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1、Hypertension高 血 壓 病Hypertension (HTN) is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated(提高的).High blood pressure is often called a silent killer because many people have it but dont know it. Over time, people who do not get treated for high blood pressure can get

2、 very sick or even die.Blood pressure: Blood pressure readings are usually given as two numbers -The top number is called the systolic blood pressure, and the bottom number is called the diastolic blood pressure. Height, weight and waist(腰圍) : The wider the waist is, the shorter your life is Cardiop

3、ulmonary examination (心肺檢查)and neurological examination(神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)檢查): to know whether you have the cardiovascular complications(心腦血管并發(fā)癥)Urine routine(尿常規(guī)): If there is anemia(貧血), hematuria(血尿),it should be considered as renal hypertension or hypertension leads to severe renal damage.Blood biochemical(血生

4、化): Low serum potassium(低血鉀) may lead to secondary hypertensionElectrocardiogram ECG(心電圖): know whether hypertension leads to Cardiac hypertrophy(心肌肥厚), arrhythmia(心律失常) pressure.Retinopathy(視網(wǎng)膜病變)DiagnosisHypertensionHypertensionEssential Hypertension 原發(fā)性高血壓（高血壓?。?095%Secondary Hypertension繼發(fā)性高血壓 5

5、10%primary or essential hypertension: high blood pressure with no obvious underlying(潛在的,根本的) medical cause. Secondary Hypertension: High blood pressure that is caused by another medical condition(醫(yī)療條件) or medication(藥物)that affect the kidneys, arteries, heart or endocrine system. Primary or Essenti

6、al HypertensionPrimary or Essential Hypertension Benign Hypertension (Chronic Hypertension) 良性/緩進(jìn)性高血壓 Malignant Hypertension (Accelerated Hypertension)惡性/急進(jìn)性高血壓Pathological Changes(病變)Hypertension SymptomsHypertension Symptoms Left ventricle in hypertensive heart disease. Primary granularPrimary gra

7、nular(grnjl,(grnjl,顆粒狀的顆粒狀的) ) atrophy(trfi:,atrophy(trfi:,萎縮萎縮) of the ) of the kidneykidney（原發(fā)性顆粒性固縮腎）（原發(fā)性顆粒性固縮腎）ArteriolarArteriolar(:tiriul,(:tiriul,小動脈的小動脈的) ) nephrosclerosisnephrosclerosis(nefrsklirusis)(nefrsklirusis)（細(xì)動（細(xì)動脈性腎硬化）脈性腎硬化）hypertensive cerebral hypertensive cerebral hemorrhagehem

8、orrhage（高血壓病腦出血）（高血壓病腦出血）Hypertensive retinopathyHypertensive retinopathy(retinpi,(retinpi,視網(wǎng)膜病變視網(wǎng)膜病變) ) When blood pressure is When blood pressure is not well controlled, you not well controlled, you are at risk for:are at risk for:Bleeding from the aorta(e:t,主動脈出血), the large blood vessel that sup

9、plies blood to the abdomen(bdmn), pelvis(pelvs), and legs(給腹部、骨盆和腿部供血的大血管)Chronic kidney disease(慢性腎疾病)Heart attack and heart failure(心臟病和心力衰竭)Poor blood supply to the legs(下肢供血不足)Stroke(中風(fēng)/腦卒中)Problems with your vision(視覺障礙) The DASH Diet pay attention to diet regulation,eat the food with low salt

10、and low animal fat ,avoid cholesterol-rich foods Drug therapy(藥物治療) Diuretics(dajuretk) (利尿藥) Calcium Channel Blockers (鈣通道阻滯劑) Beta-blockers (-阻斷劑) ACE（angiotensin-converting enzyme） Inhibitors(nhbt(r) (血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑) Exercise Adults over 18 should have their blood pressure checked regularly. Lifesty

11、le changes may help control your blood pressure. Exercise often. Eat foods low in salt. Lose weight or keep weight at a healthy level. Do not smoke. Limit alcohol. atrophy trfi:,萎縮 Pathology A wasting or decrease in size of a body organ, tissue, or part owing to disease, injury, or lack of use: musc

12、ular atrophy of a person affected with paralysis. A wasting away, deterioration, or diminution: intellectual atrophy. The cultural life of the country will sink into atrophy unless more writers and artists emerge. 如果沒有更多的作家和藝術(shù)家出現(xiàn)，這個國家的文化生活將衰退。 If you allow your mind to stagnate, this particular tale

13、nt will atrophy. 如果你老不用腦，那么這一特殊才能就會退化。vWORD LISTWORD LIST granular grnjl,顆粒狀的 Biology Containing granules: granular cells. Composed or appearing to be composed of granules or grains. Having a grainy texture. 1.Objective To investigate the antipyretic, analgesic and antiinflammatory effects of xiaoer

