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1、microscopic mess 13 閱讀理解： 第四十八篇 Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright Most of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us don’t question. But an international team of researchers, including Dr. Richmond fro

2、m GW's Columbian College of Arts and Sciences，have discovered that human walking upright, may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation to carrying scarce, high- quality resources. The team of researchers from the U. S., England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-da

3、y chimpanzees as they competed for food resources，in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large ape — one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees — to walk on two legs. “These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecologi

4、cal conditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs, "，said Dr. Richmond. The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of four in situations where they need to monopolize a resource. Standing on two legs allows them to

5、carry much more at one time because it frees up their hands. Over time，intense bursts of bipedal activity may have led to anatomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong. Two studies were conducted by the team in

6、Guinea. The first study was conducted by the team in Kyoto University’s “ outdoor laboratory ” in a natural clearing in Bossou Forest. Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nut — the oil palm nut，which is naturally widely available, and t

7、he coula nut, which is not. The chimpanzees’ behavior was monitored in three situations:(a) when only oil palm nuts were available,(b)when a small number of coula nuts were available，and(c) when coula nuts were the majority available resource. When the rare coula nuts were available only in sm

8、all numbers, the chimpanzees transported more at one time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competed for them more intensely. In such high-c

9、ompetition settings，the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four. Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource, but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in o

10、ne go by using everything available 一even their mouths. The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University, was a 14-month study of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rare and unpredictable Resources. Here, 35 percent of the chimpan

11、zees activity involved some sort of bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time. 詞匯： scarce adj.缺乏的，不足的；稀有的 chimpanzee n.黑猩猩 ape n.無(wú)尾猿; 類人猿 bipedal adj. 二足的 anatomical adj.解剖的 coula nuts( coula也可寫(xiě)作cola或kola)

12、可樂(lè)果 注釋： 1.??? GW’s Columbian College of Arts and Sciences:喬治?華盛頓大學(xué)哥倫比亞藝術(shù)與科學(xué)學(xué)院。喬治·華盛頓大學(xué)（George Washington University)的英文簡(jiǎn)稱為GW，是美國(guó)頂尖的私立大學(xué)之一，于1821年建校，位于美國(guó)首都華盛頓。 2.??? ecological settings: 生態(tài)環(huán)境 3.??? bipedal activity：雙足活動(dòng) 4.??? anatomical chaiige: 解剖學(xué)上的變化 5.??? Kyoto University:京都大學(xué)，是繼東京大學(xué)之后成立的日本第

13、二所國(guó)立大學(xué)，于I897年建校。京都大學(xué)主要校區(qū)位于日本歷史名城京都市。 6.??? Bossou: 博蘇,幾內(nèi)亞的一個(gè)地名。博蘇森林生活著黑猩猩群落。 7.??? oil palm nut: 油棕櫚堅(jiān)果 8.??? increased by a factor of four:增加了四倍 9.??? in one go: —口氣 10.? Oxford Brookes University: 牛津布魯克斯大學(xué)，創(chuàng)立于1865年，是英國(guó)最具特色的綜合性大學(xué)之一。牛津布魯克斯大學(xué)位于世界學(xué)術(shù)名城——牛津。這里學(xué)風(fēng)濃郁、精英薈萃，歷來(lái)為求學(xué)圣地。 練習(xí)： 1.??? Which o

14、f the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs? A Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items. B Chimpanzee’s behaviors may suggest why humans walk on two legs. C Human walking upright is viewed as an adaptation to carrying preciou

15、s resources. D Our ancestors' ecological conditions resembled those of modern-day chimpanzees. 2.??? Dr. Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of finding A when humans began walking on two legs. B what made our ancestors walk upright. C what benefits walking upright brought to ou

16、r ancestors. D how walking upright helped chimpanzees monopolize resources. 3.??? Kyoto, University's study discovered that chimpanzees. A regarded both types of nut as priced resources. B preferred oil palm nuts to coula nuts. C liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts. D ignored both typ

17、es of nut altogether. 4.??? Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto University's experiment? A Because they imitated the human way of walking just for fun. B Because they wanted to please the researchers to get more coula nuts from them. C Because they wanted to get to die nut-r

18、ich forest faster by walking that way. D Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs. 5.??? What can we infer from the reading passage? A Chimpanzees are in the same process of evolution as our ancestors were. B Chimpanzees are similar to humans in many behaviors. C Walking on

