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1、第十一課時(shí)主謂一致和特殊句式第十一課時(shí)主謂一致和特殊句式李仕才1.It was when I got back to my apartment _ I first came across my new neighbors.(2017天津卷)A.who B.where C.which D.that答案D句意：當(dāng)我回到我的公寓的時(shí)候，我首先遇見了我的新鄰居。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞It was開頭，后面連詞首選that，構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，但需要驗(yàn)證，本句中去掉It was和that，句意完整，所以確定是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。故選D。感 悟 高 考2.The publication of Great Expectations,

2、which _ both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens status as a leading novelist.(2017 江蘇卷)A.is B.are C.was D.were答案C先行詞是The publication Great Expectations，是書名，看作單數(shù)，所以定語從句的謂語也要使用單數(shù)形式；根據(jù)“strengthened”可知，說的是過去，故選C。句意：遠(yuǎn)大前程的出版獲得了廣泛的認(rèn)可和高度的贊揚(yáng)，這坐實(shí)了狄更斯作為前沿小說家的地位。3.Nowadays, cycling, along

3、with jogging and swimming, _ as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.(2017天津卷)A.regard B.is regardedC.are regarded D.regards答案B句意：現(xiàn)在騎自行車，慢跑和游泳被認(rèn)為是最全面的鍛煉方式之一。根據(jù)動詞短語regard.as.把看做和句意確定應(yīng)該用被動語態(tài)，排除A和D，再根據(jù)主語部分是由介詞短語along with連接的三個(gè)動名詞做主語，謂語動詞應(yīng)該與along with前面的名詞相一致，即用單數(shù)，排除C，故選B。4.You are waiting at a w

4、rong place.It is at the hotel _the coach picks up tourists.(2016天津卷)A.who B.which C.where D.that答案D句意：你等錯(cuò)地方了，長途客車是在旅館接游客的。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處是一個(gè)對地點(diǎn)狀語進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，故用that。要 點(diǎn) 精 析一、語法一致原則1. 動名詞、動詞不定式、主語從句、不定代詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)。Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.聽音樂使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。To love and to be l

5、oved is the greatest happiness in the world.愛和被愛是這個(gè)世界上最大的幸福。2. 主語后接介詞短語或其他插入語，如with，together with，as well as，along with，besides，but，except，including，rather than等，謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)與主語的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。3. and，both.and.連接兩個(gè)不同的主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但是如果由and連接的兩個(gè)名詞表示同一個(gè)人或物時(shí)，謂語動詞需用單數(shù)形式。My father，together with his workmates，has be

6、en to Beijing.我父親和他的同事曾去過北京。A famous writer and poet is to give a talk.一位著名的作家兼詩人將要作一次報(bào)告。4. 定語從句中關(guān)系代詞作主語時(shí)，從句中的謂語動詞要與先行詞保持一致。在“itbe被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分that/who.”強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中，be一般用單數(shù)形式。如果強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語，that/who后的謂語動詞由被強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語決定。It is I who am going to be a pilot.是我將成為一名飛行員。Anyone who has questions to ask，please come to my office thi

7、s afternoon.有問題要問的人，今天下午到我辦公室來。5. “more than one/many a單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；each，every，no所修飾的名詞作主語時(shí)，即使有and連接，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。Many a desk and many a bench is to be taken out of the hall.許多課桌和凳子將被搬出大廳。Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held on Sunday.每個(gè)男生和女生都希望參加周日的聚會。二、意義一致原則1. 集體名詞作

8、主語時(shí)，若被看作一個(gè)整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；若被看作是構(gòu)成集體的一個(gè)個(gè)成員，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。常見的集體名詞有：family，class，team，group，public，committee，government，audience等。The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.這個(gè)班由25個(gè)男生和20個(gè)女生組成。The class are doing experiments.全班學(xué)生都在做實(shí)驗(yàn)。2.“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)/the majorityof名詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于of后名詞的數(shù)以及其表示的意義：all，some，half，most