14、kanggan granular. 目的 觀察小兒抗感顆粒的解熱 、 鎮(zhèn)痛、抗炎作用. 2.The mucosa was thinned 、 flattened , rugal folds became flattened, surface of mucosa appeared fine granular. 肉眼,胃粘膜薄而平滑,皺襞變淺,有的幾乎消失, 粘膜表面呈細(xì)顆粒狀,偶有出血及糜爛. vWORD LISTWORD LIST Arteriolar :tiriul,小動脈的 One of the small terminal branches of an artery, especiall

15、y one that connects with a capillary The arteriolar wall is markedly thickened and the lumen is narrowed. 動脈壁明顯增厚，管腔狹窄。 Retinal arteriolar tortuosity with retinal hemorrhage was first described in 1958. 視網(wǎng)膜小動脈彎曲合并復(fù)發(fā)性視網(wǎng)膜出血在1958第一次被提出。vWORD LIST nephrosclerosis nefrsklirusis,細(xì)動脈性腎硬化 kidney disease tha

16、t is usually associated with hypertension; sclerosis of the renal arterioles reduces blood flow that can lead to kidney failure and heart failure In malignant nephrosclerosis, the kidney demonstrates focal small hemorrhages. 惡性腎硬化時(shí), 腎臟出現(xiàn)局灶性出血. vWORD LIST retinopathy retinpi,視網(wǎng)膜病變 A pathological diso

17、rder of the retina. Objective: To study the perioperative nursing of elderly proliferative diabetic retinopathy. 目的：探討老年增殖性糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變的圍手術(shù)期護(hù)理方法。 Diabetes retinopathy(DRP ) is one of severe complications of microvasculatures. 糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變(DRP)是糖尿病(DM)的嚴(yán)重微血管并發(fā)癥之一。vWORD LIST Diuretics(dajuretk,利尿藥) A substanc

18、e or drug that tends to increase the discharge of urine. Some diuretics can cause fatigue. 某些利尿劑能引起疲倦。 Weve mentioned calcium channel blockers and diuretics, what about beta-blockers? 我們提到了鈣通道阻滯劑和利尿劑，那么受體阻滯劑呢？vWORD LIST ACE Inhibitors(nhbt(r),血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑)lOne that inhibits, as a substance that retar

19、ds or stops a chemical reaction lShould ACE Inhibitors be combined with Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists? ACE抑制劑應(yīng)與血管緊張素受體拮抗劑合用 嗎 ?lACE inhibitors are recommended for most people with diabetes, high bloodpressure, and kidney disease. ACE抑制劑會推薦給糖尿病患者, 高血壓患者和腎病患者.vWORD LIST Obesity（bi:sti:肥胖癥） ntern

20、ally nt:nl,在體內(nèi)地 granular(grnjl,顆粒狀的) atrophy(trfi:,萎縮) Arteriolar(:tiriul,小動脈的) nephrosclerosis(nefrsklirusis,腎硬化） Basal ganglia(beisl li,基底神經(jīng)節(jié)) retinopathy(retinpi,視網(wǎng)膜病變) aorta(e:t,主動脈) Diuretics(dajuretk)(利尿藥) ACE Inhibitors(nhbt(r)(血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑) Nodular(ndjul,結(jié)節(jié)性) abdomen(bdmn) (腹部) pelvis(pelvs)

21、(骨盆) Therapy(erpi)(治療，療法) Hypertension 高血壓 A medical condition in which a person has very high blood pressure. Concentric hypertrophy A hypertrophic growth of a hollow organ without overall enlargement, in which the walls of the organ are thickened and its capacity or volume is diminished. 向心肥大是中空器官

22、沒有整體的肥厚性增長擴(kuò)大,器官是增厚的墻壁和它的容量或體積減少。 Primary granular atrophy of the kidney原發(fā)性顆粒性固縮腎 Bilateral renal volume smaller, lighter weight, texture hardening, surface evenly diffuse fine granular 雙側(cè)腎體積縮小，重量減輕，質(zhì)地變硬，表面呈均勻彌漫的細(xì)顆粒狀exersise: Arteriosclerosis 動脈硬化 A medical condition in which the walls of your arteri

23、es become hard and thick, so your blood cannot flow through them properly. Hypertensive encephalopathy高血壓腦病 A neurological dysfunction induced by malignant hypertension高血壓腦病是一種惡性高血壓引起的神經(jīng)功能障礙 cerebral hemorrhage腦出血 bleeding from a ruptured blood vessel in the brain大腦中的血管破裂出血exersise: 1.(venous) throm

24、bosis 靜脈血栓形成A. vascular B. venous C. artery D. phleb2.（arteri）osclerosis 動脈硬化A. arteri B. ather C. aort D. atri 3.This form of muscle growth is called (hypertrophy）.A. atrophy B. hypertrophy C. hyperplasia(增生) D. metaplasia(化生)exersise:4.In malignant （nephrosclerosis）, the kidney demonstrates focal small hemorrhages. A .nephrosclerosis B. arteriosclerosis C. aortic stenosis D. atherosclerosis5. Diabetes (retinopathy) is one of severe complications of microvasculatures. Retinopathy B.adenopathy(腺病) C. neuropathy(神經(jīng)病) D. otopathy(耳病)exersise: