺木鋾r為從句時, 用一般時態(tài)用一般時態(tài)), 如：如： They lived in a room (= that faced) . The house (= that stands) was built in 1955. 過去分詞作定語時，過去分詞所表示的動作可以過去分詞作定語時，過去分詞所表示的動作可以在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，也可以是沒有一定在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，也可以是沒有一定的時間性，如：的時間性，如： Is this the book ? The meeting is very important. He is a man . I

10、 hate to see letters . 如果所表示的動作現(xiàn)刻正在發(fā)生，或是與謂語所表如果所表示的動作現(xiàn)刻正在發(fā)生，或是與謂語所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，可以用示的動作同時發(fā)生，可以用來表示，來表示，如：如： The meeting is very important. We must keep a secret of the things .如果所表示的是一個未來的動作，可以用一個如果所表示的是一個未來的動作，可以用一個來表示，如：來表示，如： The meeting is very important. Please tell me the subjects . 分詞還可以作非限制性定語（相

11、當(dāng)于一個非限制分詞還可以作非限制性定語（相當(dāng)于一個非限制性定語從句），這時，它和句子的其他部分用逗號性定語從句），這時，它和句子的其他部分用逗號隔開，試比較：隔開，試比較： All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists. All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientists. All the letters in the drawer written in pencil are from my sister. All the letters in the drawer, written in

12、 pencil, are from my sister. 本節(jié)值得注意的問題：現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語時，本節(jié)值得注意的問題：現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語時，所表示的動作不能先于謂語所表示的動作，也不可所表示的動作不能先于謂語所表示的動作，也不可以表示將來。另外，一般不用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式作以表示將來。另外，一般不用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式作定語，所以，下列句子都是錯的：定語，所以，下列句子都是錯的： Here is Mr. Li coming from Beijing. (應(yīng)改為應(yīng)改為who has come from Beijing) Those having finished their work can go

13、home now. (應(yīng)改為應(yīng)改為who have finished) The man giving us a lecture last week left for Shenzhen this morning. (應(yīng)改為應(yīng)改為who gave us) 系動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式不可用作后置定語，此時系動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式不可用作后置定語，此時要用從句來表示，如：要用從句來表示，如： Those dont have to go. (應(yīng)改為應(yīng)改為Those who are busy dont have to go.) His brother is 18 years old. (應(yīng)應(yīng)改為改為who is)

14、不及物動詞的過去分詞不可用作后置定語，若要不及物動詞的過去分詞不可用作后置定語，若要表示這個意思要用從句，如：表示這個意思要用從句，如： The lion died in this zoo the other day was a mother lion. (應(yīng)改為應(yīng)改為which/that died) 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示，如：如： The children ran out of the room, . They stood there for an hour . She sat at the desk .a. 分詞表示的必須是主語的一個動作；分詞表示的必須是主語的一個動作

15、；b. 分詞分詞表示的動作和謂語表示的動作（或狀態(tài)）是同時發(fā)生表示的動作和謂語表示的動作（或狀態(tài)）是同時發(fā)生的；的；c. 分詞表示的是比較次要的動作，對謂語表示的分詞表示的是比較次要的動作，對謂語表示的動作或狀態(tài)加以說明；動作或狀態(tài)加以說明；d. 大部分放在謂語之后；大部分放在謂語之后；e. 分分詞有時可以與句子的其他部分用逗號隔開。詞有時可以與句子的其他部分用逗號隔開。 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，（這類（這類狀語可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，有時還可狀語可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，有時還可以放在句中。其他參考上述以放在句中。其他參考上述a-c），如：），如： , they start

16、ed to climb. , they greatly reduced the cost. , we visited a number of cities. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，如：，如： Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. Being so poor in those days, we couldnt afford to send the boy to hospital.如果分詞表示的動

17、作在謂語所表示的動作之前如果分詞表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，則要用完成形式，如：發(fā)生，則要用完成形式，如：Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well. Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter. Having lived in Berlin many years, he knew the city well. 現(xiàn)在分詞作現(xiàn)在分詞作（相當(dāng)于（相當(dāng)于 when 引導(dǎo)的從句），引導(dǎo)的從句），如：如： T

18、urning around, she saw a police car driving up. Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Seeing those pictures, he couldnt help thinking of those days in Yanan. 這里分詞表示的是一個極短暫的動作，這動作這里分詞表示的是一個極短暫的動作，這動作一發(fā)生，謂語動詞所表示的動作立即發(fā)生。這類分詞一發(fā)生，謂語動詞所表示的動作立即發(fā)生。這類分詞一般放在句首。如果兩個動作是完全同時發(fā)生的，多一般放在句首。如果兩個動作是完全同時發(fā)生的，多用用 w

19、hen 或或 while + 分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu)，如：分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu)，如： Be careful crossing the street. Dont mention this talking to him.如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生時，分詞的動如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生時，分詞的動作已經(jīng)完成，這個分詞要用完成形式，如：作已經(jīng)完成，這個分詞要用完成形式，如： Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work. Having heard this, the woman astronaut expressed her satisfact

20、ion. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語還可以現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語還可以，如：如： Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. (結(jié)果結(jié)果) The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. (結(jié)果結(jié)果) Working hard, you will succeed. (條件條件) Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the site. (條件條件) Weighing almost one hundred