19、two limbs and walking on four limbs each have their advantages. D Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival. 答案與題解： 1.??? A第一段第一句和第二句說(shuō)明，大多數(shù)人對(duì)人類直立行走習(xí)以為常,并不質(zhì)疑這種習(xí)慣。而A的內(nèi)容正好與此相反，所以是答案。其他選項(xiàng)所述內(nèi)容均可從第一段和第二段推斷出 2.??? B 文章報(bào)道，科學(xué)家通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)黑猩猩直立行走是為了解放前肢，讓前肢搬運(yùn)對(duì)其生命至關(guān)重要的資源，從而推斷出人類祖先也經(jīng)歷了從四足到二足的

20、進(jìn)化過(guò)程?？茖W(xué)家想通過(guò)對(duì)黑猩猩的實(shí)驗(yàn)解釋人類直立行走的成因。所以B是答案，A、C、D選項(xiàng)不是科學(xué)家進(jìn)行研究的目的。 3.??? C第五段明白無(wú)誤地描述了黑猩猩全然不顧油棕櫚堅(jiān)果（ignored the oil palm nuts altogether),集中精力搶運(yùn)可樂(lè)果。所以C是答案，B、C、D的內(nèi)容不符合文章原意。 4.??? D黑猩猩用后肢直立行走，搬運(yùn)資源的效率提高了四倍。選項(xiàng)D符合原意，是答案。選項(xiàng)A、B、C的內(nèi)容文章中沒(méi)有提到，所以不是答案。 5.??? D 了解了通篇文章的意思，就會(huì)選擇選項(xiàng)D。人類直立行走是受生態(tài)環(huán)境所迫，是人類生存的一種手段，直立行走是自然選

21、擇的結(jié)果。選項(xiàng)A和C的內(nèi)容文章中沒(méi)有涉及。文章中有選項(xiàng)B的內(nèi)容，但它不是文章的主旨。 譯文： 我們大多數(shù)人每天都走路而且手里搬著東西。這樣的活動(dòng)看似太簡(jiǎn)單，大多數(shù)人沒(méi)有疑問(wèn)。但是一個(gè)國(guó)際研究者（包括喬治?華盛頓大學(xué)哥倫比亞藝術(shù)與科學(xué)學(xué)院的Richmond博士）團(tuán)隊(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類直立行走可能源于數(shù)百萬(wàn)年以前適應(yīng)搬運(yùn)稀有的、高質(zhì)量的資源。這些來(lái)自美國(guó)、英國(guó)、日本和葡萄牙的研究者研究了當(dāng)代黑猩猩爭(zhēng)搶食物時(shí)的行為特征，試圖對(duì)什么樣的生態(tài)環(huán)境竟然導(dǎo)致大猿（一種我們與現(xiàn)存的黑猩猩一樣的600萬(wàn)年前的祖先）直立行走作出解釋。 “這些黑猩猩居住的生態(tài)環(huán)境和我們最早的祖先開(kāi)始直立行走時(shí)是相同的，” R

22、ichmond博士說(shuō)。研究結(jié)果顯示，當(dāng)黑猩猩需要獨(dú)占一種資源時(shí)，它們就從四肢行走轉(zhuǎn)換為直立行走。由于直立行走可以解放它們的雙手，這使得它們能搬更多的東西。久而久之，雙足活動(dòng)的強(qiáng)烈爆發(fā)可能導(dǎo)致了解剖學(xué)上的變化，因此這種變化也就成為自然選擇的主題，在那種情況下，對(duì)食物或其他資源的爭(zhēng)奪是十分激烈的。 有兩項(xiàng)研究是在幾內(nèi)亞完成的。第一項(xiàng)研究是在京都大學(xué)博蘇森林的一塊天然空地——“室外實(shí)驗(yàn)室”進(jìn)行的。研究者們?cè)试S森林里的黑猩猩能得到兩種不同的堅(jiān)果，一種叫油棕櫚堅(jiān)果，自然界隨處可見(jiàn)，一種叫可樂(lè)果，自然環(huán)境中不常見(jiàn)。人們監(jiān)控黑猩猩在下列三種情形下的行為：(a)只有油棕櫚堅(jiān)果；（b)只有少量的可樂(lè)果，大多數(shù)

23、是油棕櫚堅(jiān)果;(c)大多數(shù)是可樂(lè)果，少數(shù)是油棕櫚堅(jiān)果。 當(dāng)稀有的可樂(lè)果數(shù)量很少時(shí)，黑猩猩一次就會(huì)拿得多。同樣，當(dāng)大部分是可樂(lè)果時(shí)，黑猩猩對(duì)油棕櫚堅(jiān)果根本視而不見(jiàn)。黑猩猩認(rèn)為可樂(lè)果才是珍貴的資源，并為得到可樂(lè)果激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。 處于這種激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的環(huán)境中，黑猩猩直立行走的頻率增加了四倍。很顯然，雙足行走可以使它們拿走更多的稀有資源，而且，為了盡可能地一口氣多拿，它們積極利用可用到的任何方法，甚至嘴巴。 第二項(xiàng)研究是在牛津布魯克斯大學(xué)的Kimberley Hockings進(jìn)行的。該研究歷時(shí)14個(gè)月，主題是博蘇的黑猩猩搶劫糧食，場(chǎng)景是它們不得不為稀有和不可預(yù)知的資源競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。在這項(xiàng)研究中，黑猩猩35%的活

24、動(dòng)是直立行走。而這一次研究再一次證實(shí)了黑猩猩的直立行走與它們?cè)噲D一次搬走盡可能多的東西有關(guān)。 第五十篇Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities 　　Cell phones are a danger on the road in more ways than one. Two new studies show that talking on the phone while traveling, whether you're driving or on foot, is increasing both pedestrian

25、deaths and those of drivers and passengers, and recommend crackdowns on cell1 use by both pedestrians and drivers. 　　The new studies, lead-authored by Rutgers University, Newark, Economics Professor Peter D. Loeb2, relate the impact of cell phones on accident fatalities to the number of cell phones

26、 in use, showing that the current increase in deaths resulting from cell phone use follows a period when cell phones actually helped to reduce pedestrian and traffic fatalities. However, this reduction in fatalities disappeared once the numbers of phones in use reached a "critical mass" 3 of 100 mil

27、lion, the study found.These studies looked at cell phone use and motor vehicle accidents from 1975 through 2002, and factored in4 a number of variables, including vehicle speed, alcohol consumption, seat belt use, and miles driven. The studies found the cell phone-fatality correlation to be true eve

28、n when including factors such as speed, alcohol consumption, and seat belt use. 　　Loeb and his co-author determined that, at the current time, cell phone use has a "significant adverse effect on pedestrian safety" and that “cell phones and their usage above a critical thresholds adds to motor vehic

29、le fatalities." In the late 1980s and part of the 1990s, before the numbers of phones exploded, cell phone use actually had a "life-saving effect" in pedestrian and traffic accidents, Loeb notes. "Cell-phone users' were able to quickly call for medical assistance when involved in an accident. This q

30、uick medical response actually reduced the number of traffic deaths for a time," Loeb hypothesizes. 　　However, this was not the case when cells were first used in the mid-1980s, when they caused a "life-taking effect" among pedestrians, drivers and passengers in vehicles. In those early days, when

31、there were fewer than a million phones, fatalities increased, says Loeb, because drivers and pedestrians probably were still adjusting to the novelty of using them, and there weren't enough cell phones in use to make a difference in summoning help following an accident, he explains. 　　The "life-sav

32、ing effect" occurred as the volume of phones grew into the early 1990s, and increasing numbers of cells were used to call 911 following accidents, leading to a drop in fatalities, explains Loeb. But this life-saving effect was canceled out6 once the numbers of phones reached a "critical mass" of abo

33、ut 100 million and the "life-taking effect" - increased accidents and fatalities outweighed the benefits of quick access to 911 services, according to Loeb. 　　Loeb and his co-authors used econometric models to analyze data from a number of government and private studies. He and his co-authors recom

34、mend that governments consider more aggressive policies to reduce cell phone use by both drivers and pedestrians, to reduce the number of fatalities. 詞匯：crackdown n.制裁，嚴(yán)懲 outweigh v.超過(guò) fatality n.死亡者 econometric adj.計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)的 hypothesize v.假設(shè)，假定 注釋： 1. cell：cell phone 的縮寫(xiě)。 2. The new studies, lead-

