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英語期末總復(fù)習(xí) Part 1 過去分詞 1. 過去分詞作定語 a. 單個(gè)過去分詞作定語前置（但left 和 分詞修飾不定代詞如anything除外）eg. There is little time left,let’s hurry up. Is there anything unsolved? 單個(gè)的過去分詞作定語時(shí)一般兼有被動(dòng)和完成的意義，常作前置定語。 a lost animal 一只迷路的動(dòng)物 a used stamp 一枚用過的郵票 an injured finger 一個(gè)受傷的手指 a broken coin 一枚破損的硬幣 a lighted candle 一支點(diǎn)燃的蠟燭 注意：過去分詞作定語時(shí)，有時(shí)只有被動(dòng)意義。 spoken English 英語口語 written exercises 書面練習(xí) 少數(shù)表示位移或狀態(tài)改變的不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞只有完成的意義 fallen leaves 落葉 the risen sun 升起來的太陽 the advanced countries 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家 a drunken man 一個(gè)醉鬼 a returned student 一名留學(xué)生 a retired teacher 一名退休教師 an escaped prisoner 一名逃跑的囚犯 by-gone days 過去的歲月 b. 過去分詞短語作后置定語，表示被動(dòng)和／或完成意義。 How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods! 我多懊悔在樹林浪費(fèi)的時(shí)光啊 I like wearing clothes made of this kind of cloth． 我喜歡穿這種布料做的衣服。 The books written by Lu Xun are popular． 魯迅寫的書很受歡迎 We’ll go to visit the bridge built hundreds of years ago． 我們要去看那座建于幾百年前的橋。 Change the following Past Participle into clauses.（句型轉(zhuǎn)換） 1) He told us of the great wrong done to him. = He told us of the great wrong which had been done to him. 注: 本句中的過去分詞作定語，既表被動(dòng)又表完成。 2）The United States is a developed country. = The United Stated is a country which has developed注: 本句中的過去分詞作定語，只表示完成 3）Have you noticed the bridge being built there? = Have you noticed the bridge which is being built there. 注：本句中的過去分詞作定語，表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。 2. 用過去分詞作表語 a.表語的前提就是要有連系動(dòng)詞；如be; get;become;seem;look;remain;keep;etc. get+V-ed: get killed get paid get changed get dressed get fined get caught get trapped remain seated back look worried seem terrified be+V-ed+介詞：be worried about be pleased with be absorbed in be lost in be caught in be surprised at be determined to be involved in be aimed at be married to be faced with be covered with be dressed in be dovoted to 3. 用過去分詞充當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語 1. 在feel, find, hear, notice, see, watch等表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞之后，表示感受到某人或某事被做。 I was sleeping when I heard my name called. He was disappointed to find his suggestions turned down. After waking up, I found everyone gone. 2. 在get, have, make, keep, leave , remain使役動(dòng)詞之后, 用過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語, 表示“使/ 讓 …” 。 a.We should keep them informed of what is going on here. b.Jane got her bad tooth pulled out at the dentist’s. c.He watched TV all the evening, leaving his homework undone. 3. 表示“意欲；命令”的動(dòng)詞如like, order, want, wish，可用過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。 a.He didn’t want such question discussed at the meeting. b.I wish these letters (to be) typed as soon as possible. c.-------The price is fine with me.How would you like it paid? ------ Mm, it’s up to you. 4. “with ＋賓語＋過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu) a.The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. b.With water heated, we can see the steam. c.With the matter settled, we all went home. 5. “have + 賓語＋過去分詞”的幾種含義 在“ have ＋賓語＋過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，have 也可用 get 。這一結(jié)構(gòu)有以下幾種含義： 1. 意為“主語請(qǐng)別人做某事”。 He wants to have his eyes examined tomorrow. 2. 意為“主語遭遇、遭受某一不愉快、不測(cè)的事情”。 Be careful, or youll have your hands hurt. 3. 意為“使完成某事”，事情既可以是別人做 完，也可以由主語參與完成。 He had the walls painted this morning. 區(qū)分過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語與現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)語 1. a.I found him lying on the grass just now. b.I found him knocked down by a car. 2. a.I saw her come into the classroom. b.I saw her coming into the classroom. c.I saw her taken out of the classroom. 3. a.Fourtheen people lost their lives in the accident, including two babies. b.The total cost is 15 dollars, with postage included. 4. a.The professor came into the lab , followed by two students. b.The little gilr entered the supermarket, following her parents. 5. a.I don’t want the children taken out in such cold weather. b. I want you to finish the homework in time. 6 .a. I felt my heart beating very fast after the race. b.She hardly felt herself touched but was aware that the wallet inside her pocket was stolen. 