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注射模設(shè)計的三維模型發(fā)展 T L Neo and K S Lee 機(jī)械與生產(chǎn)工程學(xué)院 新加坡國立大學(xué) 新加坡 高 級 制 造 技 術(shù) 的 研 究 2001 17 453 461 2001施普林格出版社倫敦有限公司 如今 為了使注塑工藝變得更簡單 很多嵌入式軟件都在高級3D 注塑平臺的基礎(chǔ)上開發(fā)出來 的 諸如有限元分析 計算機(jī)輔助制造 注射模設(shè)計 模擬以及形象化設(shè)計 這些軟件都是很有利 的 然而 它關(guān)非沒有缺點 事實上 這些嵌入式軟件也可以通過低級的3D 更靈活和更輕便性開 發(fā)出來 這篇文章查閱了各種各樣基于3D應(yīng)用發(fā)展的期刊和方法 主要是關(guān)于軟件方面 首先 提出了一種基于3D的應(yīng)用發(fā)展的方法 這種觀點通過使用 Parasolid模型的注射模實現(xiàn)的 基于在已 建立的模具設(shè)計中的模具設(shè)計概念 文中說明了一種被叫做IMOLD的模件 在一個Windows NT 平臺上 面向?qū)ο蟮木幊陶Z言被用來開發(fā)這種軟件 關(guān)鍵字 3D 模型 計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計 注射模設(shè)計 1 介紹 三維計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)越來越被用來加速產(chǎn)品的實現(xiàn)過程 涉及產(chǎn)品自動化設(shè)計過程的 第一步是3D建模應(yīng)用中的組件部件的建立 在建模過程中 這種 3D 模型的建立稱為數(shù)字化建模 這種數(shù)字化建模得到的3D的關(guān)鍵一步是生產(chǎn)過程自動化 組件部件的3D數(shù)字化建模僅僅是第一步 還有許多的其他輔助任務(wù)必須在零件被生產(chǎn)之前完成 這些任務(wù)包括有限元分析 夾具和固定裝置的設(shè)計 注射模設(shè)計 計算機(jī)輔助制造 模擬和形象化 設(shè)計 當(dāng)今很多在高級3D建模平臺上發(fā)展起來的嵌入式軟件來促進(jìn)這些輔助任務(wù) 這種 3D建模站 臺提供了一個具有編程的用戶界面和風(fēng)格的嵌入式軟件 結(jié)果 這種嵌入式軟件的開發(fā)時間大幅度 地減少 這種方法在很多方面都是有利的 但是 它也有它的缺點 特別是從長遠(yuǎn)的角度考慮 為了為 現(xiàn)有的軟件開發(fā)另外一種嵌入式軟件 那些開發(fā)者必須兼顧很多現(xiàn)有的限制條件 必需與源軟件的 風(fēng)格一致 那些開發(fā)者必須利用系統(tǒng)所提供的各種庫函數(shù)來實現(xiàn)各種功能性操作 大多數(shù)的終端 用戶需要源軟件和嵌入式軟件 不過 在很多情況 他們可能對使用只有嵌入式的軟件更感興趣 在注射模設(shè)計過程中就有這種情況的例子 不過 這些用戶必須購買包括很多他們不需要的特征和 功能的整個軟件包 這么大的程序通常是硬件上所必需的 同時這也意味著會費用更高 這嵌入 式軟件也很大程度上依賴源軟件的發(fā)展 一旦源軟件版本被更新 那些嵌入式軟件的開發(fā)者必須采 取相應(yīng)的行動 如果這些應(yīng)用在一個低級的平臺上發(fā)展 這些缺點可能會不存在 事實上 這些 嵌入式軟件可以使用低級的3D 模型更靈活和更輕便性發(fā)展 在很多情況下 這樣的操作既可行又 有利 傳統(tǒng)上 注射模設(shè)計可以直接在計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計系統(tǒng)執(zhí)行 整個注射模 可能由數(shù)百個組件 部件組成 在計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計系統(tǒng) 例如 AutoCAD PRO 工程師和Unigraphics 上建模和裝配 因 為注射 模設(shè)計過程是反復(fù)的 所以重新建模和裝配是相當(dāng)費時 在這個方面 像這些基于特征的 PRO 工程師以及Unigraphics那樣的3D 計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計系統(tǒng)比像AutoCAD那樣的2D 計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計系統(tǒng)的更有優(yōu)勢 為加速注射 模設(shè)計工藝的發(fā)展 這種嵌入式軟件在3D系統(tǒng)上自動發(fā)展一些注射工藝 這種附加應(yīng)用的例子包 括在國立新加坡大學(xué)發(fā)展 基于Unigraphics 上發(fā)展的 IMOLD 智能模型設(shè)計和裝配系統(tǒng) 專家模具 設(shè)計者 基于CADKEY 及模型制作者 基于EUCLID 因為以上每一個都基于特定的計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計 系統(tǒng) 所以都沒有嵌入兼容性 在1994年 Mok和張 1 基于Unigraphics的注射模設(shè)計應(yīng)用上做了 研究 在1997年 Shah 2 在幾何建模之間的聯(lián)系標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化之間提出了互訪結(jié)構(gòu)模型 他的目標(biāo)是在 基于Parasolid 的3D 應(yīng)用以及 ACIS之間獲得嵌入兼容性 只不過它包括三維建模 在這篇文章里 作者試圖直接發(fā)展一種質(zhì)量輕的使用低級的3D模型注射模設(shè)計應(yīng)用 并把重點放在軟件開發(fā)的靈 活性和速度上 設(shè)計概念和程序來自IMOLD 4 5 模具設(shè)計和3D 裝配中應(yīng)用 盡管這些討論僅 僅局限于注射模設(shè)計 這種方法學(xué)能很容易地被應(yīng)用在其他基于3D 的應(yīng)用中 并且有相似的作用 開發(fā)者工具的結(jié)合就是為了這個目的而選擇的 在方法學(xué)被討論之前 對于其中的一些先提出的工 具作一個簡短的介紹 他們分別是IMOLD Parasolid 10 1 版本 VC6 0 版本和微軟公司基礎(chǔ)種類 2 IMOLD 用作模具設(shè)計應(yīng)用 IMOLD 智能模型設(shè)計和裝配 是在基于3D 的應(yīng)用致力發(fā)展的注射模設(shè)計 它在一個叫做 Unigraphics的高級計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計系統(tǒng)之上發(fā)展起來的 該發(fā)展正在通過使用系統(tǒng)所提供的編程接 口 API 來實現(xiàn) 該軟件通過提供常用的設(shè)計工具促使模具設(shè)計者能夠迅速進(jìn)行設(shè)計 在設(shè)計中所 需的常用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組件部件 可以在軟件里預(yù)先創(chuàng)建并且可能被容易被設(shè)計者調(diào)用 這很大程度上降 低了設(shè)計時間 模具設(shè)計過程可分成幾個階段 以一種固定的方式給設(shè)計者們提供模具設(shè)計方法 它們便是 1 數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)備 2 填充系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 3 模具基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計 4 插件與零件設(shè)計 5 冷卻系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 6 滑板和提升設(shè)計 7 注射系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 8 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)零件庫 每個階段都可以被認(rèn)為是一個獨立的模件設(shè)計過程 基于3D 的每個模件的要求變化甚微 成 功地建立模型基礎(chǔ)模件意味著在發(fā)展其它模件過程中也是可行的 3 用作3D模型設(shè)計的Parasolid Parasolid被用設(shè)計為基于3D 模型數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)的核心 實體建模有必要被用作 1 建造并且操作實體 2 計算質(zhì)量和慣性矩 并且進(jìn)行干涉檢測 3 以多種方式輸出實體 4 在特定的數(shù)據(jù)庫或者檔案內(nèi)儲存實體并且可以稍后提取出來 在計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計中 Parasolid是最先進(jìn)的3D 模型設(shè)計軟件 它是Unigraphics和Solid Works 的3D核心 它獨特的公差模擬運(yùn)作功能使得它能以其它格式接收和存儲數(shù)據(jù) 因此 