35、authored by Rutgers University, Newark, Economics Professor Peter D. Loeb ...第一作者為羅格斯大學(xué)紐瓦克分校的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授 Peter D. Loeb 的新研究成果……lead-author：第一作者;lead-authored 為動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分 詞形式，具有被動(dòng)意義。羅格斯大學(xué)紐瓦克分校是美國(guó)新澤西州最負(fù)盛名的文理學(xué)院。 3. critical mass：臨界數(shù)量。 4. factored in：包括，把……計(jì)算在內(nèi)。 5. a critical threshold：指的是前文所說(shuō)的 critical mass。見(jiàn)

36、注釋3。 6. was canceled out：被抵消。 練習(xí)： 1. The two new studies, lead-authored by Professor Peter D. Loeb A show that talking on the phone while driving or walking in the street increases deaths of drivers and pedestrians. B show that talking on the phone while driving increases pedestrian deaths. C

37、recommend that strict measures be taken to restrain cell phone use. D both A and C. 2. According to the second paragraph, when did cell phones actually help to reduce pedestrian and traffic fatalities? A Right after cell phones were invented. B Before the number of cell phone users reached a c

38、ritical mass C When cell phone users totaled to a certain number. D When the number of cell phones decreased to a certain number. 3. What is said about cell phone use in paragraph 4? A The number of cell phones in use exploded in the late 1980s and part of the 1990s. B The number of traffic d

39、eaths was reduced in the late 1980s and part of the 1990s due to cell phone use. C Cell phone users are likely to be involved in traffic accidents. D The use of cell phones has a life-saving effect for pedestrians and drivers. 4. What is said about cell phone use in the mid-1980s in paragraph 5

40、? A It had a life-taking effect because there weren't enough cell phones in use then. B The increased use of cell phones then caused a "life-taking effect." C Traffic fatalities increased then because the number of cell phones in use decreased. D Traffic fatalities decreased then because the num

41、ber of cell phones in use increased. 5. Which of the following statements DOES NOT answer the question "What caused the "life-saving effect" to occur in the early 1990s?" A There were more cell phone users during that period. B The number of cell phone users reached about 100 million. C More c

42、ell phones were used to call 911 when accidents occurred. D Cell phones enabled people to have quick access to 911 services. 答案與題解： 1. D 根據(jù)短文第一段的內(nèi)容，Loeb 教授的最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，開(kāi)車或行路時(shí)打手機(jī)使司機(jī)和行 路人的死亡率上升，并建議采取嚴(yán)厲措施限制司機(jī)和行路人使用手機(jī)。B 是錯(cuò)誤理解， 因?yàn)橹挥行新啡吮惶岬健? 2. B 短文第二段最后兩個(gè)句子提供了答案：在手機(jī)使用者達(dá)到 1 億的臨界點(diǎn)之前，手機(jī)的 使用的確減少了交通事故的死亡率。A

43、、C 和 D 的表述內(nèi)容都沒(méi)有在文章中提到。 3. B A 是錯(cuò)誤選擇，因?yàn)樵摱蔚牡谒膫€(gè)句子 In the late 1980s and part of the 1990s, before the numbers of phones exploded, ...表明。手機(jī)數(shù)量在 80 年代末期和 90 年 代早期還未激增。C 的表述內(nèi)容沒(méi)有在文章中提到。句子…cell phone use actually had a “l(fā)ife-saving effect”用的是過(guò)去式，說(shuō)的是發(fā)生在 80 年代末期和 90 年代早 期的事情，而 D 句用的是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示通常的狀況，所以是錯(cuò)誤的選擇。

44、 4. A第五段的大概意思是，80 年代中期，交通事故的死亡率增加，因?yàn)槿藗冞€在適應(yīng)這一 新事物，沒(méi)有足夠的手機(jī)讓人們?cè)诎l(fā)生交通事故時(shí)及時(shí)求救。該段沒(méi)有討論 80 年代中 期手機(jī)數(shù)量的增減問(wèn)題，所以 B、C 和 D 都是錯(cuò)誤選擇。 5. B第六段最后一個(gè)句子說(shuō)，當(dāng)手機(jī)使用者數(shù)量達(dá)到 100 萬(wàn)時(shí)，life-saving effect 就被 抵消了，life-saving effect 超過(guò)了手機(jī)使用者能迅速呼叫 911 服務(wù)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。所以，B 不是問(wèn)題的答案。其他選項(xiàng)都表述了該段的內(nèi)容。 第四十二篇Renewable Energy Sources 　　Today petr