7. a.With lots of work to do, I will spend a busy day. b.With my task finished ahead of time, I was praised by my mother. c.With a local boy leading the way, we easily found the place. 8. a. Without being invited,I won’t attend the party. b.She got angry and left the party without saying good –bye. 4. 過去分詞作時(shí)間狀語 . (When it is) heated, ice will be changed into water. When heated, ice will be changed into water. Since / As she was given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid. The hunter left his house,( and he was )followed by his dog. The hunter left his house, followed by his dog. (Although we were )exhausted by the climb, we continued our journey, we continued our journey. Exhausted by the climb, we continued our journey. Part 2 虛擬語氣 一．虛擬語氣在if條件從句中的應(yīng)用 虛擬情況 條件句 結(jié)果主句 (1)與過去事實(shí)相反 If +主語 + had + 過去分詞 主語 + would (should, could, might) + have + 過去分詞 (2)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 If + 主語 + 動(dòng)詞過去式（be 用were） 主語 + would (should, could, might) + 動(dòng)詞原形 (3)與將來事實(shí)相反 If +主語+should / were to 主語 + would （should, could, might）+ 動(dòng)詞原形 (4)錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句（即主從句表示不同時(shí)間的動(dòng)作） 根據(jù)句義采用不同時(shí)態(tài) a .If I had time, I would attend the party. b. If I were you, I would seize the chance to go abroad. c. If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the exams. d. If it were to/should rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be put off. e. If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. 在書面語中，如果虛擬條件從句中有were, had 或 should, 可以把if省略,把這幾個(gè)詞放到主語之前, 構(gòu)成主謂倒裝。 a. Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night. b. Were I a bird, I could fly freely. c..Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest. 錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件從句的用法 a. If you had followed my advice just now, you would be better now. b. If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now, and you would graduate from a college in four years’ time. 含蓄條件從句的用法 用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句 a. Without air (If there were no air), there would be no living things. 如果沒有空氣的話，就不會(huì)有生物了。 b. But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help) I couldn’t have done it. 要不是你的幫助，我就不可能完成這件事。 2. 由表示轉(zhuǎn)折語氣的詞語otherwise, or, or else 構(gòu)成的句子。 a. I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have come to help you. (暗含if I hadn’t been so busy) 二．虛擬語氣中的時(shí)態(tài)變化： ① wish 現(xiàn)在→did/were if only ＋ 過去→had done as if/though 將來→could/would do e.g. 1. I wish I were (be) you. 1. I wish he would (will)come tomorrow. 2. I wish they had won (win)the game yesterday. 要考慮動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間的虛擬語氣還有： As if if only even if without 等引導(dǎo)的句型。 If only I were a bird! If only I had taken his advice,but I did’t. Without your help, I could have finished the work in time. Without air,there were no living things. He speaks as if he were an Englishman. He talks as if he had been to American. Even if Lin Tao were (be) here, I should say the same thing. Even though he had been (be) ill, he would have gone to his office. ② would rather＋ 現(xiàn)在/將來→did/were 過去→had done I would rather you paid me now. I would rather you had gone, too. Don’t come. I would rather you came tomorrow. ③表示要求，命令，建議的虛擬語氣 1）賓語從句。常見動(dòng)詞： 一堅(jiān)持，兩命令，三建議，四要求。即 1. insist 2. order, command 3. advise, suggest, propose 4. demand , require, request, desire 這些動(dòng)詞后面的賓語從句要使用虛擬語氣用法。即從句中的動(dòng)詞 使用(should) + 動(dòng)詞原形. 在suggestion / proposal / order / plan / advice / idea / request /demand 等名詞后的表語和同位語從句中要用“（should）＋動(dòng)詞原形”　 用以上動(dòng)詞相應(yīng)的名詞所引起的表語從句和同位語從句也要用虛擬語氣，即 eg : My idea is that we (should ) think it over before accepting it. My suggestion that we (should) have a meeting has been accepted by others. We all agree to that suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off. 注意： suggest 當(dāng)表示“暗示、表明”時(shí)， insist 表示”堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為“之意時(shí)，應(yīng)用陳述語氣。 Eg : The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work. The man insisted that he had never stolen the money. 