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外文資料翻譯 1 NC and CNC The History of NC and CNC Development Numerical Control NC is any machining process in which the operations are executed automatically in sequences as specified by the program that contains the information for the tool movements The NC concept was proposed in the late 1940s by John Parsons of Traverse City Michigan Parsons recommended a method of automatic machine control that would guide a milling cutter to produce a thru axis curve in order to generate smooth profiles on work pieces In 1949 The U S Air Force awarded Parsons a contract to develop a new type of machine tool that would be able to speed up production methods Parsons commissioned the Massachusetts Institute of Technology M I T to develop a practical implementation of his concept Scientists and engineers at M I T built a control system for a two axis milling machine that used a perforated paper tape as the input media In a short period of time all major machine tool manufacturers were producing some machines with NC but it was not until the late 1970s that computer based NC became widely used NC matured as an automation technology when inexpensive and powerful microprocessors replaced hard wire logic making computer based NC systems When Numerical Control is performed under computer supervision it is called Computer Numerical Control CNC Computers are the control units of CNC machines they are built in or linked to the machines via communications channels When a programmer input some information in the program by tape and so on the computer calculates all necessary data to get the job done On the first Numerically Controlled NC machines were controlled by tape and because of that the NC systems were known as tape controlled machines They were able to control a single operation entered into the machine by punched or magnetic tape There was no possibility of editing the program on the machine To change the program a new tape had to be made Today s systems have computers to control data they are called Computer Numerically Controlled CNC machines For both NC and CNC systems work principles are the same Only the way in which the execution is controlled is different 外文資料翻譯 2 Normally new systems are faster more powerful and more versatile The Applications of NC CNC Since its introduction NC technology has found many applications including lathes and turning Centers milling machines and machining centers punches electrical discharg machines EDM Flame cutters grinders and inspection equipment the most complex CNC machine tools are the turning center shown in Fig 4 1 Amodern turning center with a ten station turret that accepts quick chang tools Each tool can be positioned in Seconds with the press of a button And the machine center shown in Fig 4 2 Vertical machining center the tool magazine is on the machine the control panel on the right can be swiveled by the operator and Fig 4 3 horizontal machining center equipped with an automatic tool changer tool magazines can store 200 ctting tools When preparing a progam for a particular operation the prommer must select all cutting data using recommendations for conventional machining this includes proper Selection of cutting speeds feedrate tools and tool geometry and so on when the programmer has chosen all of the necessary information properly the operator loads the programme into the machine and presses a button to start the cutting crycle the CNC machine moves automatically from one maching operation to another changing the cutting tols and applying the coolent in a surprisingly short time the workpiece is Machined according to the highest quality stangards But that is not all no matter how big the work series is all of the parts will be almost identical in size and surface finishing At this time of advanced