Parasolid模型文 件是十分方便的而且它也是獨立應(yīng)用發(fā)展的高級平臺 基于3D 的應(yīng)用與Parasolid之間通過它的3個 界面中的一個相連接 這些被稱這之為Parasolid 核心界面 模型界面以及底端界面 PK界面和模型界面位于建模系 統(tǒng)的頂部 通過這些方法來建模和對實體進(jìn)行操作以及控制建模的功能 底端界面位于建模窗口的 底部 當(dāng)需要執(zhí)行集中數(shù)據(jù)或系統(tǒng)類型操作時建模者便需要它 它由3個部分組成 函數(shù) 圖形輸 出和外形幾何 以下分別對其作出簡短的介紹 3 1 KI 和PK界面 KI 和PK是供程序員進(jìn)入Parasolid模型里進(jìn)行建模的接口 他們是建模功能的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫 程序員在他們的程序里稱之為建模功能 因為KI不久將被淘汰 所以我 們選擇使用PK界面 3 2 函數(shù) 函數(shù)是一必須由應(yīng)用程序員編寫的功能 當(dāng)數(shù)據(jù)必須被存儲或者提取時需要使用該功能 當(dāng)使 用Parasolid時 應(yīng)用程序員必須首先決定怎樣管理數(shù)據(jù)的存儲 通過該功能Parasolid輸出該數(shù)據(jù) 通過該功能轉(zhuǎn)存數(shù)據(jù)通常與寫入文件或?qū)С鑫募嘘P(guān) 文件的形式和及存儲位置在寫該功能時被確 定 3 3圖形的輸出 對圖形輸出功能是由應(yīng)用程序員所編寫的另一種功能 對需要PK給予功能的設(shè)計者來說 圖 形數(shù)據(jù)是由GO界面輸出的 然后3D數(shù)據(jù)被傳給3D圖像包 OpenGL 是圖形卡片的一個軟件接口可以為我們提供我們所需的數(shù) 據(jù)包 3 4 外形幾何 外形幾何學(xué)可以為用戶幾何類型的發(fā)展 例如機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)部及表面的曲線 提供功能操作 它通常與 在Parasolid內(nèi)的建模標(biāo)準(zhǔn)幾何類型一起使用 4 使用VC以及微軟公司基金類型的面向?qū)ο蟮某绦蛟O(shè)計 面向?qū)ο蟮某绦蛟O(shè)計 OOP 已無可爭議地成為軟件開發(fā)者的選擇 它是在目前所存在的軟件中 最高級的開發(fā)軟件 微軟公司Visual Studio就是這樣的一個軟件包 它刻劃了許多基于因特網(wǎng)和基 于Windows編程用的開發(fā)工具 在這些工具中包含有VC 以及微軟公司基金種類 MFC VC 是面向 對象的程序設(shè)計的強(qiáng)有力的開發(fā)工具 而MFC 是一種基于 Windows編程的框架 它以強(qiáng)大的開發(fā)特 性和功能性 例如自動編碼基于wizard操作 為應(yīng)用程序員提供開發(fā)工具 這大大改進(jìn)了生產(chǎn)效率 我們使用的程序的整個用戶界面是使用VC以及MFC開發(fā)出來的 5 系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 基于3D的使用3D模型的附加應(yīng)用的直接發(fā)展的問題正待解決 在最高的水平上它由3個主要階 段組成 首先 必要特征和嵌入式應(yīng)用軟件功能的識別 第二 應(yīng)用框架的設(shè)計與開發(fā) 最后 具有合適的開發(fā)工具的框架中個別模件的設(shè)計與開發(fā) 5 1 必要軟件的識別 Parasolid作為一種3D 建模方法 只提供許多庫函數(shù)以及3D應(yīng)用開發(fā)的基本框架 因此 那些開 發(fā)者有必要識別和開發(fā)3D計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計系統(tǒng)中其他的必要設(shè)施 為了識別所需的設(shè)施 理解兩 者之間的差異是很重要 表格1 總結(jié)了3D模型和3D計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計系統(tǒng)所提供的主要設(shè)備的差別 其中的一些設(shè)備 例如 特征和參數(shù)建模 在耗時與技術(shù)上都要求有發(fā)展 因為大多數(shù)的嵌入式軟件不使用源程序中的所有 設(shè)備 只通過開發(fā)這些使用低級3D模型所需要的嵌入式軟件生產(chǎn)單獨的版本是很有可能的 表格1從第7條到第9是使用基于3D的應(yīng)用發(fā)展Parasolid的必要條件 通過研究嵌入式的應(yīng)用的必要條件 其他必要的設(shè)備的要求也可以被鑒定 然后提出了該應(yīng)用 程序的一個框架 該框架是基于由Parasolid建模所提供的設(shè)備 5 2 基于3D應(yīng)用的框架 對于由開發(fā)的工具和 應(yīng)用的要求所提供的設(shè)備 開發(fā)了一種框架 它專門被設(shè)計以使單個編 程模件之間的差異最小化 這將導(dǎo)致編程代碼發(fā)生小程度的變化 事實上 程序代碼使用起來更加 的輕便各更有助于維修 而且將來的發(fā)展前景也是相當(dāng)好的 這個框架的概述在圖2里得以說明 各種各樣的模件的詳細(xì)情況被在以后的章節(jié)里討論 5 2 1個基于Windows的用戶界面 A Parasolid不為程序員提供用戶界面 因此 在每一個階段基于3D應(yīng)用的發(fā)展將涉及到從頭開始 設(shè)計用戶界面 相關(guān)的必要開發(fā)內(nèi)容包含 1 基于3D的應(yīng)用的環(huán)境設(shè)置和顯示 2 交互式圖表的接口和全部應(yīng)用功能操作的執(zhí)行程序 5 2 2 3D 開發(fā)者 B 圖層的設(shè)置 因為不同的基于3D的應(yīng)用在不同程度上需要不同的 3D設(shè)備 該框架必須為用戶提供這些變量 的設(shè)置 一個3D開發(fā)者圖層的設(shè)置 參閱圖2 被概念化來解決這些變化 這是基于 Parasolid模型已經(jīng) 開發(fā)出來的對象的庫函數(shù)或者類別 開發(fā)的程度取決于建模的要求情況 圖表一由3D模型和計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計系統(tǒng)所提供的設(shè)施的摘要 3D模型和3D計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計系統(tǒng)設(shè)施 1 基本3D低級建模和通用功能以及高級功能和特殊功能 2 由整個系統(tǒng)提供的裝配多種庫函數(shù) 3 基于特征的建模 4 不經(jīng)常被提供的參數(shù)建模 5 系統(tǒng)常提供的低級建模功能 6 系統(tǒng)提供的不完全草圖 7 系統(tǒng)不常提供的交互式用戶界面 8 系統(tǒng)所提供的三維物體基本概念框架功能和庫函數(shù)的可視化 9 系統(tǒng)所提供文件管理系統(tǒng)的基本概念和多個信息庫功能的完全發(fā)展 除了要滿足應(yīng)用條件中的變量要求外 3D開發(fā)者設(shè)置層也要為非 Parasolid開發(fā)者提供一個編程 接口 這樣的一個接口能也其他基于3D的應(yīng)用的開發(fā)者重新使用 3D開發(fā)者設(shè)置層基本上由3 個 主要部分組成 他們可分別被用于3D建模和裝配 3D可視化以及3D 數(shù)據(jù)管理 I 3D建模和裝配 3D建模和裝配模件是所有這3個部分中最重要和最精心制作的部分 它與由大多數(shù)計算機(jī)輔助 設(shè)計系統(tǒng)提供應(yīng)用編程接口 API 相似 該模件由一基于3D 對象或類別的庫函數(shù)組成 它可用于核 心應(yīng)用模件的發(fā)展 大多數(shù)3D應(yīng)用所需要的3D基本的功能的操作性能必須被首先開發(fā)出來 基于 單個基于3D的應(yīng)用所需的條件 其他更多的高級特性后來也被增加進(jìn)來了 II 3D的可視化 在三維物體的顯示窗口用戶范圍需要一個團(tuán)體軟件圖表接口 圖表的輸出以及所選擇的圖表的 接口經(jīng)常被在基于3D的應(yīng)用里以及視圖對象管理和轉(zhuǎn)變之中 為這個目的而開發(fā)了一個類別庫函 數(shù) III 3D 數(shù)據(jù)管理 3D數(shù)據(jù)管理模件是在函數(shù)之上被開發(fā)出來的 函數(shù)是存在于使存檔以及 3D零件文件的進(jìn)入變 得容易的Parasolid的模件之中 為此開發(fā)了一種使用函數(shù)來處理的類型選擇器 1 3D目標(biāo)文件形式 2 諸如打開和保存3D目標(biāo)文件這樣的文件管理操作 5 2 3 應(yīng)用模塊 C 這些是位于3D開發(fā)者設(shè)置層和應(yīng)用用戶界面之間存在的基于 3D的應(yīng)用模塊 這些模塊的設(shè)計 的主要取決于應(yīng)用的屬性并且相互之間的差別很大 在這個領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)正在進(jìn)行很多有研發(fā)工作主要 發(fā)展的工作的大部分被進(jìn)行 然而 研發(fā)的難易主要取決于3D 開發(fā)者設(shè)置層的能力 5 2 4個其他軟件模塊 D 通常 