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Unit2 English around the world Language points: 1. include vt. 包含；包括 —反義—〉exclude vt. 除去；排除 e.g. a. The list included his name. b. I include eggs on the list of things to buy. included adj. 包含的，包括的 including prep. 包含，包括 n./pron.+ included e.g. Six persons, six women included, were killed or damaged in the road accident. including+ n./pron. e.g. There are six people, including three women. 區(qū)別：include, contain, hold include: 強(qiáng)調(diào)“包括，作為整體的一部分”， 側(cè)重范圍或整體 e.g. He had included a large number of funny stories in the speech. contain: 著重“其中確實(shí)包含有”，指在一定范圍或容器內(nèi)容納某物，側(cè)重包含的內(nèi)容或成分。 e.g. The bottle contains water. hold: 指“能容納”。 e.g. a. The house hold 20 people. b. How much water does the jug hold? 練習(xí)： 1. The parcel _______ a lot of things, _______ a second-hand dictionary. A. contained; included B. contained; including C. included; contained D. included; containing 2. The book _______ forty maps, ______ three of Great Britain. A. contains; includes B. is containing; including C. includes; contains D. contains; including 2.role n. 角色；任務(wù)；作用（同part） play roles 扮演角色 play the role/part of 扮演…角色 e.g. He will play the role of the doctor in my latest drama. play a role/part in sth/doing sth 在…發(fā)揮作用/扮演角色 e.g. Phonetics plays an important part in the study of English. 3. because of + n./pron/賓叢 e.g. She didn’t come to the party because of what you had said. because + 句子 e.g. I was late for school this morning because I overslept. 同義詞： due to 由于，作表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ) e.g. The accident was due to careless driving. thanks to 多虧，由于，作表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ) e.g. Thanks to your advice, much trouble was saved. owing to 由于，作表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ) e.g. Tom’s failing in the exam was owing to his carelessness. as a result of 由于，作狀語(yǔ) e.g. The flight was delayed as a result of fog. on account of 因?yàn)?，作狀語(yǔ) e.g. We delayed our departure on account of the bad weather. by reason of 由于，因?yàn)?，作狀語(yǔ) e.g. He was excused by reason of his age. 4. native adj.&n. ①adj. a. 出生地的 b. 本地的，土生土長(zhǎng)的 c. （常與to連用）本地產(chǎn)的 A是B地特產(chǎn)的動(dòng)物或植物：A be native to B. = A be a native of B. d.(指品質(zhì))與生俱來(lái)的，天生的 ②n. 本地人，本國(guó)人，某地的動(dòng)物或植物 e.g. a. Her native tongue is German. b. Tom is a native Englishman. c. Banana is native to Taiwan.== Banana is a native of Taiwan. d. native speaker f. He is a native of Beijing. g. Are you a native here, or just a visitor? h. The panda is a native of west China. 注： One’s native place 指某人的出生地，但表達(dá)“是某地人”時(shí)，習(xí)慣上不說(shuō)“My native place is …..”而說(shuō) “I was born in ……” 拓展： nation n.國(guó)家，民族 national adj. 國(guó)家的，國(guó)民的 n(c). 僑民 nationality n. (u) 國(guó)籍 （c）民族 e.g. the minority nationalities 各少數(shù)民族 5. the road to the modern English to 為介詞，類似的有： the entrance to the hall the answer(n.) to the question answer(v.) the question the key to the door a road to success a journey/trip to Beijing a visitor to Beijing the guide to …. the notes to the text an introduction to English grammar 6. not 與everything 連用表示部分否定 類似的：all, both, every, whole, always, altogether, entirely, wholly 等與否定詞連用，構(gòu)成部分否定。 e.g. a. All is not gold that glitters.