technology with its high demands for surface finishing and tolerances of components in for example aerospace nuclear and medical equipment manufacturing only CNC machines provide successful results Numerical control NC is a form of programmable automation in which the processing equipment is controlled by means of numbers letters and other symbols The numbers letters and symbols are coded in an appropriate format to define a program of instructions for a particular workpart or job The instructions are provided by either of the two binary coded decimal systems the Electronic Industries Association EIA code or the American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII ASCII coded machine control units will not accept EIA coded instructions 外文資料翻譯 3 and vice versa Increasingly however control units are being made to accept instructions in either code 121Automation operation by NC is readily adaptable to the operation of all metalworking machines Lathes milling machines drill presses boring machines grinding machines turret punches flame or wire cutting and welding machines and even pipe benders are available with numerical controls Basic Components of NC A numerical control system consists of the following three basic components 1 Program instructions 2 Machine control unit 3 Processing equipment The program instructions are the detailed step by step commands that direct the processing equipment 31In its most common form the commands refer to positions of a machine tool spindle with respect to the worktable on which the part is fixtured More advanced instructions include selection of spindle speeds cutting tools and other functions The machine control unit MCU consists of the electronics and control hardware that reads and interprets the program of instructions and convert it into mechanical actions of the machine tool or other processing equipment The processing equipment is the component that performs metal process In the most common example of numerical control it is used to perform machining operations The process ing equipment consists of the worktable and spindle as well as the motors and controls needed to drive them Types of NC There are two basic types of numerical control systems point to point and contouring Point to point control system also called positioning is simpler than contouring control system Its primary purpose is to move a tool or workpiece from one programmed point to another Usually the machine function such as a drilling operation is also activated at each point by command from the NC program Point to point systems are suitable for hole machining operations such as drilling countersinking couterbofing reaming boring and tapping Hole punching machines 外文資料翻譯 4 spotwelding machines and assembly machines also use point to point NC systems Contouring system also known as the continuous path system positioning and cutting operations are both along controlled paths but at different velocities Because the tool cuts as it travels along a prescribed path accurate control and synchronization of velocities and movements are important The contouring system is used on lathes milling machines grinders incrementally by one of several basic methods There are a number of interpolation schemes that have been developed to deal with the various problems that are encountered in generating a smooth continuous path with a contouring type NC system They include linear interpolation circular interpolation helical interpolation parabolic interpolation and cubic interpolation In all interpolations the path controlled is that of the center of rotation of the tool Compensation for different tools different diameter tools or tools wear during machining can be made in the NC Programming for NC A program for numerical control consists of a sequence of directions that causes an NC machine to