基于3D的應(yīng)用可能需要來自于其他已存軟件模塊或應(yīng)用模塊的功能性操作 因此 諸 如此類的連接是可能存在的 在這篇文章的應(yīng)用部分就為這樣的一個例子加以說明了 5 3 單個模塊的發(fā)展 在進(jìn)行一個合適設(shè)計之前 對每個模塊都得進(jìn)行研究和分析 它的開發(fā)難易很大程度上取決于 所選的框架和開發(fā)者設(shè)置層 下一部分說明了注射模設(shè)計的3D 模型開發(fā)的實施情況 6 實施情況 應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 開發(fā)了基于3D的注射模設(shè)計 這被通過使用前面章節(jié)所述的開發(fā)者工具獲得 的 因為模型基礎(chǔ)需要更大范圍的3D功能性操作 包括裝配的生成 所以選用它來加以說明 6 1每個模塊的要求應(yīng)用框架和所需要的條件 對于識別開發(fā)工作 專門設(shè)定了了一個應(yīng)用框架 發(fā)展的工作鑒定 圖3說明了基于Windows用戶 的模型基礎(chǔ)模塊的詳細(xì)情況 在每個模件里的詳細(xì)要求在討論如下 6 1 1 Windows NT的用戶界面 A 模型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計是一個反復(fù)的過程 模型設(shè)計者首先從目錄中選擇了一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模型 然后對模型 的尺寸進(jìn)行修改直到所有的條件都得以滿足 因此 為了這個目的有必要考慮使用交互式用戶界面 使用VC和MFC來開發(fā)基于Windows的界面 它包括 1 菜單條欄目 菜單項和工具條按鈕的創(chuàng)建 顯示和管理 以便更方便地進(jìn)行應(yīng)用的功能性操作 2 引導(dǎo)用戶或獲得用戶輸入的對話框的創(chuàng)建 顯示和管理 3 顯示區(qū)域內(nèi)各種視角的創(chuàng)建 顯示和管理 4 拖動的鼠標(biāo)的作用 5 對每個功能的順序操作設(shè)計 應(yīng)用之后的結(jié)果如圖4中所示 它是一個典型的其于Windows應(yīng)用的用戶界面 6 1 2 3D 開發(fā)者 B 設(shè)置層 對基于3D模型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計的要求進(jìn)行分析 然后識別一下即將開發(fā)的模塊 基于3D 模型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計的 要求如下 1 創(chuàng)建初始模型 例如矩形 圓柱 圓錐 2 創(chuàng)建圓角和倒角 3 進(jìn)行布爾運(yùn)算 并集和差集 4 變換操作 變換和旋轉(zhuǎn) 5 對象屬性的管理 諸如名字和顏色 6 創(chuàng)建引用特征 7 創(chuàng)建總裝配和子裝配 因為以上這些應(yīng)用不是那么的廣泛 所以可以開了一個基礎(chǔ)建模集 有了單個模塊的詳細(xì)開發(fā)情況 就可以給開發(fā)者設(shè)置層添加更多的功能 每個模塊的全部要求條件將在以后的章節(jié)加以說明 I 3D建模和裝配 一個模型基礎(chǔ)基本上是許多組件部件的集合 諸如鍵和螺絲 為了使模型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計變得容易 設(shè)計者必須提供一個事先已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好的模型基礎(chǔ)庫 通過選擇特別 的尺寸 可以生成一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的模型基礎(chǔ)件 為了使這些變得容易 識別和開發(fā)了基于3D 的功能庫 該功能與前面6 1 2所提及到的要求條件相對應(yīng) 正因為該編碼是面向?qū)ο蟮?在需要的時候 它們 很容易被延伸以適應(yīng)其他模型設(shè)計模塊 II 3D視圖的可視化 使用圖表的輸出和作為圖表界面的OpenGL所提供的功能共同作用來為3D的實體操作開發(fā)投影 和視圖變換等諸多功能 它們包括 1 用所選擇的顏色給3D堆零部件著色 2 用所選擇的顏色給3D裝配體著色 圖7和圖8分別用陰影和線框的模式給3D裝配體加以顯示 3 用所選擇的顏色在屏幕上給其他3D實體著色 4 在模型基礎(chǔ)裝配中用不同的顏色分別給單個組件著色 5 交互式視圖變換 諸如旋轉(zhuǎn) 變換和縮放 6 裝配樹顯示和操作 III 3D 數(shù)據(jù)管理 開發(fā)獨立應(yīng)用程序的好處之一就是它的輕便性 所以采用最大的輕便性打開的形式是很重要的 因此以原先的Parasolid文件形式 xmtFtxt 來替代新的文件形式 一個模型基礎(chǔ)件的數(shù)據(jù)管理要求包 括如下內(nèi)容 1 打開 保存 另存為和關(guān)閉Parasolid零件文件 2 打開 保存 另存為和關(guān)閉Parasolid裝配文件 3 輸入和輸出零件文件 6 1 3個模型基礎(chǔ)模件 C 為了促進(jìn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模型基礎(chǔ)組件的自動生成 系統(tǒng)必須提供一個模型基礎(chǔ)零部件庫 其尺寸大小取決于 目錄中的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值 為使設(shè)計容易進(jìn)行 需對這些尺寸進(jìn)行順序修改 這個模件詳細(xì)情況將在第6 2 部分進(jìn)行討論 6 1 4 數(shù)據(jù)庫支持 D 一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模型基礎(chǔ)件需要用將近100個參數(shù)來對單個組件的尺寸和位置進(jìn)行完全描述 這些參 數(shù)的大部分都是相互聯(lián)系的并且可以從其它數(shù)據(jù)庫中獲得 因此 一個數(shù)據(jù)庫文件需要被用來存儲 基于目錄的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模型基礎(chǔ)件的參數(shù) Microsoft Access 數(shù)據(jù)庫形式被使用在MFC里進(jìn)行直接存儲數(shù) 據(jù)庫文件 在MFC里使用數(shù)據(jù)存取對象 DAO 一套被用作抽取和管理數(shù)據(jù)庫城相關(guān)參數(shù)的功能 6 2模型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計的發(fā)展 模型基礎(chǔ)模件由3個主要部分組成 即 模型基礎(chǔ)組件生成 模型基礎(chǔ)裝配生成 模型基礎(chǔ)類 選擇和自定義模件 第4個部分被稱作為模型基礎(chǔ)參數(shù)管理 也是被用來開發(fā)為應(yīng)用提供數(shù)據(jù)支持 這些已經(jīng)圖表中5中說明了 注注射模設(shè)計的開發(fā)部分的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容討論如下 I 零部件庫的生成 有了3D開發(fā)者設(shè)置層的支持 為模型基礎(chǔ)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組件部件被創(chuàng)建和存儲在組件庫中 通過規(guī) 定合適的尺寸 這些組件部件可以被生成而且可以被模型基礎(chǔ)裝配生成器所使用 II 裝配生成器 使用3D 圖層設(shè)置并將組件庫生成器各標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模型基礎(chǔ)集中并存儲在裝配庫中 當(dāng)提供從數(shù)據(jù)庫 中提取特定參數(shù)集時 由于它得到了特別的參數(shù)支持 所以特定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模具基礎(chǔ)裝配可以自動地 III 參數(shù)管理者 參數(shù)管理者將模型基礎(chǔ)應(yīng)用模件和數(shù)據(jù)庫支持連接起來 當(dāng)一個特定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模型基礎(chǔ)被選擇后 它的為模型基礎(chǔ)裝配的相應(yīng)參數(shù)已經(jīng)從數(shù)據(jù)庫中提取出來并且發(fā)送到組件庫生成器和裝配生成器中 除此以外 參數(shù)管理者也允許用戶為了設(shè)計的目的而對參數(shù)進(jìn)行修改 IV 模型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計者 模型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計者為兩個主要目的服務(wù) 首先 允許用戶選擇來自裝配生成器的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模型基礎(chǔ) 其次 通過允許模型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計者修改所選擇的模型基礎(chǔ)的尺寸來使模型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計變得容易 該樣品 代碼給那些模型基礎(chǔ)來生成功能 從圖9中我們可以注意到使用了許多代表模型基礎(chǔ)的參數(shù)的變量 的功能 這是用于裝入那些零部件生成各種各樣的模型基礎(chǔ)零部件的創(chuàng)造 裝配生成器然后使用 那些零部件和那些參數(shù)集來確定模型裝配基礎(chǔ)的創(chuàng)建 正如在3D 開發(fā)者層設(shè)置外一樣 在樣本程 序中沒有直接被叫作 Parasolid功能的當(dāng)今的模型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計應(yīng)用能意識到在 工廠要求設(shè)計的注射?