9、，the rest等作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于主語實(shí)際表達(dá)的意義。3.“the形容詞”表示一類人在句中作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。70 percent of the surface of our planet is covered by water.我們星球的表面百分之七十都被水覆蓋著。The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.病人已被治愈，失蹤的人也都找到了。4.a quantity of后既可接不可數(shù)名詞，也可接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)；謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于of后名詞的數(shù)以及其表示的意義。quantities of后無論是可數(shù)名

10、詞還是不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞均用復(fù)數(shù)形式。With more and more forests being destroyed，a large quantity of good earth is being washed away each year.With more and more forests being destroyed，quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.隨著越來越多的森林被砍伐，每年有大量的沃土被沖走。5.“a number of復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，意為“許多”；“the numb

11、er of復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，意為“的數(shù)量”。6.表示時(shí)間、距離、重量、金額等復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式。A number of students have gone for an outing.許多學(xué)生去遠(yuǎn)足了。The number of the students is increasing year after year.學(xué)生的數(shù)量逐年增加。Three thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy.對于一個(gè)男孩來說，3 000 美元是一筆大數(shù)目。三、就近一致原則1.當(dāng)or，nor，either.or.

12、，neither.nor.，not only.but also.，not.but.等連接并列主語時(shí)，謂語動詞常與最近的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music.不僅學(xué)生而且這位老師也喜歡聽這種音樂。Neither his parents nor he himself is a bank clerk.他父母和他本人都不是銀行職員。2.在here，there置于句首的倒裝句中，當(dāng)主語不止一個(gè)時(shí)，謂語動詞通常與其鄰近的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。There stands t

13、he teaching building between the two rows of trees.教學(xué)樓在兩排樹之間。There is a pencil and two pens in the pencil-box.There are two pens and a pencil in the pencil-box.文具盒內(nèi)有一支鉛筆和兩支鋼筆。一、完全倒裝完全倒裝是將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。這種結(jié)構(gòu)須滿足四個(gè)條件：1.here, there, out, then, thus等副詞置于句首2.謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, run, rush等表示來去或狀態(tài)的動詞

14、3.主語是名詞不能是代詞4.謂語動詞的時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過去時(shí)Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轟炸機(jī)底下竄出一枚導(dǎo)彈。倒裝句二、部分倒裝1.句首為否定或半否定的詞語，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, in no way, not until., hardly/scarcely.when, no sooner.than等。部分倒裝是將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)動詞提至主語之前。這種結(jié)構(gòu)有下列情況：Hardly had she gone out when a student came to v

15、isit her.她剛出門，就有個(gè)學(xué)生來訪。2.so, neither, nor位于句首時(shí)句子用部分倒裝。3.only修飾副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句，且放在句首時(shí)。在以so, nor, neither開頭的倒裝句中，so用于肯定句，表示“也一樣，也這樣”；nor, neither用于否定句，表示“同樣也不，也不這樣”。Tom can speak French.So can Jack.湯姆會講法語，杰克也會。If you dont go，neither will I.如果你不去，我也不去。Only in this way can you learn English well.只有用這種方式，你才能

16、學(xué)好英語。4.其他部分倒裝。(1)“so.that”句型中的so位于句首時(shí)，需倒裝。So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他很害怕，動也不敢動。(2)在虛擬語氣條件句中，可將if省略，把were, had, should移到主語之前。Were I you, I would try it again.我是你的話，就再試一次。(3)as作為“雖然，盡管”講，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時(shí)，要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，把狀語、表語或動詞原形提前，通常as可以換成though。Much as he liked the story book, he d

17、onated it to the charity.雖然他非常喜歡這本故事書，他還是把它捐給了慈善機(jī)構(gòu)。Try as he might，he can do nothing about the present situation.盡管他會努力，但他對當(dāng)前的局勢也無能為力。名師點(diǎn)津(1)當(dāng)not until引出主從復(fù)合句且位于句首時(shí)，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。注意：如否定詞不在句首則不倒裝。Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.直到孩子睡著，媽媽才離開房間。(2)當(dāng)so引出的句子用以對上文內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)或肯定時(shí)，不可用倒

18、裝結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“的確如此”。Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.湯姆邀我去踢球，我去了。1.英語中常用的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的結(jié)構(gòu)為“It is/was被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分that/who其他部分”。其中，被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分通常是句子的主語、賓語或狀語。要注意的是that/who后面句中的謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要與被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分保持一致。It was the culture, rather than the language, that made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.是文化而不是語言