carry out a certain operation machining being the most commonly used process Programming for NC may be done by an internal programming department on the shop floor or purchased from an outside source Also programming may be done manually or with computer assistance The program contains instructions and commands Geometric instructions pertain to relative movements between the tool and the workpiece Processing instructions pertain to spindle speeds feeds tools and so on Travel instructions pertain to the type of interpolation and slow or rapid movements of the tool or worktable Switching commands pertain to on off position for coolant supplies spindle rotation direction of spindle rotation tool changes workpiece feeding clamping and so on The first NC programming language was developed by MIT developmental work on NC programming systems in the late 1950s and called APT Automatically Programmed Tools DNC and CNC The development of numerical control was a significant achievement in batch and job shop manufacturing from both a technological and a commercial viewpoint 外文資料翻譯 5 There have been two enhancements and extensions of NC technology including 1 Direct numerical control 2 Computer numerical control Direct numerical control can be defined as a manufacturing system in which a number of machines are controlled by a computer through direct connection and in real time The tape reader is omitted in DNC thus relieving the system of its least reliable component Instead of using the tape reader the part program is transmitted to the machine tool directly from the computer memory In principle one computer can be used to control more than 100 separate machines One commercial DNC system during the 1970s boasted a control capability of up to 256 machine tools The DNC computer is designed to provide instructions to each machine tool on demand When the machine needs control commands they are communicated to it immediately Since the introduction of DNC there have been dramatic advances in computer technology The physical size and cost of a digital computer has been significantly reduced at the same time that its computational capabilities have been substantially increased In numerical control the result of these advances has been that the large hard wired MCUs of conventional NC have been replaced by control units based on the digital computer Initially minicomputers were utilized in the early 1970s As further miniaturization occurred in computers minicomputers were replaced by today s microcomputers Computer numerical control is an NC system using dedicated microcomputer as the machine control unit Because a digital computer is used in both CNC and DNC it is appropriate to distinguish between the two types of system There are three principal differences 1 DNC computers distribute instructional data to and collect data from a large number of machines CNC computers control only one machine or a small number of machines 2 DNC computers occupy a location that is typically remote from the machines under their control CNC computer are located very near their machine tools 3 DNC software is developed not only to control individual pieces of production 外文資料翻譯 6 equipment but also to serve as part of a management information system in the manufacturing sector of the firm CNC software is developed to augment the capabilities of a particular machine Tool 開題報告 開 題 報 告 1 課題介紹 1 1 課題名稱 多功能醫(yī)用護(hù)理床的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計及優(yōu)化 1 2 課題背景 1 1 課題的目的及意義 多功能醫(yī)用護(hù)理床是針對生活不能自理的病人 危重病人和癱瘓病人的 特殊需要而設(shè)計的 能隨意調(diào)節(jié)床的背部和腳部的角度 即使不能自理者 護(hù)理人員也可通過床邊的控制器進(jìn)行操作 減少照顧病 殘患者的勞動強(qiáng)度 課題根據(jù)國家和上海市中長期發(fā)展綱要確定的研究方向和企業(yè)的具體需要 設(shè)計一種用于醫(yī)院重癥病人用的多功能床 解決病人身體和生理方面的需要 抬背 翻身等 也減輕護(hù)理人員的勞動強(qiáng)度 針對市場需求開發(fā)設(shè)計一 種結(jié)構(gòu)簡單 工作可靠 使用方便的多功能護(hù)理床并進(jìn)行動態(tài)仿真 對于產(chǎn) 