45、oleum provides around 40% of the world’s energy needs, mostly fuelling automobiles. Coal is still used, mostly in pover stations, to cover one-quarter of our energy needs, but it is the least efficient, unhealthiest and most environmentally damaging fossil fuel. Natural gas reserves could plug some

46、of the gap from oil, but reserves of that will not last into the 22nd century either. Most experts predict we will exhaust easily accessible reserves within 50 years. We could fast reach an energy crisis. We need to rapidly develop sustainable solutions to fuel our future. Less-polluting renewable e

47、nergy sources offer a more practical long-term energy solution. They may benefit the world’s poor too. “Renewable” refers to the fact that these resources are not used faster than they can be replaced. 　　Hydroelectric power is now the most common form of renewable energy, supplying around 20% of w

48、orld electricity. China’s three gorges Dam, which has just been completed, is the largest ever. At five times the size of the US’s Hoover Dam, its 26 turbines will generate the equivalent energy of 18 coal-fired power stations. It will satisfy 3% of China’s entire electricity demand. 　　In 2003, th

49、e first commercial power station to harness tidal currents in the open sea opened in Norway. It is designed like windmill, but others take the form of turbines. 　　As prices fall, wind power has become the fastest growing type of electricity generation – quadrupling worldwide between 1999 and 2005.

50、 Modern wind farms consist of turbines that generate electricity. Though it will be more expensive, there is more than enough wind to provide the world’s entire energy needs. Wind farms come in onshore and offshore forms. They can often end up at spots of natural beauty, and are often unpopular with

51、 residents. And turbines are not totally benign – they can interfere with radar and leave a significant ecological footprint, altering climate and lilling sea birds. Migrating birds may have more luck avoiding them. Scotland is building europe’s largest wind farm, which wil power 200,000 homes. The

52、UK’s goal is to generate onefifth of power from renewable sources, mainly wind, by 2020. But this may cause problems, because wind is unreliable. 練習(xí)： 1. What are the energy resources that are not renewable according to the article? A Petroleum and coal. B Natural gas. C Wind and water. D A an

53、d B. 2. China's Three Gorges Dam A is the first hydroelectric dam in the world. B is of the same size of the US's Hoover Dam. C is the largest of all the hydroelectric dams in the world. D supplies around 20% of the world electricity. 3. Which is the country with thefirst commercial power

54、station that makes use of ocean currents produced by tides? A China. B Norway. C England. D America. 4. Which of the following statements is true of wind power? A There is plenty of wind to provide the world's entire energy needs. B It is the most rapidly growing type of electricity product

55、ion. C It may not be reliable. D All of the above.　 5. According to the article, resources such as wind A are sustainable but not replaceable. B are renewable so sustainable. C are sustainable so renewable. D are irreplaceable. 答案與題解 : 　　1. D 文章的第一段提到石油 (petroleum)、煤(coal)和天然氣(natural

56、gas)三種礦物燃料 (fossil fuel)，并且說(shuō)這些可采掘到的燃料將在 50年的時(shí)間里用完，所以需要開(kāi)發(fā)再生能源，文章后幾段提到了水資源和風(fēng)能這兩種 renewable resources。根據(jù)這一理解 D是正確選項(xiàng)。 　　2. C A是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng).因?yàn)榈诙蔚诙湔f(shuō)世界上第一個(gè)水利大壩建在英國(guó) ;B是錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)樵摱蔚谖寰渲赋鋈龒{大壩比美國(guó)的 Hoover大壩大五倍 ;該段第三句說(shuō)水力發(fā)電為世界提供 20%的電能，所以 D也是錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)。該段第四句則明確告訴我們 C是答案。 　　3. B文章第三段說(shuō) 2003年挪威首次運(yùn)營(yíng)利用潮汐進(jìn)行發(fā)電的商業(yè)電站。所以 B是正確選項(xiàng)。

