英語(yǔ)及物和不及物動(dòng)詞等的用法.doc
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及物動(dòng)詞 transitive verb英語(yǔ)中按動(dòng)詞后可否直接跟賓語(yǔ),可以把動(dòng)詞分成兩種:及物動(dòng)詞與不及物動(dòng)詞。 及物動(dòng)詞: 又稱“他動(dòng)詞”。又稱“外動(dòng)詞”。動(dòng)詞的一種。它所表示的動(dòng)作常涉及動(dòng)作者以外的事物,如“吃”、“穿”、“讀”、“寫”等。字典里詞后標(biāo)有vt. 的就是及物動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后必須跟有動(dòng)作的對(duì)象(即賓語(yǔ)),并且可直接跟賓語(yǔ)。 如see 看見 (vt.) +賓語(yǔ) I can see a boy. 其實(shí)所謂“及物”,就是后面可直接加賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞,有被動(dòng)形式,而不及物動(dòng)詞是沒有被動(dòng)式的,也不可直接加賓語(yǔ),需加介詞。 及物動(dòng)詞后面可直接接賓語(yǔ),不及物動(dòng)詞后面不可直接接賓語(yǔ),一般要加介詞后再接賓語(yǔ)。實(shí)際上很多動(dòng)詞既是及物動(dòng)詞,又是不及物動(dòng)詞。我舉一個(gè)例子,就說(shuō)write。如I am writing.和I am writing a letter.在前一個(gè)句子write是不及物動(dòng)詞,在后一個(gè)句子write是及物動(dòng)詞。又如,see是及物動(dòng)詞,但在特殊情況下如seeing is believing。 不及物動(dòng)詞就是一個(gè)動(dòng)作不能施加到另一個(gè)物體上,也就是后面不能加賓語(yǔ)。 例如:He is running. run這個(gè)動(dòng)詞就是不及物動(dòng)詞,后面不能加sth。(不能說(shuō)跑什么東西) 分清及物不及物動(dòng)詞: 分清動(dòng)詞的及物不及物是在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中必須解決的首要問題。動(dòng)詞及物與不及物通常有以下幾種情況: a.主要用作及物動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面必須跟賓語(yǔ)??梢杂糜冢?主+謂+賓";"主+謂+雙賓";"主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)"結(jié)構(gòu)。如: He reached Paris the day before yesterday. Please hand me the book over there. They asked me to go fishing with them. 類似的還有:buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell.... b.主要用作不及物的動(dòng)詞。不及物動(dòng)詞后面不跟賓語(yǔ)。只能用于:"主+謂"結(jié)構(gòu)。 This is the room where I once lived. 類似的還有:agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed.... c.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動(dòng)詞,其意義不變。如begin 都是作"開始"講。everybody , our game begins. let us begin our game. 類似的還有:start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve.... d.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動(dòng)詞,其意義完全不同。 這類動(dòng)詞作不及物動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)意義;而作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)卻是另一個(gè)意義。如lift作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)是指煙霧的"消散"。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. 作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)是"升高;舉起"。 He lifted his glass and drank. 類似的還有:beat vi.跳動(dòng) vt. 敲、打; grow vi.生長(zhǎng) vt. 種植 play vi.玩耍 vt. 打(牌、球),演奏 smell vi.發(fā)出(氣味) vt. 嗅 ring vi.(電話、鈴)響vt.打電話 speak vi.講話 vt. 說(shuō)(語(yǔ)言) hang vi. 懸掛 vt. 絞死 operate vi.動(dòng)手術(shù) vt. 操作 在英語(yǔ)錯(cuò)誤中,“及物動(dòng)詞+介詞+賓語(yǔ)”(transitive verb+preposition+object),是常見的一種。所謂及物動(dòng)詞,就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(predicative verb),不必通過介詞引薦賓語(yǔ)。相反的,不及物動(dòng)詞(intransitive verb)是不帶賓語(yǔ)的。有許多動(dòng)詞,雖然性質(zhì)是及物的,但不一定要有賓語(yǔ),如下列的①a和②a便是這種情形: ①a. We study every day. b. Do you study English every day. ②a. Please write clearly next time. b. Can you write your composition now? 如果本質(zhì)上就是不及物動(dòng)詞,就不會(huì)有賓語(yǔ);若要賓語(yǔ),就要借介詞之助,一起連用才行(不及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+介詞),如③b和④b;③a和④a是錯(cuò)的; *③a. The children are listening the music. b. The children are listening to the music. *④a. She is laughing the crippled man. b. She is laughing at the crippled man. 反之,及物動(dòng)詞不必靠介詞,就可以帶賓語(yǔ),如上述的①b和②b ,又如⑤和?、蓿? ⑤ John is giving a book to me. ⑥ Who will answer this question? 如果無(wú)意中把介詞加上,就錯(cuò)了,如: *⑦ Who will answer to this question? 下列這句從房地產(chǎn)廣告中看到的句子,也犯了同樣的錯(cuò): “We have many buyers awaiting for available units here.” “Awaiting”是個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞,后面的介詞“for”是多余的,要去掉;不然把“awaiting”改為“waiting for”也行。 許多人習(xí)慣上喜歡把介詞加到及物動(dòng)詞后面,然后才帶出賓語(yǔ)。最常見的是“emphasize/stress on/upon”和“discuss about”,如: ⑧ Singaporeans seem to have emphasized on material gains. ⑨ In our education system, we stress upon examination results. ⑩ World leaders spent a lot of time discussing about worsening economic problems. 顯然的,這三句里的介詞“on/upon”和“about”是多余的,不必要的。 