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Unit1 Task 1 1. Your job as a future employee is to help the hiring manager mitigate/alleviate that risk. 2. You need to help them identity you as a prospective/expected “key player”. 3. Kelly was outstanding and outshone/surpassed every other player on the field. 4. Better still, develop a reputation inside your lab and with people your lab collaborates with as a person who fosters and initiates/originates collaborations. 5. He is a former scientist who transitioned/transferred to industry many years ago and then on to a senior management position. 6. The unions mobilized/organized thousands of workers in a protest against the cuts. 7. This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly, but for those who can think fast with the courage to act on their convictions/beliefs. 8. His speech was made with such great ambiguity/vagueness that neither supporter nor opponent could be certain of his true position. 9. The scientist who is transitioning into the business world must prioritize his or her relationship assets/advantages above their technical assets. 10. This approach, combined with a liberal use of the pronoun “we” and not just “I” when describing your accomplishments, can change the company’s perception/impression of you from a lone wolf to a selfless collaborator. 11. I’m trying to foster/encourage an interest in classical music in my children. 12. A German company collaborated/cooperated with a Swiss firm to develop the product. Tash2 1. Details of the highly sensitive information have not been made public. 2. Working at home requires a good deal of discipline. 3. He never ceased to be amazed by her physical strength. 4. The article made no reference to previous research on the subject. 5. The great strength of our plan lies in its simplicity. 6. The palace and its grounds are open to the public during the summer months. 7. Supporters demonstrated outside the courtroom during the trial. 8. I didn’t enjoy studying Philosophy – I found it too much of a theoretical discipline. 9. Ask your teacher to act as one of your reference. 10. He said he left the company because of a personality clash with the director. 11. Different cultures have different ways of disciplining their children. 12. The study demonstrates the link between poverty and malnutrition. 13. The disclosure of the information will not be criminal offence if it can be shown that it was in the public interest. 14. The book will become a standard work of reference. 15. It’s partly the architecture which gives the town its personality. Task3 The independence-versus-interdependence issue has been written about regularly and is often introduced as the major issue separating the two worlds of scientific employment: academic and industrial. For decades, academia has paid lip service to the idea of collaboration, but the incentive-and-reward system has been slow to adjust. Despite the widespread interest in collaboration and its obvious value in an academic setting, collaboration remains informal and is actually discouraged by the tenure process, in which scholars are penalized for sharing credit for their work with others. Large-scale academic collaboration has taken place successfully in the past; the Manhattan Project and contemporaneous radar research, and numerous experimental particle physics projects, to cite just a few examples, are not perhaps academic in the purest sense, but they demonstrate that academic scientists can play well with others. More recently, new systems biology studies are bringing a sense of teamwork into academic life science labs, but there have been some growing pains. Still, in most of academic science – including the life science – the lone wolf still rules. Unit4 Task1 1. Although such a statement may seem self-centered, it’s actually quite insightful/perceptive. 2. Among other things, people who like themselves are more open to criticism and less demanding/exacting of others. 3. It can be romantic, exciting, obsessive/compulsive, and irrational. 4. And, people who say they are “in love” emphasize caring, intimacy, and commitment/fidelity. 5. In any type of love, caring about the other person is essential. Although love may involve passionate yearning/desire, respect is a more important quality. 6. Instead, it is an unhealthy or possessive/jealous dependency that limits the lovers’ social, emotional, and intellectual growth. 7. These misconceptions often lead to unrealistic expectations, stereotypes, and disillusionment/disenchantment. 8. It means paying bills, putting out the garbage, scrubbing toilet bowls, being up all night with a sick body, and performing myriad/numerous other “oatmeal” tasks that are not very sexy. 9. Even during the preteen years, romantic experiences are cultured in the sense that societal and group practices and expectations shape/form romantic experience. 