=> Not all that glitters is gold. 發(fā)光的并非都是金子。 b. All men here are not honest. 這兒的人并非都誠(chéng)實(shí)。 c. Both of the brothers don’t like the film. 兄弟兩不都喜歡這部電影。 d. The rich are not always happy. 有錢人并非總是幸福的。 另：①not…and 的否定，被否定的往往是and 后面的那一部分。 e.g. a. She cannot sing and dance. 她會(huì)唱歌但不會(huì)跳舞。 b. He did not speak clearly and correctly. 他講得清楚但不正確。 注：把a(bǔ)nd 換成or, not 對(duì)其后面的兩部分就全盤否定了。 e.g. a. She cannot sing or dance.　她既不會(huì)唱歌也不會(huì)跳舞。 ②not…as well as 只否定它前面的部分，表示部分肯定。 e.g. a. He doesn’t dance as well as sing. 他唱歌，但不跳舞。 b. The child isn’t lively as well as healthy.　這個(gè)孩子健康，但不活潑。 拓展：全部否定 若表示全部否定，則用①none, neither, nobody, nowhere, never etc.+肯定動(dòng)詞 e.g. a. Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上無(wú)難事，只怕有心人。 b. No pains, no gains. c. None of them are right. 他們都不對(duì)。 d. Neither of us will go. 我們兩都不去。 e. The book is nowhere to find. 都處都找不到這本書。 ②anything, anything, any other etc.+ 否定動(dòng)詞 e.g. I cannot do any of the exercises. 任何一道題我都不會(huì)做。 7．Come up a. = to rise （太陽(yáng)）升起 e.g. The sun came up. b. =to come near 走近 e.g. He came up and said hello to me. c. =to appear or happen 顯現(xiàn)；出現(xiàn) e.g. The question never came up. d. （植物）長(zhǎng)出地面 拓展： come about 發(fā)生＝happen come across 偶遇，碰到=come upon/meet with/run across (into) come along 進(jìn)展，進(jìn)步 come to 蘇醒；結(jié)果達(dá)到 come on 來(lái)吧；趕快 come into being 形成（無(wú)被動(dòng)形式） come into power 上臺(tái)，掌權(quán) come into use　 come out 出版；開(kāi)花；發(fā)芽；出現(xiàn) come over 過(guò)來(lái)；順便拜訪 come true 實(shí)現(xiàn) 8．a(chǎn)ctually adv. 事實(shí)上；實(shí)際上；真實(shí)地 e.g. Actually, few of us will agree with him. 同義詞：really, in fact, as a matter of fact，in reality, in truth, in point of fact, in nature 9. present n. &adj. & vt. ①n. a. =gift 禮物 e.g. a birthday gift b. 當(dāng)前；目前 at present＝now 目前 at the present time 在目前，在現(xiàn)在 for the present = for the time being 暫時(shí)，暫且，就目前來(lái)講 　　　　　　　up to the present =up to now 到目前為止 　　　　　　　 presently=soon 不久 e.g.a. I will treasure the birthday present he gave me. ②adj. a. 出席的；到場(chǎng)的（作后置定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)） be present at 出席 b. 現(xiàn)在的；現(xiàn)存的（作前置定語(yǔ)） e.g. a. There are twenty children present. b. What is your present job? ③vt. 贈(zèng)予， 頒予，提出，呈遞 把某物給某人 present sth to sb＝make a present of sth to sb present sb with sth e.g. a. They presented flowers to their teacher. 拓展： presence n. 出席；到場(chǎng)；存在——反義——absence n. present adj. be present at ——反義——absent adj. be absent from 練習(xí)： 1．__The teacher present ___(在座的老師) will have a discussion about it. 10．more…than 與其說(shuō)…倒不如說(shuō) e.g. more brave than wise 有勇無(wú)謀 more than 超過(guò)，不僅僅，不止 e.g. It cost me more than $100. no more than 不過(guò)，僅僅，同…一樣不e.g. It’s no more than a mile to the shops. no more…than …與…都不，不…也不　e.g. He is no more diligent than you .你不勤奮，他也不勤奮。 not more than 至多，不超過(guò)，不比…更 e.g. The new edition is not more expensive than the old edition. not more…than 不象…一樣，不如…一樣　e.g. This book is not more interesting than that one.這本書沒(méi)有那本書有趣。 less…than less than 少于 no less than 竟有…之多，多達(dá)　e.g. His son has read no less than 50 English books.他的兒子竟然讀了50本英文書。（強(qiáng)調(diào)多） no less…than 和…一樣，不亞于… e.g.Her voice is no less sweet than it used to be.她的歌聲和以前一樣甜美。 