19、使他很難適應(yīng)國外的新環(huán)境。(強(qiáng)調(diào)主語)強(qiáng)調(diào)句2.句型變換。(1)一般疑問句形式為“Is/Was it被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分that/who其他部分？”Was it because Jack came late for school that Mr Smith got angry?是因?yàn)榻芸松险n遲到讓史密斯先生生氣的嗎？(2)特殊疑問句形式為“特殊疑問詞is/was itthat其他部分？”When was it that he made up his mind to take this course?他是什么時(shí)候決定選修這門課程的？(3)含有not.until 結(jié)構(gòu)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句式為“It is/was not

20、 until 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分that其他部分”。It is not until youve finished your homework that you are allowed to go out.直到你把作業(yè)做完才準(zhǔn)出去。名師點(diǎn)津若強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語，要在謂語動詞前加do/does/did，這種強(qiáng)調(diào)只適用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的肯定句。The scientist did devote all his life to his research work.這位科學(xué)家的確把他的一生獻(xiàn)給了研究工作。1.祈使句的基本用法祈使句用來表達(dá)說話人的請求、命令、建議、勸告等。祈使句的主語一般為第二人稱(通常省略)，有時(shí)

21、也可用everybody, someone, anybody等不定代詞。祈使句2.祈使句表示假設(shè)的情況(1)“祈使句and陳述句(一般將來時(shí))”。名詞詞組and陳述句名詞詞組中通常含有more, another, further, earlier等詞。One step further and youll fall down.再多走一步，你就會摔倒。Just a little more patience and well look into it soon.再耐心點(diǎn)兒，我們很快就會調(diào)查此事。祈使句破折號陳述句Try some of this juiceperhaps youll like it.

22、嘗嘗這種果汁，也許你會喜歡它的。(2)“祈使句or/otherwise陳述句”，相當(dāng)于“if.not主句”。Hurry up or well be late for the meeting.If we dont hurry up, well be late for the meeting.快點(diǎn)兒，不然我們開會就遲到了。名師點(diǎn)津祈使句后的反意疑問句不表示反問，而表示一種語氣。其結(jié)構(gòu)為：肯定祈使句，will/wont you?否定祈使句，will you?Let us.，will you?Lets.，shall we?Close the window，will/wont you?關(guān)上窗戶，好嗎？L

23、ets go to the bookstore, shall we?我們?nèi)?，好嗎？一、英語中一些固定的省略結(jié)構(gòu)1.在以if, when, though, as if(好像)等連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，若從句中的主語與主句中的主語一致且謂語動詞是be，常將從句中的主語和動詞be省略。Whenever possible，he will come to my help.他一有可能就來幫助我。While cycling，dont forget the traffic lights.騎車時(shí)，不要忘記看紅綠燈。省略句2.由固定詞組引導(dǎo)的疑問句。What about having a game of che

24、ss?下盤棋怎么樣？How come they left you alone here?他們怎么會把你一個(gè)人留在這里呢？What if its raining?如果天下雨怎么辦？Why not try again?為什么不再試試呢？二、與不定式相關(guān)的省略1.通常為了避免重復(fù)，在聯(lián)系密切的語境中，作賓語或賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式常省略，只保留不定式符號to。2.如果不定式符號to后面是be時(shí)，要保留be。如果不定式用了完成時(shí)，要保留到助動詞have。She went teaching because she wanted to (go teaching).她去教書，因?yàn)樗肴?。The city now

25、 is much noisier than it used to be.這個(gè)城市現(xiàn)在比過去喧鬧多了。3.如果不定式作表語，用于解釋do的內(nèi)容，to也?？墒÷?。What I did was (to) lay the table.我所要做的是擺桌子。解 題 策 略1.分清主語、找準(zhǔn)謂語法做主謂一致的題目時(shí)，由于在句子中，有一些主語容易受到別的詞的影響，往往造成一些理解上的錯(cuò)誤，如主語后面接with, together with，along with，but，as well as等短語時(shí)，謂語應(yīng)與前面的名詞保持一致，記住：謂語動詞的單復(fù)詞要和主語中的中心詞一致。(1)Listening to lou