；A(chǔ)設(shè)計的全部功能性設(shè)計情況 因為模型基礎(chǔ)是IMOLD模件中的最廣泛 應(yīng)用的3D模型 所以它的成功開發(fā)意味著開發(fā)了一完全基于 3D注射模設(shè)計和裝配應(yīng)用的可行性 7 結(jié)論 高級編程語言的發(fā)展已經(jīng)允許程序員用參數(shù)來重新使用編程代碼 該編程代碼存在于象微軟公 司基金類型那樣的對象里 這些強(qiáng)大的特征已經(jīng)使程序員從更多的編程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)函數(shù)的程序和建立用戶界面中分離出來了 他們現(xiàn) 在能夠把精力集中在軟件的核心組成部分 從而增加生產(chǎn)效率 這導(dǎo)致發(fā)展獨立版本的軟件諸如 CAE 計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計和計算機(jī)輔助制造可行性提高 不過目前 這種方法是既耗時的而且技術(shù)要 求高 盡管如此 它還是可行的而且前景是非常好的 通過把幾種高級的開發(fā)者工具結(jié)合起來 我 們已經(jīng)設(shè)法增加了這些工具開發(fā)注射模設(shè)計的應(yīng)用能力 迄今為止 只有模具設(shè)計工藝的前三個階 段得以編碼 這給隨后的模型設(shè)計模件的開發(fā)奠定了基礎(chǔ) 該方法也可以很容易地在包含標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組件 設(shè)計的其他軟件中實施 這些包括夾具和固定設(shè)備設(shè)計 冷鑄 和生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品自動化 Int J Adv Manuf Technol 2001 17 453 461 2001 Springer Verlag London Limited Three Dimensional Kernel Development for Injection Mould Design T L Neo and K S Lee Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Today many software plug ins have been developed on high level 3D modelling platforms to facilitate processes such as FEM analysis CAM injection mould design simulation and visualisation Such an arrangement is advantageous in many ways However it is not without shortcomings Ideally these plug ins could also be developed using low level 3D kernels for higher flexibility and better portability This paper examines the various issues and methodologies related to the development of such 3D based applications The emphasis is placed on the software aspect First a methodology for the development of 3D based applications is proposed The idea is then implemented by developing an injection mould design application using a low level 3D kernel called Parasolid Based on design concepts used in an established mould design application IMOLD the development of a mould base design module is illustrated An object oriented programming language has been chosen for the development of the software on a Windows NT platform Keywords 3D kernel Computer aided design CAD Injection mould design Parasolid 1 Introduction Three dimensional CAD systems have increasingly been used to speed up the product realisation process One of the first steps involved in the automation of the product design process is the creation of the component parts in a 3D modelling application The 3D model upon creation is called the digital master copy This 3D digital model forms the key to a wide spectrum of process automation Creating the 3D digital model of component parts is only the very first step There are several other secondary tasks that must to be done before the part can be manufactured Such tasks include finite element analysis jigs and fixtures design injection mould design computer aided manufacturing simul Correspondence and ofprint requests to K S Lee Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering National University of Singa pore 119260 Singapore E mail mpeleeksKnus edu sg ation and visualisation Today many application Plug ins have been developed on high level 3D modelling platforms to facili tate these secondary tasks The 3D modelling platform provides the plug in software with a library of functions as well as an established user interface and style of programming As a result the development times for these plug ins are significantly reduced Such an arrangement is advantageous in many ways However it has its shortcomings especially in the long run In order to develop a plug in for established software the developers must adhere to the many constraints imposed There is a need to be consistent with the style of the parent software The developers must be able to achieve any functionality they need with only the set of library functions provided Most end users need both the parent