10. Once desire diminishes, disappointed lovers may wonder where the “spark” in their relationship has gone and may reminisce/recall regretfully (and longingly) about “the good old days”. Task2 1. The two countries have always maintained close relations. 2. When we’re together, all he talks about is business. I wish he were more romantic. 3. The museum is closed while essential repairs are being carried out. 4. She had packed two cases with clothes, towels and other essentials. 5. His coaching has added another dimension to my game. 6. We’re not on intimate terms with our neighbors. 7. He maintains that the money was donated for international purposes. 8. The beauty of the scene defies description. 9. He intimated his wishes with a slight nod of his head. 10. Computers design tools that work in three dimensions. 11. This was the first time that I dared to defy my mother. 12. The castle is set in one of England’s most romantic landscapes. 13. I did not realize the dimensions of the problem. 14. Her income was barely enough to maintain one child, let alone three. 15. He surprised me with his intimate knowledge of Kierkegaard and Schopenhauer. Task3 If we look at love in other countries and cultures, we find many variations. In societies, like India, love is not necessarily a prerequisite for marriage. Even highly educated Indian men and women who date non-Indians while living in Western countries often consent to arranged marriages. Respect for parents’ wishes, family traditions, and duty to the kin group are more important than love. Most middle and upper-middle class women in India can marry whomever they want. Many, however, prefer arranged marriages and have veto power over undesirable candidates. Arranged marriages are attractive because they offer more stability than love. According to one highly educated woman in Calcutta who has been happily married for three years to a man she had met just three times before their engagement, love isn’t essential for marital happiness: “I met a lot of people I liked, but no one was suitable for marriage, because I was looking for practicality also. Love is important, but it’s not sufficient.  Unit5 Task1 1. The speaker announced the establishment/setup of a new college. 2. He has traveled extensively in China, recording every facet/aspect of life. 3. This negative attitude is surprisingly prevalent/common among young boys. 4. At that point, the public sector deficit was estimated/judged to be around 45 billion. 5. It was claimed/stated that some doctors were working 80 hours a week. 6. Wildlife seems to flourish/grow well in the area. 7. He lives in Australia now, so we only see him very occasionally/sometimes. 8. She has been commissioned/contracted to write a new national anthem. 9. One of the most prestigious/admired universities in the country is looking for a new president. 10. He wouldn’t let me reimburse/pay him for the cost of his journey. 11. Gaining confidence is a major component/part when developing leadership skills. 12. We need to be given greater flexibility/ability to make changes in the use of resources. 13. He’ll never get anywhere working for himself – he lacks self-discipline/self-control. Task2 1. It’s one of the greatest masterpieces of Western art. 2. I never quite mastered the art of walking in high heels. 3. He doesn’t have mastery of the basic rules of grammar. 4. He has clearly committed his government to continuing down the path of economic reform. 5. You can commission them to paint something especially for you. 6. She doesn’t want to make a big emotional commitment to Steve at the moment. 7. Franklin is in charge of executing the company’s reorganization plan. 8. The solicitors are proceeding with the execution of her mother’s will. 9. He sits on the executive committee that manages the bank. 10. Bear’s Cafe needs to pay more attention to presentation and taste. 11. The goddess is represented as a woman with cow’s horns. 12. The sword was presented by family to the museum. 13. Were you present when the news was announced? 14. The patent lists six inventors who worked on the system. 15. Foreign investors have shown considerable interest in the venture. 16. Caesar planned vast projects and emerged as a great military innovator. 17. We had to stop for breath before we got to the top. 18. She lay awake listening to her sister’s steady breathing. 19. The bank’s new online service is still growing at a breathtaking pace. 20. I was a little breathless and my heartbeat was bumpy and fast. 21. The emotional and physical strain of the previous day had left him exhausted. 22. The drug produced no obvious physiological response. 23. Robyn’s loss of memory is a psychological problem, rather than a physical one. 24. Martial arts teach respect, discipline, and cooperation. 25. We are trying to get the baby into a routine of feeding and sleeping. 