下面是些類似的錯(cuò)誤: ● The young must obey to their elders. ● Do not approach to that odd-looking man. ● The audience attacked on the rude speaker. ● Nothing can escape from his parents eyes. ● Do you hope to serve for your nation? ● When did Susan marry with Paul? 介詞“to, on, from, for, with”都要去掉才對(duì)。 為什么會(huì)有這些錯(cuò)誤呢?主因是分不清楚及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)。其次,就是對(duì)同一個(gè)動(dòng)詞及其名詞的句型有些混淆。解決之道有二。第一,要把“及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)”和“不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞+賓語(yǔ)”劃分清楚,如: I did not answer him./ I did not reply to him. He reached Londan yesterday./ He arrived in London yesterday. 第二,把及物動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞,然后加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~和賓語(yǔ),如: Dont approach such a person. Is oral practice a good approach to language teaching? 不及物動(dòng)詞。intransitive verb ( vi. ) 動(dòng)詞的一種。也稱“自動(dòng)詞”、“內(nèi)動(dòng)詞”。不能帶賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞和能帶施事賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。\n如:“游行、睡覺、帶頭、躺、來(lái)”等。這些動(dòng)詞常見的有:appear, apologize,arrive, come, die, disappear, exist, fall, happen, rise,等等。如: The students work very hard.學(xué)生們學(xué)習(xí)很努力。 She apologized to me again. 她再次向我道歉。 The accident happened yesterday evening.事故是昨天晚上發(fā)生的。 A 有些動(dòng)詞只是及物動(dòng)詞; 它們不可以單獨(dú)用,后面必須跟賓語(yǔ)。 注意 { False: They always want after lunch. Right: They always want a cup of tea after lunch. { False: He is sending now. Right: He is sending a letter now. 連系動(dòng)詞本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),必須與表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。 表語(yǔ)通常由名詞、形容詞,或相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語(yǔ)等充當(dāng),說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)是什么或怎么樣。 一、 連系動(dòng)詞的類型有: 1. "存在"類:表示存在或具有某種特征或狀態(tài).這類連系動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)調(diào)"存在"。常見的有:be(是),look(看起來(lái)),feel(摸上去),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎、顯得),prove(證明是),smell(聞起來(lái)),taste(嘗起來(lái)),sound(聽起來(lái))等。例如: The story sounds true. Those oranges taste good star. 2. "持續(xù)"類:表示某種情況或狀態(tài)的持續(xù)。這類連系動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)調(diào)"持續(xù)"。常見的有:remain(依然),keep(保持),stay(保持),continue(繼續(xù)、仍舊),stand(處于某狀況或情形)等。例如: Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days. Its already ten in the morning. The store remains closed. Whats the matter? 3. "變化"類:表示由一種情況或狀態(tài)變化成另一種情況或狀態(tài)。這類連系動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)調(diào)"變化"后的情況或狀態(tài).常見的有:become(變成), turn(變成), grow(變得), get(變得)等。例如: Put the fish in the fridge, or it will go bad in hot weather. 二、注意事項(xiàng) 1. 有些連系動(dòng)詞通常不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中。如:feel, taste等詞。例如: -Do you like the material? -Yes, it feels very soft. 2. 一般情況下,連系動(dòng)詞主要跟形容詞或分詞作表語(yǔ)。例如: Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may get run over by a car. 3. 能跟名詞作表語(yǔ)的連系動(dòng)詞常見的有:be, become, appear, seem, prove, remain和turn等.注意:turn后跟(表示主語(yǔ)身份的)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí),不加冠詞。例如: Twenty years later, he turned teacher. The population growth in China remains a problem. 4. 連系動(dòng)詞也可跟不定式(to do / to be),常見的有:appear, seem, remain, prove, look等。例如: Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains to be seen whether they will enjoy it. On the long journey, Peter proved to be a most interesting guide. We all had a wonderful time. 表語(yǔ)是用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、性質(zhì)、品性、特征和狀態(tài)的,表語(yǔ)常由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、動(dòng)詞的-ing、從句來(lái)充當(dāng),它常位于連系動(dòng)詞(be, become, appear, seem等)之后。 例子: Africa is a big continent. 非洲是個(gè)大洲。 That remains a puzzle to me. 那是一個(gè)殘余的難題,對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)。 主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子中所要表達(dá),描述的人或物,是句子的主體。 主語(yǔ)可以由名詞,代詞,數(shù)詞,動(dòng)詞不定式,動(dòng)名詞,名詞化形容詞,分詞,從句,短語(yǔ)等來(lái)?yè)?dān)任。 謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)是用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做了什么動(dòng)作或處在什么狀態(tài)。