57、 　　4. D 文章的第四段提到了 A、B、C的內(nèi)容，所以 D是正確選項(xiàng)。 　　5. B 這個(gè)問(wèn)題的理解依賴對(duì)整篇文章內(nèi)容的理解。文章的第一段昀后一句說(shuō) :refers to the fact that “Renewable”these resources are not used faster than they can be replaced.其意思是 :再生能源消耗的速度很慢，以至于不會(huì)被替代。所以這種能源是 sustainable。 譯文： 可再生能源 現(xiàn)今，汽油滿足了世界上約百分之四十的能源需要，大多用來(lái)為汽車提供燃料。煤仍被使用，主要是在發(fā)電站，以解決我們四分

58、之一的能源需求。但煤卻是最無(wú)效率，最不健康，最不環(huán)保的礦物燃料。天然氣的儲(chǔ)量可填補(bǔ)部分石油短缺。但這些儲(chǔ)量也不能維持到22世紀(jì)。許多專家預(yù)計(jì)，我們很容易在50年內(nèi)耗盡可采掘的燃料儲(chǔ)備。我們將很快遇到能源危機(jī)。我們需要立即發(fā)展可持續(xù)的方案來(lái)為未來(lái)提供能源。污染少的可再生能源為我們提供了一個(gè)更現(xiàn)實(shí)的長(zhǎng)期解決方案。這些能源也會(huì)對(duì)世界上的窮人有益?！翱稍偕笔侵高@些能源被使用的速度低于其被更新的速度。 2000多年前，中國(guó)人和羅馬人使用風(fēng)車。但第一個(gè)水電大壩是1870年建于英國(guó)。現(xiàn)在的水力發(fā)電已是最常見(jiàn)的可再生能源，占世界電力總量的20％。中國(guó)剛建成的三峽大壩是最大的一個(gè)發(fā)電站。它是美國(guó)胡佛發(fā)電站的

59、5倍大。它的26臺(tái)渦輪機(jī)可產(chǎn)生相當(dāng)于18個(gè)燒煤的發(fā)電站所發(fā)的電量。它將滿足中國(guó)電力總需求的3％。令人吃驚的是，有人說(shuō)，水電站排放大量溫室氣體、2003年，第一個(gè)利用大海上的潮汐能發(fā)電的商業(yè)電站在挪威建成。它的設(shè)計(jì)好像一個(gè)風(fēng)車，但其他方面則采用了渦輪的形式。 由于費(fèi)用降低，風(fēng)力發(fā)電已成為了發(fā)展最迅速的一種發(fā)電方式——1999年到2005年翻了兩番?，F(xiàn)代風(fēng)力農(nóng)場(chǎng)由發(fā)電的渦輪機(jī)組成。盡管成本更高，卻會(huì)有源源不斷的風(fēng)力來(lái)滿足全世界的所有能量需求。風(fēng)力農(nóng)場(chǎng)分向岸和向海兩種形式。它們常常會(huì)出現(xiàn)在美麗的環(huán)境中，并常常人煙稀少。渦輪機(jī)也并非百無(wú)一害的。它們可干擾雷達(dá)信號(hào)，并在生態(tài)環(huán)境中留下痕跡，改變氣候，殺

60、死海鳥(niǎo)。遷徙的鳥(niǎo)類可以更幸運(yùn)地避開(kāi)它們。蘇格蘭正在建造歐洲最大的風(fēng)力農(nóng)場(chǎng)，可為20萬(wàn)戶家庭提供電力。英國(guó)的目標(biāo)是截至2020年達(dá)到五分之一的電力來(lái)自可再生能源，主要指風(fēng)能，但這樣做也有問(wèn)題，因?yàn)轱L(fēng)是不可靠的。 第三十七篇“Don’t Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning In what may be bad news for bars and pubs，a European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly

61、higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies2 and another 3，500 adults who had never had cancer. After the researchers accounted for the

62、amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals3 faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food als

63、o increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal4 cancer. “ Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites5 traced to smoking or drinking6 by the study volunteers，” Dal Maso says. The discouraging news, his team reports, is that drinking with meals didn’t eliminate cancer risk at an

64、y of the sites. For their new analysis，the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups，based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week7. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to8 20 drinks 狂week. The highest group reported downing at least 56

65、servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day.9 Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only withmeals. For instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alco

66、hol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx10. If people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers. People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who av