21、jin, the stone was moved by him alone. (讓步讓步) ，可以修飾謂語，可以修飾謂語，如：，如： Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old. Led by the party, the people have improved their living conditions greatly. Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the room. The trainer appeared, followed by six

22、 little dogs. 過去分詞短語過去分詞短語（相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語（相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句），如：從句），如： The children, exhausted, fell asleep at once. He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey. (= as he was exhausted) 過去分詞短語有時可以過去分詞短語有時可以（相當(dāng)于時間狀（相當(dāng)于時間狀語從句）和條件（相當(dāng)于條件狀語從句），如：語從句）和條件（相當(dāng)于條件狀語從句），如： United, we stand; divided, we fall. (=When / If

23、 we are united ) Heated, water changes into steam. (=When / If water is heated ) Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.過去分詞短語作狀語時，前面有時可以加上過去分詞短語作狀語時，前面有時可以加上when, if, while, though, as if 等連詞，這種結(jié)構(gòu)可等連詞，這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以看作是一種省略的狀語從句（省略部分多為以看作是一種省略的狀語從句（省略部分多為 “主語主語 + be 的多種形式的多種形式”）。需要注意的是，?。?。需要注意的是，

24、省略的主語必須和主句的主語相同，如：略的主語必須和主句的主語相同，如： If / When heated, water changes into steam. Even if invited, I wont go. We will not attack unless attacked. The girl is very shy, and never speaks until spoken to. 現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語，如：現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語，如： Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. I could feel the cold wind

25、 blowing on my face. He tried to start the engine running. The words immediately set us all laughing.注：現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語表示動作與謂語同時注：現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語表示動作與謂語同時發(fā)生或正在進(jìn)行，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作過程。發(fā)生或正在進(jìn)行，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作過程。 過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語，如：過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語，如： He watched the TV set carried out of the room. Last year they had the house rebuilt. When you speak

26、 English, be sure to make yourself understood. Youd better have your shoes mended.注：過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語表示動作完成結(jié)果，并注：過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語表示動作完成結(jié)果，并有被動意義。有被動意義。 現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語時，與賓語有著邏輯上的現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語時，與賓語有著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，賓語補(bǔ)足語一般為賓語所做的動作；過主謂關(guān)系，賓語補(bǔ)足語一般為賓語所做的動作；過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語時，與賓語有著動賓關(guān)系，賓去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語時，與賓語有著動賓關(guān)系，賓語是過去分詞所表示的動作的承受者，如：語是過去分詞所表示的動作

27、的承受者，如： He saw an old man getting on the bus. An old man was getting on the bus. I once heard this song sung in Japanese. This song was once sung in Japanese. I dont want the children taken out in such weather. The children were taken out in such weather. 以上句子可以變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)，這時，賓語補(bǔ)以上句子可以變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)，這時，賓語補(bǔ)足語就成了主

28、語補(bǔ)足語，與謂語一起稱為足語就成了主語補(bǔ)足語，與謂語一起稱為“復(fù)復(fù)合謂語合謂語”，如：，如： We were kept waiting for quite a long time. She was never heard singing that song again. One of the glasses was found broken. 有些動詞既可以用不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，又可以有些動詞既可以用不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，又可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，這些動詞是：，這些動詞是：catch, keep, mind, prevent, remember, stop, star

29、t, smell, excuse, spy, send 等，例如：等，例如： She caught her son smoking a cigarette. Wed better keep the fire burning. I dont mind you joking. I like it. The heavy rain prevented us coming here on time. I dont remember him ever saying anything like that. We must try to stop them getting into trouble. His

30、words started me thinking seriously. Can you smell something burning? The earthquake sent the china and glass crashing to the ground. 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式主要用在狀語中，表示動現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式主要用在狀語中，表示動作在謂語動作之前發(fā)生，如：作在謂語動作之前發(fā)生，如： Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide. The delegates, having fulfilled their mis

31、sion, arrived back in Shanghai.注：在獨立結(jié)構(gòu)中，也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形注：在獨立結(jié)構(gòu)中，也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式，如：式，如： His comrades having all left for the front, he didnt want to stay in the rear. 在表示一個被動的動作時，如果這個動作是現(xiàn)刻在表示一個被動的動作時，如果這個動作是現(xiàn)刻正在進(jìn)行的，或是與謂語表示的動作同時發(fā)生的，就正在進(jìn)行的，或是與謂語表示的動作同時發(fā)生的，就可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動形式。這種形式可以作可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動形式。這種形式可以作或或，如：，如： Th

32、at building being repaired is our library. （定語）（定語） He asked who was the man being operated on. （定語）（定語） Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. （賓語補(bǔ)足語）（賓語補(bǔ)足語） As we entered the village, we saw new houses being built. （賓語補(bǔ)足語）（賓語補(bǔ)足語） 有時還有完成被動形式，如：有時還有完成被動形式，如： Having been given such a good c

33、hance, how could she let it slip away?Being asked to give a performance, she couldnt very well refuse.（狀語）（狀語） Being protected by a thick wall, they felt they were quite safe. （狀語）（狀語） 獨立結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示伴隨動作或情況獨立結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示伴隨動作或情況, 表示時間、表示時間、原因、條件等原因、條件等, 例如：例如： He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat

34、. (伴隨情況伴隨情況) The shower being over, we continued to march. (時間時間) So many students being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. (原因原因) Weather permitting, well have an outing tomorrow. (條件條件) All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. The job done, we went home. The composition written, he handed it to the teacher.