not less than 不少于,至少　e.g.His son has read not less than 50 English books.他的兒子讀了不少于50本英文書。（不強(qiáng)調(diào)多或少） 11. rule vt.&vi. (ruled, ruling) 統(tǒng)治，支配 e.g. Try not to let your heart rule your head. n. 規(guī)則，法規(guī)，章程，統(tǒng)治權(quán) e.g. The school rules must be obeyed. 拓展： as a rule 通常，總體上＝generally speaking by rule 按慣例 keep/obey/follow the rule(s) 遵守規(guī)則 break the rule(s) 破例，犯規(guī) carry out a/the rule 執(zhí)行規(guī)則 make a rule of doing sth 有做某事的習(xí)慣 make it a rule +to do　定為規(guī)律，總是 by/according to rule(s) 按規(guī)則 under the rule of 在…的統(tǒng)治下 12．Such as＝like “諸如，譬如說(shuō)…” 用于列舉事物， 后不用逗號(hào)，所列舉事物的數(shù)量不等同于被舉例名詞的總量，否則就應(yīng)該用that is 或namely. for example=for instance “比如說(shuō)” 用于舉例說(shuō)明，其后一般用逗號(hào)，一般僅舉同類人或物的一個(gè)例子。 e.g. a. Students, __such as___ Tom and Mary, should be learnt from. b. Wear something simple, __for example__, a skirt and blouse. 13. request vt.&n. 要求，請(qǐng)求 request sth from/of sb e.g. a All I request of you is that you should be here earlier. request sb to do sth e.g. Gentlemen are requested not to smoke. request that …..should….. e.g. He requests that you come earlier. at the request of sb = at sb’s request 在某人要求下 make a request for 請(qǐng)求 14. recognize vt. a. 認(rèn)出，辨認(rèn)出； b. 承認(rèn)，認(rèn)可 c. 意識(shí)到 recognize sb as/to be -- be recognized as/to be 承認(rèn)某人是 recognize sb to do sth 承認(rèn)某人做某事 recognize that-clause 意識(shí)到 e.g. a I recognized my old friend at once. b. They recognized him to be a great leader. c. He recognized that he was not fit for the post. d. He recognized that he was wrong. 辨析：recognize, know recognize: 指原來(lái)很熟悉，經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間的間隔或別的原因后又重新認(rèn)出來(lái)，是終止性動(dòng)詞； know:　是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，指相互間十分熟悉，十分了解。 e.g. a. I have known him for 10 years. b. The town has changed so much that you wouldn’t recognize it. 練習(xí)： ----- Oh, it’s you! I ______ you. -----I’ve just had my hair cut, and I’m wearing new glasses. A. didn’t recognize B. hadn’t recognized C. haven’t recognized D. don’t recgnize 15. way n. ①路，道路　 e.g. the way to the station 到車站的路 ask the way 問(wèn)路 ②路線，路途　 e.g.a. He is on the way home. b. They sang songs to cheer the way.他們唱歌活躍路途。 ③方向，附近（只用單數(shù)） e.g. a.This way, please. 　 b. He lives somewhere Peking way.他住在北京附近某處。 ④情形，狀況，規(guī)模，程度　　 e.g. a.do an experiment in a small way進(jìn)行小規(guī)模的實(shí)驗(yàn) ⑤習(xí)慣，作風(fēng)　 e.g. a. break down the old ways. b. English way of living ⑥方法，手段，方式 e.g. a. the best way to do sth b. in every possible way 千方百計(jì) the way 作“方式”講， 且為先行詞，其后引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞通常有三種形式：that, in which, 省略that/in which e.g. It was not the words but the way you spoke that made him angry. 拓展： the way of doing 做某事的方式方法 the way to do sth 做某事的方式方法 on the way to sp 在路上，在途中 on the way home 在回家的路上 all the way 自始至終，全程 by the way 順便說(shuō) in the /sb’s way 妨礙，擋…的路 in a way=in a sense 在某種程度上，在某種意義上＝in one way=in some ways in this way=with this method=by this means 用這種方法 in no way=at no time=by no means=on no account　決不　　 lose one’s way 迷路　　　　 feel one’s way 摸索著走 fight one’s way 打出道路，奮斗前進(jìn) make one’s way　前進(jìn)，行進(jìn) lead the way/show sb the way 帶路，引路 no way 沒(méi)門，別想　　　　　　　anyway 無(wú)論如何，不管怎樣 under way 在進(jìn)行中