26. You must discipline yourself to finish your work on time. 27. You’re getting better – you just need a little more practice. 28. The new drug has performed well in tests. 29. Gemma spent hours trying to perfect her technique. 30. In those days it was not thought entirely proper for a woman to be on the stage. 31. The decision provoked an angry reaction from local residents. 32. It took hours of negotiations to bring about a reconciliation between the two sides. 33. The demonstrators offered little or no resistance to the police. 34. There has been response to his remarks from the government. Task3 Yoga is an ancient system of relaxation, exercise, and healing with origins in Indian philosophy. Early descriptions of yoga arewrittenin Sanskrit, the classical literary language of India. The first known work is The Yoga Sutras, written more than 2000 years ago, although yoga may have beenpracticedup to 5000 years ago. The initial concepts have beenadaptedover time through translation and scholarly interpretation, but thefundamental principles describing the practice of yoga in the quest of thesoulremain largely intact. Yoga has beendescribedas “the union of mind, body, and spirit”, which addresses physical,mental, intellectual, emotional and spiritual dimensions towards an overall harmoniousstate of being. The philosophy of yoga is sometimespicturedas a tree with eight branches. These eight limbs are: pranayama (breathing exercises), asana (physical postures), yama (moral behavior), niyama (healthy habit), dharana (concentration), prathyahara (sense withdrawal), dhyana (contemplation), and Samadhi (higher consciousness). There are several schools of yoga practice, such as hatha yoga, karma yoga, and raja yoga. These schools vary in the proportions of theexercisesof the eight limbs. However, they are all similar in working towards the goal of self-realization andcontrolof mental, physiological, and psychological parameters through yogicexperiences. In the United States and Europe, hatha yoga is commonly practiced,includingpranayama and asanas. Yoga is often practiced by healthy individualswith the aim to achieve relaxation, fitness, and a healthy lifestyle. Yoga has also been recommended and used for a variety ofmedicalconditions. Yoga techniques can be learned in classes or through videotape instruction. Classes last from to minutes and are offered at various skill levels. Unit6 Task1 1. The press has been asked to respect theprivacyof Royal Family during this very different time. 2. The pharmaceutical company attracted aconsiderableamount of funding for research into a cure for cancer. 3. A conference might help create new marketing ideas or provide anarenafor discussion of problems. 4. His book is the culturaleventof the year. 5. The mountaintop provides a spectacular view of Innsbruck and itssurroundings. 6. Finance during marriageseparationis a very big issue particularly with regards to the mortgage and household bills. 7. Ed’s alreadyfragilehealth deteriorated after he left the hospital. 8. A man driven byjealousyis capable of anything. 9. Glenn started actingpeculiarafter his wife’s funeral. 10. If a vitamin is frequently absent from the diet, adeficiencymay develop. Task2 1. Corbett could scarcely understand some of the accents andcontentedhimself with gazing around. 2. An annualconventionof the World Bank was held in Geneva last week. 3. Do you need to betallto play basketball well? 4. She feltcuriouslycalm in front of the crowd. 5. TheConventionfor the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms was adopted in to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe. 6. Many of the essays are political incontent. 7. Brock’s attorney has yet toexecutethe will. 8. A fewcuriousneighbors came out to see what was going on. 9. The state willexecutehim in hours unless his appeal is granted. 10. First impressions really docount. 11. We’ll becontentwith a respectable result in tomorrow’s match. 12. Italian neo-realism breaks with filmconventionsof the past. 13. A linesman had his flag up so the kick did notcount. 14. For the next four years they defiedconventionby living as man and wife when they were not. 15. Finding a replacement is going to be atallorder. Task3 The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries of immigration, the city’s size and variety, and its status as the cultural capital of the United States. Because of itssheersize and cultural influence, New York has been thesubjectof many different, and oftencontradictoryportrayals in the mass media. From the sophisticated andworldlymetropolis seen in many Woody Allen films, to the hellish andchaoticurban jungle depicted in such movies as Martin Scorsese’s Taxi Driver, New York has served as the unwitting backdrop for virtually every conceivable viewpoint on big city life. In the early years of film New York City was characterized as urbane andsophisticated. By the city’s crisis period in the 1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, The French Connection, Marathon Man, and Death Wish showed New York as full of chaos andviolence. With the city’s renaissance in the 1980s and 1990s came new portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sex and the City showed life in the city to beglamorousand interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate number ofcrimedramas, such as Law & Order, continue to make criminality in the city their subject, even as New York has become thesafestlarge city in the United States in the last two decades.  