software and the plug in In many cases however they may be more interested in using only the plug in software An example of such a situation is in injection mould design These users however must purchase the entire software package which includes many features and functions that they do not need Such a large program is often very demanding on the hardware which also means higher cost The plug in software is also very dependent on developments in the parent software Whenever a new version is updated for the parent software the plug in developers have to follow up on the changes These shortcomings may not exist if these applications were developed on a low level platform Ideally these plug ins could be developed using low level 3D kernels for higher flexibility and better portability In many instances such a move is both feasible and advantageous Traditionally injection mould design is carried out directly on a CAD system The entire injection mould consisting of perhaps hundreds of components is modelled and assembled on CAD systems such as AutoCAD Pro Engineer and Unigraphics As the injection mould design process is recursive it is very time consuming to re model and re assemble the design In this aspect 3D CAD systems such as Pro Engineer and Unigraphics which are feature based have a significant advantage over 2D CAD systems such as AutoCAD To further speed up the injection mould design process plug ins were developed on these 3D systems to automate certain stages of the design process Examples of such add on applications include IMOLD Intelligent Mold Design and Assembly Sys tem developed at the National University of Singapore based on Unigraphics Expert Mold Designer based on CADKEY and Moldmaker based on EUCLID As each is based on a specific CAD system there is no plug compatibility In 1994 Mok and Cheung 1 presented work on the devel opment of an injection mould design application based on Unigraphics In 1997 Shah 2 proposed a 3 tier architecture for standardising communications between geometric modelling kernels and applications that require geometric modelling services His objective is to achieve plug compatibility between 3D applications that are based on Parasolid 3 a 3D kernel developed at the University of Cambridge and ACIS This however involved an extensively developed 3 tier modelling husk In this paper the author attempts to develop a lightweight injection mould design application using a low level 3D kernel directly The focus is on the flexibility and speed of the software development Design concepts and procedures were taken from IMOLD 4 5 a complete mould design and assembly 3D application Although the discussion is limited to injection mould design only the methodology applied can easily be applied in other 3D based applications that are of a similar nature A combination of developer tools was chosen for this purpose Before the methodology is discussed brief introductions to some of these tools are first presented They are IMOLD Parasolid version 10 1 Visual Cversion 6 0 and the Microsoft Foundation Classes 2 IMOLD as a Mould Design Application IMOLD Intelligent Mold Design and Assembly is an established 3D based application that is dedicated to injection mould design It is developed on top of an advanced CAD system called Unigraphics The development is carried out using the applications programming interface API provided The software enables mould designers to create a design rapidly by providing the tools that are commonly needed Standard components parts that are often required in the design have been pre created in the software and can be readily used by the designer This reduces the design time significantly The mould design process is divided into several stages providing the designer with a consistent method of creating the mould design They are namely 1 Data preparation 2 Filling system design 3 Mould base design 4 Inserts and parting design 5 Cooling system design 6 Slider and lifter design 7 Ejection system design 8 Standard parts library Each stage can be considered as an independent module of the program The 3D based requirements for each module vary only slightly The success in developing the mould base module implies feasibility