26、d music at rock concerts _ caused hearing loss in some teenagers.A.is B.are C.has D.have答案C動名詞短語作主語，句子的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，由此排除B、D兩項(xiàng)，根據(jù)主語與caused的主動關(guān)系，排除A項(xiàng)。(2)Such poets as Shakespeare _widely read，of whose works，however，some _ difficult to understand.A.are；are B.is；isC.are；is D.is；are答案A主句中的主語應(yīng)為poets，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，

27、其后的非限制性定語從句的主語應(yīng)為some of whose works，謂語動詞也應(yīng)是復(fù)數(shù)。故選A。2.還原法一般說來，對于一些特殊的句型，我們可以把它還原為正常的句型，如把倒裝句還原為陳述句等等。(1)At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River _，one of the ten largest cities in China.A.lies Chongqing B.Chongqing liesC.does lie Chongqing D.does Chongqing lie答案A分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)得知，此處將地點(diǎn)狀語

28、提前且主語為名詞，故句子需用完全倒裝形式，所以選A項(xiàng)。(2)Is everyone here?Not yet.Look，there _ the rest of our guests!A.come B.comesC.is coming D.are coming答案A本句中there放在句首，句子采用了倒裝句式，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)該根據(jù)句子的主語the rest of our guests來判斷，故答案為A。3.結(jié)構(gòu)分析法在一些試題中要注意區(qū)別一些特殊的句型，如倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、反意疑問句、祈使句等。(1)It was from only a few supplies that she had bo

29、ught in the village _ the hostess cooked such a nice dinner.A.where B.that C.when D.which答案B本題為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，符合it was被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分that.結(jié)構(gòu)。此題迷惑點(diǎn)在于強(qiáng)調(diào)部分中含有一個(gè)定語從句that she had bought in the village。(2)Johns success has nothing to do with good luck. It is years of hard work _ has made him what he is today.A.why B.when C.w

30、hich D.that答案D本題為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為years of hard work，故選D。4.固定句型判斷法在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中，要掌握各種句型，注意積累一些經(jīng)典的句型，把它們運(yùn)用到日常寫作中，以達(dá)到真正掌握的目的。English has a large vocabulary, hasnt it?Yes._ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.A.Know B.Knowing C.To know D.Known答案A根據(jù)題干中的and和will就可以判斷答案是A。本句

31、是“祈使句and/or主語will.”結(jié)構(gòu)，祈使句表示條件，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件句。針 對 訓(xùn) 練1.Bach died in 1750，but it was not until the early 19th century _ his musical gift was fully recognized.(2015重慶卷)A.while B.though C.that D.after答案C句意：巴赫于1750年去世，但是他的音樂才能一直到19世紀(jì)早期才完全被認(rèn)可。本句是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：It is/was被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分that其他，本句被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是not until the early 19t

32、h century，故選C。2.Only when Lily walked into the office _ that she had left the contract at home.(2015天津卷)A.she realized B.has she realized C.she has realized D.did she realize答案D句意：直到莉莉走進(jìn)辦公室時(shí)，她才意識到她把合同忘在家里了?！皁nly狀語從句”位于句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，主句要用部分倒裝。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語when Lily walked into the office可知要用一般過去時(shí)。故答案為D。3.It might

33、have saved me some trouble _ the schedule.(2015江蘇卷)A.did I know B.have I knownC.do I know D.had I known答案D句意：要是早知道時(shí)間表的話，可能會省去我一些麻煩。由句意和might have saved可知，句子用了虛擬語氣。本句表示與過去事實(shí)相反的情況，故從句謂語用had known。if引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)條件句中含有were，had，should時(shí)，可將它們提到主語之前，并將if省略。4.Video games can be a poor influence if _ in the wrong h

34、ands.(2015湖南卷)A.to leave B.leavingC.leave D.left答案D句意：如果落在不合適的人的手中，電子游戲就會有一個(gè)很壞的影響。leave的邏輯主語是video games，主語video games與leave之間是被動關(guān)系，故用過去分詞。if left.是狀語從句的省略。5._ the nurses want a pay increase，they want reduced hours as well.(大綱卷)A.Not do only B.Do not only C.Only not do D.Not only do答案D句意：護(hù)士們不僅要求提高工資