謂語(yǔ)可以由動(dòng)詞來(lái)?yè)?dān)任,一般放在主語(yǔ)的后面。 表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)是用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì),身份,特征和狀態(tài)。表語(yǔ)須和連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成句子的復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)。表語(yǔ)一般放在系動(dòng)詞之后。表語(yǔ)可以由名詞,形容詞或起名詞和形容詞作用的詞和短語(yǔ)擔(dān)任。 賓語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作所涉及的對(duì)象,它是動(dòng)作的承受者,賓語(yǔ)可以由名詞或起名詞作用的成分擔(dān)任,賓語(yǔ)一般放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面。 有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),其中一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)多指人,另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)指物,指人的賓語(yǔ)叫做間接賓語(yǔ),指物的賓語(yǔ)叫做直接賓語(yǔ),可以帶兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有bring,give,show,send,pass,tell等。間接賓語(yǔ)一般放在直接賓語(yǔ)的前面,如果強(qiáng)調(diào)直接賓語(yǔ)可把直接賓語(yǔ)放在間接賓語(yǔ)的前面,但間接賓語(yǔ)前須加"to"。 有些及物動(dòng)詞除跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)外,還需要加上賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),否則意思不完整,它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中賓語(yǔ)和后面的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)有一種邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,這也是判斷是兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)還是復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的依據(jù),賓語(yǔ)可以由名詞或起名詞作用的詞擔(dān)任。 定語(yǔ)用于描述名詞,代詞,短語(yǔ)或從句的性質(zhì),特征范圍等情況的詞叫做定語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)可以由名詞,形容詞和起名詞和形容詞作用的詞,短語(yǔ)擔(dān)任。如果定語(yǔ)是單個(gè)詞,定語(yǔ)放在被修飾詞的前面,如果是詞組,定語(yǔ)放在被修飾詞的后面。 助動(dòng)詞 va. 1)協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞詞組的詞叫助動(dòng)詞(Auxiliary Verb)。被協(xié)助的動(dòng)詞稱作主要?jiǎng)釉~(Main Verb)。構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài)是助動(dòng)詞 助動(dòng)詞是語(yǔ)法功能詞,自身沒有詞義,不可單獨(dú)使用,它沒有對(duì)應(yīng)的漢譯,例如: He doesnt like English. 他不喜歡英語(yǔ)。 (doesnt是助動(dòng)詞,無(wú)詞義;like是主要?jiǎng)釉~,有詞義) 2) 助動(dòng)詞協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~完成以下功用,可以用來(lái): a. 表示時(shí)態(tài),例如: He is singing. 他在唱歌。 He has got married. 他已結(jié)婚。 b. 表示語(yǔ)態(tài),例如: He was sent to England. 他被派往英國(guó)。 c. 構(gòu)成疑問句,例如: Do you like college life? 你喜歡大學(xué)生活嗎? Did you study English before you came here? 你來(lái)這兒之前學(xué)過英語(yǔ)嗎? d. 與否定副詞not合用,構(gòu)成否定句,例如: I dont like him. 我不喜歡他。 e. 加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,例如: Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定來(lái)參加晚會(huì)。 He did know that. 他的確知道那件事。 3) 最常用的助動(dòng)詞有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would 助動(dòng)詞am,is,are的用法 1) am,is,are +現(xiàn)在分詞,構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),例如: They are having a meeting. 他們正在開會(huì)。 English is becoming more and more important. 英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越重要。 2) am,is,are + 過去分詞,構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),例如: The window was broken by Tom.. 窗戶是湯姆打碎的。 English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英語(yǔ)。 3)am,is,are+ 動(dòng)詞不定式,可表示下列內(nèi)容: a. 用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示最近、未來(lái)的計(jì)劃或安排,例如: He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去紐約。 We are to teach the freshpersons. 我們要教新生。 說(shuō)明: 這種用法也可以說(shuō)成是一種將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)法。 b. 表示命令,例如: You are to explain this. 對(duì)此你要做出解釋。 He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午來(lái)辦公室。 c. 征求意見,例如: How am I to answer him? 我該怎樣答復(fù)他? Who is to go there? 誰(shuí)該去那兒呢? d. 表示相約、商定,例如: We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我們明天早晨7點(diǎn)在校門口集合。 助動(dòng)詞have的用法 1)have +過去分詞,構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài),例如: He has left for London. 他已去了倫敦。 By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未為止,他們已經(jīng)完成工作的一半。 2)have + been +現(xiàn)在分詞,構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí),例如: I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在學(xué)英語(yǔ),已達(dá)十年之久。 