in developing all the other modules 3 Parasolid as a 3D Kernel Parasolid is designed to be the centre or kernel of any system that is based on 3D model data It is essentially a solid modeller which can be used to 1 Build and manipulate solid objects 2 Calculate mass and moments of inertia and perform clash detection 3 Output the objects in various ways including pictorially 4 Store the objects in some sort of database or archive and retrieve them later Parasolid is one of the most advanced 3D kernels among CAD applications It is the 3D kernel of Unigraphics and Solid Works Its unique tolerant modelling functionality enables it to accept data stored in other modeller formats Parasolid model files are thus very potable It is therefore a superior platform for the development of stand alone applications The 3D based application interacts with Parasolid through one of its three interfaces see Fig 1 These are called the Parasolid kernel PK interface the kernel interface KI and the downward interface The PK interface and the kernel interface sit on top of the modeller side by side and are the means by which the application models and manipulates the objects as well as controls the functioning of the modeller The downward interface lies beneath the modeller and is called by the modeller when it needs to perform data intensive or system type operations It consists of three parts frustrum graphical output GO and foreign geometry These are briefly explained below 3 1 The KI and PK Interface The KI and the PK are interfaces for the programmer to access the modelling capabilities in the Parasolid kernel They are standard libraries of modelling functions The programmer calls these modelling functions in their programs As the KI is to be phased out soon we chose to use the PK interface Fig 1 Parasolid components 454 T L Neo and K S Lee 3D Kernel Development for Injection Mould Design 455 3 2 The Frustrum The frustrum is a set of functions which must be written by the applications programmer The kernel calls them when data must be saved or retrieved When using Parasolid the applications programmer must first decide how to manage the storage of data which Parasolid outputs through the frustrum Transferring data through the frustrum usually involves writing to or reading from files The format and location of the files is determined when writing the frustrum functions 3 3 The Graphical Output GO The graphical output is another set of functions which is to be written by the applications programmer When a call is made to the PK rendering functions the graphical data generated are output through the GO interface The graphical data are then passed to a 3D rendering package OpenGL a software interface to graphic cards is a rendering package that is used for our purpose 3 4 The Foreign Geometry The foreign geometry provides functionality for the development of customised geometrical types such as in house curves and surfaces These are used together with the standard geometrical types for modelling within Parasolid 4 Object Oriented Programming Using Visual Cand the Microsoft Foundation Classes Object oriented programming OOP has been the undisputed option for software developers It is among the most advanced developmental tools available The Microsoft Visual Studio is such a software package It features several developmental tools that are meant for Internet based and Windows based programming Among these tools are the Visual C VC and the Microsoft Foundation Classes MFC The VCis a powerful development tool for object oriented programming whereas the MFC is a framework of Cclasses that are dedicated to Windows based programming Together these provided the applications programmer with powerful development features and functionalities such as auto code generation and wizard based operations These greatly improved productivity The entire user interface for our program is developed using the VCand the MFC 5 System Design The direct development of a 3D based add on application using a 3D kernel requires several issues to be addressed They consist of 3 main stages at the highest level First the identification of the crucial features and functions required for the plug in application