品的產(chǎn)業(yè)化具有重要的意義 1 2 國內(nèi)外研究狀況及發(fā)展趨勢 隨著社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的迅速發(fā)展 人民生活水平不斷提高 人口壽命不斷延長 思想的進(jìn)步 城市人口正逐步進(jìn)入老齡化 人口老齡化已成為世界范圍內(nèi)的社 會問題 據(jù)統(tǒng)計 歐洲發(fā)達(dá)國家和日本的老年人獨(dú)居率已高達(dá)40 如此之高 的比例迫使社會采取措施解決老年人的護(hù)理服務(wù)問題 如果完全依靠家庭人 工照料 與西方國家子女與老年人分居 家庭規(guī)模小型化的觀念有抵觸之處 我國60 歲及其以上老年人口已達(dá)1 32 億 占全國總?cè)丝诘?0 并以年均 3 32 的速度持續(xù)增長 其中 空巢家庭 占所有老齡家庭總數(shù)的25 8 在一 些大城市中該比例更大 解決因身體虛弱臥床不起或因疾患導(dǎo)致生活不能自 理的老年人的家庭照料與看護(hù)問題是人口老齡化國家所面臨的共同問題 1 為此 國家也大力加強(qiáng)了對護(hù)理機(jī)器人的研發(fā)扶持力度 為偏癱病人或長期 使用病床的病人提供一個集護(hù)理和排泄等各功能于一體的多功能護(hù)理床 現(xiàn) 在家庭需求護(hù)理床的潛力日益增加 以前是簡易的記理床 后來加上護(hù)欄 餐桌 再 后來加上大便孔 輪子 現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了很多集多功能為一體的多功能 電動護(hù)理床 極 大的提高了患者的康復(fù)護(hù)理水平 也為護(hù)理人員提供了極大的方便 所以操作 簡單 功能強(qiáng)大的護(hù)理產(chǎn)品越來越受到追捧 護(hù)理床在國內(nèi)的設(shè)計研究尚處于初級階段 產(chǎn)品的功能 結(jié)構(gòu) 造型有 待進(jìn)一步的完善 國外護(hù)理床的研究以德國 日本為代表 各種護(hù)理功能正 在逐步完善 成熟 但因其價格昂貴 一般售價在20 萬人民幣以上 很難 為一般的消費(fèi)者所接受 護(hù)理床的基本分類情況如下 1 1 3 工作內(nèi)容和要求 可編程控制器 PLC 作為新一代的工業(yè)控制裝置 由于具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡單 組合靈活 性能優(yōu)良 通用性強(qiáng) 簡單易用等特點(diǎn) 特別是它的高可靠性和 適應(yīng)性 深受廣大用戶的歡迎 已在工業(yè)控制中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用 4 現(xiàn)在 的PLC 可管理高達(dá)5000 多點(diǎn)的I O 口 并有很高的指令執(zhí)行速度和高可靠性 使它能滿足多軸運(yùn)動控制系統(tǒng)的控制要求 PLC對護(hù)理病床多軸運(yùn)動控制主要 的優(yōu)勢表現(xiàn)為有足夠容量的存儲單元和大量高速運(yùn)算指令 能夠進(jìn)行各種接 口 通信 數(shù)據(jù)邏輯運(yùn)算及復(fù)雜的邏輯控制 然而PLC 的高可靠性 靈活高 速的運(yùn)算指令并不能彌補(bǔ)其昂貴的造價和有限的擴(kuò)展性 而MS51 系列單片機(jī) 系統(tǒng)卻以其低成本 高集成 速度快 易擴(kuò)展被廣泛地應(yīng)用于工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的方 方面面 圖 1 4 一種嵌入式控制器控制框圖 1 2 4 機(jī)器人化智能語音系統(tǒng) 語音作為當(dāng)前控制方法中最自然的控制命令 隨著計算機(jī)和語音處理技 術(shù)的發(fā)展 語音識別系統(tǒng)的實用性不斷提高 語音識別控制技術(shù)將是今后一 段時期語音技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向 將語音識別技術(shù)引入到護(hù)理床控制 將為喪失 自理能力的使用者帶來極大的便利 護(hù)理床的語音控制系統(tǒng)包含語音識別模 塊和語音回放模塊 從而使護(hù)理床不但能實現(xiàn)語音控制操作 而且通過語音 回放模塊可以為使用者提供語音反饋 更有親和力 更具人性化 語音控制 技術(shù)是現(xiàn)有各種控制方式中的一種高級控制方式 它具有控制方式自然 方便 親 和力好 適用范圍廣的特點(diǎn) 將語音控制技術(shù)引入到護(hù)理床的控制之中 將極 大地方便使用者 尤其對于那些喪失或部分喪失活動 自理能力的患者而言 語音控制可以幫助他們增強(qiáng)自信心 減輕對他人的依賴 增添生活的勇氣和信 心 13 1 語音信號的采集處理過程 語音信號是一種典型非平穩(wěn)信號 但常?？杉俣槎虝r平穩(wěn)的 既在 10 20ms內(nèi)其頻譜特性可近似看作不變 可采用平穩(wěn)過程的分析處理方法來 處理 即語音信號的時域處理方法 圖 1 5 語音信號處理過程 2 語音識別方式 語音識別分為特定人識別系統(tǒng)和非特定人識別系統(tǒng) 由于使用者的語音 以及地方語言存在很大差異性 我們使用可不依賴于對地方語言識別的特定 人識別系統(tǒng) 即每一位使用者都必須在使用前建立自己專用的參考模式庫 然后說話人的語音數(shù)字流與一套公用的參考模式庫嚙合 進(jìn)行少量的訓(xùn)練修 改 使之能自動適應(yīng)用戶的語音特性 3 語音回放方式 在現(xiàn)有語音識別技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上再增加與識別技術(shù)相對應(yīng)的語音回放技術(shù) 將為使用者提供更友善的提示語句和更便利的操作性能 該語音回放模塊采 用了高音質(zhì)單晶片語言錄放IC 芯片內(nèi)部集成語音信號放大 濾波 采樣 轉(zhuǎn)換等模塊 可選擇2 4 8等長分段或自動或手動錄音 電路所需外 圍零部件少 線路簡單可靠 更改錄放內(nèi)容簡便 靈活 易操作 成本低 6 鑒于人口老齡化的發(fā)展 醫(yī)療和護(hù)理費(fèi)用的不斷增加以及國內(nèi)外市場需求的 不斷擴(kuò)大 本文提出了一種新型的多功能醫(yī)用護(hù)理床 提出幾種新型的護(hù)理 床側(cè)翻機(jī)構(gòu) 抬背機(jī)構(gòu)以及曲腿機(jī)構(gòu) 以單片機(jī)為主控制芯片 控制多臺直 流電機(jī)驅(qū)動整臺護(hù)理床工作 實現(xiàn)床面的多種姿態(tài)的切換 達(dá)到滿足護(hù)理要 求的多功能醫(yī)用護(hù)理床 主要研究內(nèi)容如下 1 設(shè)計各種護(hù)理床的運(yùn)動機(jī)構(gòu) 并用圖解法的方法得到初始設(shè)計尺寸 2 利用三維設(shè)計軟件 根據(jù)初始設(shè)計數(shù)據(jù)對其建模 進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 并對其 進(jìn)行干涉檢查 然后導(dǎo)出CAD圖 3 根據(jù)初始設(shè)計數(shù)據(jù)在 ADAMS中建模 利用優(yōu)化功能對其進(jìn)行運(yùn)動學(xué)和動 力學(xué)優(yōu)化仿真 得到優(yōu)化后的設(shè)計數(shù)據(jù) 4 根據(jù)優(yōu)化數(shù)據(jù)修改三維模型 并同時檢查模型中是否存在干涉 得到滿足 設(shè)計要求的護(hù)理床 5 對護(hù)理床的主要零件進(jìn)行受力校核 檢驗整臺護(hù)理床使用的安全性及穩(wěn)定 性 6 設(shè)計護(hù)理床的整體控制方案 設(shè)計控制流程框圖 用PROTEL軟件完成單 片機(jī)接線圖 以及外部接線圖 編寫單片機(jī)主要程序 參考文獻(xiàn) 1 徐曉云 楊曉勇等 護(hù)理床的模塊化研究設(shè)計 J 藝術(shù)與設(shè)計 2006 2 江豪 王威 劉永平等 多功能護(hù)理床的研究與開發(fā) J 微計算機(jī)信息 2006 07 9 3 117 119 3 陳佩江 韓虎等 多功能護(hù)理床測量系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計與實現(xiàn) J 電氣技術(shù)與自 動化 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