3). It’s necessary /strange/ natural/ important + that---Clause 從句中的動(dòng)詞要用虛擬，即（should）+動(dòng)詞原形 It is important that we should master a foreign language. It’s necessary that we should work hard. 4). It is a pity／a shame／no wonder + that 從句 從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用(should)+動(dòng)詞原形省略 eg : It is a pity that he should be so careless. 真可惜他竟然如此粗心． 5).It’s high time that we went/(should go) to help him. Part 3 倒裝句 第一類 完全倒裝 1.以here, there, now, then等副詞位于句首時(shí) Then followed the Civil War. There stands a weather station at the top of the hill. 2.表示方位的副詞away, off, down, up, in, out, round等位于句首時(shí) Up he came 3.作地點(diǎn)狀語的介詞短語放句首時(shí), In front of the building stands a tall tree 4.強(qiáng)調(diào)表語時(shí), Present at the meeting were professor Zhan, and many other famous people 第二類 部分倒裝 1.當(dāng)only修飾副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句置于句首時(shí)要用倒裝。 Only by practising a few hours every day can you be able to use it. Only when he saw it , did he believe what I said Only in this way can yousolvetheproblems 2.否定副詞或含有否定意義的詞組置于句首. 如 not, never, seldom, little, hardly, scarcely, nowhere, few, not until, no sooner…than…, neither…nor, hardly…when…, scarcely…when…, not…until…, at no time, in no case, by no means等位于句首時(shí)， Hardly had he entered the office when he realized that he had forgotten his report. 3.副詞so放在句首，表示前面肯定句中所說的情況也適用于另外一個(gè)人時(shí)，句子要倒裝；當(dāng)neither，nor在句首，表示前面的否定也適用于另外一個(gè)人時(shí)句子要倒裝；so, nor, neither表示相同概念的肯定或否定時(shí)，“I don’t think I can walk any farther.” “Neither can I.” “I’d rather stay at home than go to see a film.” “So would I .” 4.虛擬語氣的條件從句中，省略了if后，had, were, should等放在條件句主語前， Should it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off visiting Beijing. 5.由as, 構(gòu)成的讓步狀語從句 Tired as he is he won’t stop to have a rest. 6.當(dāng)“so (such)…that”結(jié)構(gòu)中的“so, such”用于句首加強(qiáng)語氣時(shí)， Such was what he said So angry was he that he couldn’t speak. 7.一些表祝愿的句子中的倒裝。例如： 1.Long live China! 2.May you succeed! Part 4 it 的用法 一、it 作人稱代詞 1. it的最基本用法是作代詞，主要指剛提到的 事物，以避免重復(fù)。 Xi’an isabeautifulcity, isn’tit? 2. 也可以指動(dòng)物或嬰兒 Is this your dog？No, it isn’t. 二、it作非人稱代詞 1. it有時(shí)并不指具體的東西，而泛指天氣、時(shí)間、 日期、距離、價(jià)值、度量、溫度、環(huán)境等， 稱為非人稱的it： 指天氣：It is a lovely day, isn’tit? It is a bit windy. 指時(shí)間:It was nearly midnight when she came back. 指環(huán)境: It was very quiet inthecaf. 指距離:It is half an hour’swalkto the city centre from my home. 指日期： -- Whats the date today? -- Its May 1, 2007. 指季節(jié)：It is summer now. 指度量：It is about 5 kilograms. 指價(jià)值：--- Whats the cost of the T-shirt? --- It is 150 yuan. 三、it用作形式主語 (1) It be + adj.+ (for/of sb.) to do sth. (2)Its no good/use doing… (3)Its（well）worth doing (4)It is clear/obvious/true/possible/certain … that ... (5)It is said /reported/ learned/believed /thought/known/told/hoped ... that ... (6)It is a pity /a shame /an honor /a good thing/a fact /a surprise/... that ... (7) It takes sb some time to do sth (8)It will be/was some time before …. (9) It’s/has been sometime since… (10)It seems/appears/happens/occurs that… (11) It’s high time that sb did sth (12)It is/was not until…that….. 結(jié)構(gòu) 強(qiáng)調(diào)句 It is (was) + 所強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分 (主語/賓語/狀語) +that（it在這種句型中本身無實(shí)際意義） 注意： 1. 除謂語動(dòng)詞以外的成分都可用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句中; 2. 如原句時(shí)態(tài)為現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)，則be 用 is, 如原句時(shí)態(tài)為過去時(shí),則 be用 was; 3. 當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為人，引導(dǎo)詞還可以用 who即: It is (was) + 所強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分 +who 四、it作形式賓語 該句型中的it 作形式賓語，常用的動(dòng)詞有think, believe, make, find, consider, feel等。 I think it no use arguing with him. 我認(rèn)為和他爭(zhēng)吵沒有用。 I found it very interesting to study English. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)英語非常有趣。 He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject. 他非常清楚地表示他對(duì)那門學(xué)科不感興趣。 省略句 a.------Did you father use to be a driver? ? ------Yes,he used to be. b.Please make some change if (it is)necessary./possible c.-------Look!These flowers are dead.You should have watered them. ? ------Yes, I should have.