Unit7 Task1 1. Apologiesare in order (appropriate under the circumstances)when Mr. Smith is mistaken for Mr. Jones. 2. Human nature is the basis of character, temperament anddisposition (a particular type of character which makes someone likely to behave or react in a certain way). 3. It is only the surface that is capable of alteration, improvement andrefinement (improving something; making something better than it was before). 4. Man’s majesty and nobility are taken for granted, although his faults and weaknesses are constantly paraded(to show something publicly)before our eyes. 5. But the murderer, robber or wife beater issingled (to separate or choose from a group, especially for special treatment or notice)out for publicity, because such conduct is unusual. 6. Every man unfolds adistinct (separate, clearly different in quality, belonging to a different and particular type)character over which circumstances and education have only the most limited control. 7. He was made to advance; the power to do sodistinguishes (to be the thing that makes someone or something different or special)him from the animal. 8. Each holds to the structure of the mold into which the soul was cast(to shape [metal or other material] by pouring it into a mold while molten)at the time of its individualization. 9. One plunges into thesurf (the mass or line of foam formed by waves breaking on a seashore or reef)and rescues a swimmer from drowning; another dashes into a burning house and carries a stranger to safety. 10. Human nature does not and cannot change butunfolds ([something] opens out, develop)its inherent pattern. Task2 1. There is little point putting anindestructibledoor in a frame that will rot in years. 2. A womanmistookhim for a well-known actor, and asked him for his autograph. 3. In their lessons at school, boys and girls may learn about such virtues asunselfishness, courage, discipline and love of one’s country. 4. Democracy, no matterimperfect, is still the best method of government. 5. Max walked past her, without acknowledging her presence by the slightestalterationin his expression. 6. Whether she is victim ortraitorremains unknown. 7. Aconsiderableamount of research was done here by our science department. 8. She may be stupid, but she’s not aliar. 9. We are a multi-national corporation withemployeesworldwide. 10. As the storyunfolds, we learn more about Max’s childhood. 11. The new theory is arefinementof Corbin’s theory of personality development. 12. Andrew Carnegie was a truephilanthropist, giving away millions to charity. 13. Thecriminalwas sent to prison for years. 14. Lisa is deaf in one ear andpartiallyblind. 15. His modesty isproverbial.  Unit10 Task1 1. The academy holds a highly privileged place in American society because of a long-standing nationalconsensus/agreementabout the value of education. 2. She gave astaggeringly/amazinglygood performance in the TV program as a police officer investigating a murder. 3. The President expects that the research team will work together to explore the complex issues in an open andcollegial/cooperativemanner to find a solution. 4. A monk who lives in a monastery or temple has a relaxed and peaceful life ofcontemplation/thinking. 5. Iron began tosupersede/replacebronze for tool making about years ago. 6. She was starting out over the lake,composing/creatinga poem in her mind. 7. Not all countries appoint a poetlaureate/honoredbut most countries have many poets. 8. We cannot predict with any accuracy how current discoveries andscholarship/learningwill influence future generations. 9. We also have an obligation to ensure that the scholarly work of the academy is widelydisseminated/spread. 10. It would take nearly a book in itself to explain the scope,rigor/strictness, and stress of those tests. Task2 1. To solve a problem you have to understand itsunderlyingcauses. 2. Once we’re had the disease, we’re usuallyimmunefor life. 3. I was rather quiet as I didn’t feel I had much wisdom toimparton the subject. 4. A broad and balanced education is animperativefor raising standards. 5. The fort wasvulnerableto attack from the north. 6. Their ideasdiffusedquickly across Europe. 7. Economic concerns areforemostin many voters’ minds. 8. I went to ascholarlylecture this morning. 9. The reportilluminatedthe different issue