Secondly the development of the design for the application framework Lastly the design and develop ment of the individual modules in the framework with appropriate developmental tools 5 1 Identification of Essential Modules Parasolid as a 3D kernel provides only a number of libraries and a conceptual framework for 3D application development It is thus necessary for the developers to identify and develop the other essential facilities that are provided in a 3D CAD system In order to identify the required facilities it is important to understand the discrepancies between the two Table 1 summarises the main differences in the facilities provided by a 3D kernel and a 3D CAD system Some of these facilities such as features and parametric modelling are both time consuming and technically demanding to develop As most plug ins do not use all the facilities of the parent software it is possible to develop only those required by the plug ins using low level 3D kernels producing a standalone version Items 7 to 9 in Table 1 are prerequisites for the development of 3D based applications using Parasolid By studying the requirements of the plug in application other essential facilities can be identified A framework for the application is then proposed based on the facilities provided by the Parasolid kernel 5 2 Framework for 3D Based Applications A framework is developed with reference to the facilities provided by the developmental tools and the requirements of the application It is designed so that there are minimum dependencies between individual code modules This may result in a small degree of code duplication In exchange there is better portability of the program codes greater ease of maintenance and a better prospect for future expansion The overview of this framework is illustrated in Fig 2 The details of the various modules are discussed in the following sections 5 2 1 Windows Based User Interface A Parasolid does not provide the programmer with a userinterface Thus the development of the 3D based application at every single stage will involve designing the user interface from scratch The necessary developments involve 1 Environmental setting and display of the 3D based application 2 Interactive graphical interface and execution procedure for all application functionality 5 2 2 3D Developer Layer B Since different 3D based applications require 3D facilities to different extent the framework must provide for these variations A 3D developer layer See Fig 2 Item B is conceptualised to handle such variations It is a library of objects or classes that are developed based on the Parasolid kernel The extent of development depends on the requirements of the Table 1 Summary of facilities provided by a 3D kernel and a CAD system Facilities 3D kernel 3D CAD system 1 Basic 3D modelling Low level and general functions provided High level and specific functions provided 2 Assemblies Several library functions provided Complete system provided 3 Feature based modelling Not provided Established feature set provided 4 Parametric modelling Not provided Often provided 5 Free form modelling Low level functions provided Often provided 6 Drafting Not provided Complete system provided 7 Interactive user interface Not provided Always provided 8 Visualisation of 3D objects Conceptual framework and several library Completely developed functions provided 9 File management system Conceptual framework and several library Completely developed functions provided Fig 2 Overview of 3D based application application identified in the previous section Besides catering for variations in application requirements the 3D developer layer also acts as a programming interface for non Parasolid developers Such an interface can also be re used for subsequent development of other 3D based applications The 3D developer layer essentially consists of three main sections They are used for 3D modelling and assembly 3D visualisation and 3D data management respectively I 3D Modeling and Assembly The 3D modelling and assembly module is the most important and elaborate of all three sections It is analogous to the application programming interface API provided by most CAD systems The module consists of a library of 3D based