35、，還要求縮短工作時(shí)間。not only在句首引起句子時(shí)，該句用部分倒裝，其結(jié)構(gòu)為not only do/will/can etc.，因此D項(xiàng)正確。6._，they couldnt make her change her mind.A.Hard as they tried B.Tried hard as theyC.As they tried hard D.They tried as hard答案A句意：盡管他們盡力了，但他們還是沒能讓她改變主意。as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時(shí)，采用部分倒裝的形式，故選A。7.The director was fully convinced that this movi

36、ng story，if _for television，would be a hit.A.adapted B.being adapted C.to be adapted D.having been adapted答案A此處為條件狀語從句中的省略，省略了主語及系動詞，補(bǔ)全后為if it was adapted for television，故選A。8.Dont press the red button，_you will set off the alarm.A.but B.or C.so D.and答案B句意：不要按紅色按鈕，不然警報(bào)就會拉響。在固定句式“祈使句and/or陳述句”中，祈使句相當(dāng)

37、于一個(gè)條件句，符合該條件就會有后面的結(jié)果，就用連詞and；不符合該條件就不會有后面的結(jié)果，就用連詞or。故B項(xiàng)正確。9.Then_，each waiting for the other to let the cat out of the bag.A.did the silence come B.came the silenceC.the silence coming D.the silence came答案B在題干中，副詞“Then”位于句首時(shí)，句子應(yīng)使用全部倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，由此可排除未使用倒裝的C、D兩項(xiàng)；A項(xiàng)為部分倒裝形式，也可排除；B項(xiàng)為全部倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。10.It was not the wor

38、d you said _ angered Mr.Zhang，but _ you said it.A.that；how B.which；whatC.that；that D.which；why答案A句意：不是你說的話激怒了張老師，而是你說話的方式(激怒了他)。第一空填“that”，與It was構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句型；第二空填how表方式，在此引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。11.You should be fully prepared before going walking in the mountain.Above all，_plenty of drinking water with you.A.to bring B

39、.broughtC.bringing D.bring答案D句意：去山里散步之前你應(yīng)該做好充分的準(zhǔn)備。最重要的是要帶足夠多的飲用水。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)及語境可知后一句缺少謂語，故選D。12.To my great surprise, there at the door _ trembling in wet clothes.A.stood a girl B.a girl stoodC.did a girl stand D.had a girl stood答案A句意：讓我很吃驚的是，門口站著一個(gè)正在顫抖的女孩，衣服濕透了。介詞短語置于句首，且句子主語為名詞時(shí)，句子要用全部倒裝，即介詞短語謂語主語。故選A。

40、13.Hardly _ on the stage when the audience rose and cheered.A.had the singer appearedB.did the singer appearC.was the singer appearedD.appeared the singer答案Ahardly.when.表示“一就”，hardly為表否定意義的副詞，位于句首時(shí)句子使用部分倒裝；在hardly.when.結(jié)構(gòu)中，主句一般用過去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。故此處應(yīng)將had提前，A項(xiàng)正確。14.When we _ a mistake, we must correct i

41、t fully, openly, and as quickly as possible.A.do make B.dont makeC.making D.not making答案A句意：當(dāng)我們的確犯錯(cuò)誤時(shí)，我們必須盡快地、公開地并完全地改正它。在謂語動詞前面加助動詞do/does/did，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。15.All the scientific evidence _that increasing use of chemicals in farming _ damaging our health.A.show；are B.shows；areC.show；is D.shows；is答案D句意：所有的科學(xué)

42、證據(jù)表明：農(nóng)業(yè)方面越來越多的使用化學(xué)物質(zhì)正在損害著我們的健康。主語是evidence “證據(jù)(不可數(shù)名詞)”，所以謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)式shows，賓語從句的主語是use “使用(不可數(shù)名詞)”，所以要用is。16.The basketball coach, as well as his team，_ interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.A.were B.was C.is D.are答案Bas well as放在作主語的名詞或代詞后邊，動詞要與主語取得一致，故謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，且由語境確定B項(xiàng)正確。