objects or classes which are used for the development of the core application modules The basic 3D functionality that is required by most 3D applications must be developed first Depending on the requirements of the individual 3D based application other more advance features are subsequently added II 3D Visualisation The display of 3D objects in a Windows client area requires a software graphics interface The graphical output together with a selected graphical interface are used for the rendering of 3D objects in the 3D based application as well as the management of the viewing projections and transformations Here a library of classes is developed for such purposes III 3D Data Management The 3D data management module is developed on top of the frustrum The frustrum is the module in the Parasolid kernel that facilitates archiving and access of 3D part files A library of classes are developed using the frustrum for handling 1 3D object file format 2 File management operations such as opening and saving a 3D object file 5 2 3 Application Modules C These are the actual 3D based application modules that sit between the 3D developer layer and the application userinterface The design of these modules depends mainly on the nature of the applications and often differs greatly The main bulk of the developmental work is carried out in this area The ease of the development however depends on the capabilities of the 3D developer layer 5 2 4 Other Software Modules D Very often the 3D based application may require functionality from other existing software modules or application modules Therefore such a link may exist An example of such a requirement is illustrated in the implementation section of this paper 5 3 Development of Individual Modules Each module to be developed is studied and analysed before a suitable design is produced The ease of development depends greatly on the design of the framework and the developer tools selected The next section illustrates the implementation of the 456 T L Neo and K S Lee above methodology on a 3D based injection mould base design and assembly application 6 Implementations Applying the system design a 3D based injection mould design application is developed This is achieved using the develop mental tools mentioned in the earlier sections The mould base module is chosen for illustration as it requires the widest range of 3D functionality including the generation of assemblies 6 1 Framework of Application and the Requirements of Each Module A framework for the application is designed with reference to the developmental work identified Figure 3 illustrates the framework for the Mold Base design application The details of the requirements in each module are discussed as follows 6 1 1 Windows NT User Interface A Mould base design is an iterative process The Mould designer first selects a standard mould base from the catalogue and then repeatedly makes modifications to the dimensions of the mould base until all the design requirements are met It is therefore necessary to consider an interactive user interface for such purpose Using the Visual Cand the MFC a Windows based interface is developed These include 1 Creation display and management of menu bar items context menu items and toolbar buttons for easy access to functionality of the application 2 Creation display and management of dialogue boxes to guide the user or to obtain user input Fig 3 Overview of the injection mould base design application Fig 6 Cavity plate B Fig 7 A Hoppt two plate mould base 3 Creation display and management of various views in the display area for illustration 4 Mouse driven interaction 5 The design of the sequence of operation including user interaction for each function The resulting application as shown in Fig 4 is a typical Windows based application with a user friendly interface 6 1 2 3D Developer Layer B The 3D based requirements of mould base design is analysed and the modules to be developed are identified The modelling requirements for 3D based mould base design are 1 Creation of primitives such as blocks cylinders cones prisms and toruses 2 Creation of blends and chamfers 458 T L Neo and K S Lee 3D Kernel Development for Injection Mould Design 45