3)have+been +過去分詞,構(gòu)成完成式被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),例如: English has been taught in China for many years. 中國(guó)教英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)多年。 助動(dòng)詞do 的用法 1) 構(gòu)成一般疑問句,例如: Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通過大學(xué)英語(yǔ)測(cè)試嗎? Did you study German? 你們學(xué)過德語(yǔ)嗎? 2) do + not 構(gòu)成否定句,例如: I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批評(píng)。 He doesnt like to study. 他不想學(xué)習(xí)。 In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 過去,好多學(xué)生不知道英語(yǔ)的重要性。 3) 構(gòu)成否定祈使句,例如: Dont go there. 不要去那里。 Dont be so absent-minded. 不要這么心不在焉。 說(shuō)明: 構(gòu)成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。 4) 放在動(dòng)詞原形前,加強(qiáng)該動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣,例如: Do come to my birthday party. 一定來(lái)參加我的生日宴會(huì)。 I did go there. 我確實(shí)去那兒了。 I do miss you. 我確實(shí)想你。 5) 用于倒裝句,例如: Never did I hear of such a thing. 我從未聽說(shuō)過這樣的事情。 Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 只有在開始大學(xué)生活時(shí)我們才認(rèn)識(shí)到英語(yǔ)的重要性。 說(shuō)明: 引導(dǎo)此類倒裝句的副詞有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。 6) 用作代動(dòng)詞,例如: ---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜歡北京嗎? ---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜歡。(do用作代動(dòng)詞,代替like Beijing.) He knows how to drive a car, doesnt he? 他知道如何開車,對(duì)吧? 助動(dòng)詞shall和will的用法 shall和will作為助動(dòng)詞可以與動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成一般將來(lái)時(shí),例如: I shall study harder at English. 我將更加努力地學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。 He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。 說(shuō)明: 在過去的語(yǔ)法中,語(yǔ)法學(xué)家說(shuō)shall用于第一人稱,will 只用于第二、第三人稱?,F(xiàn)在,尤其是在口語(yǔ)中,will常用于第一人稱,但shall只用于第一人稱,如用于第二、第三人稱,就失去助動(dòng)詞的意義,已變?yōu)榍閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞,試比較: He shall come. 他必須來(lái)。(shall有命令的意味。) He will come. 他要來(lái)。(will只與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成一般將來(lái)時(shí)。) shall在疑問句中,用于第一,第二人稱,征求對(duì)方意愿 shall I turn on the light? 要開燈嗎?( 我把燈打開好嗎?) shall he come to see you? 你要不要他來(lái)看你 (比較: will he come to see you? 他會(huì)不會(huì)來(lái)看你) shall 用在陳述句, 與第二第三人稱連用, 變?yōu)榍閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞 表示允諾,命令,警告,和說(shuō)話人的決心 助動(dòng)詞should,would的用法 1)should無(wú)詞義,只是shall的過去形式,與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成過去將來(lái)時(shí),只用于第一人稱,例如: I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天給他打電話,問他我下周干什么。 比較: "What shall I do next week?" I asked. "我下周干什么?"我問道。(可以說(shuō),shall變成直接引語(yǔ)時(shí),變成了should。) 2) would也無(wú)詞義,是will的過去形式,與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成過去將來(lái)時(shí),用于第二、第三人稱,例如: He said he would come. 他說(shuō)他要來(lái)。 比較: "I will go," he said. 他說(shuō):"我要去那兒。" 變成間接引語(yǔ),就成了: He said he would come. 原來(lái)的will變成would,go變成了come.。 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 是一種本身有一定的詞義,但要與動(dòng)詞原形及其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一起使用,給謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞增添情態(tài)色彩,表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)有關(guān)行為或事物的態(tài)度和看法,認(rèn)為其可能、應(yīng)該或必要等。 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加動(dòng)詞原形。 分類: 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有四類: ①只做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:must,can(could),may(might),ought to ②可做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞又可做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞:need,dare ③可做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞又可做助動(dòng)詞:shall(should),will(would) ④具有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞特征:have(had,has) to,used to 位置: 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞在句中放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前若有助動(dòng)詞,則在助動(dòng)詞之前,疑問句中, 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞則在主語(yǔ)之前。 I can see you. Come here. 我能看見你,過來(lái)吧。 He must have been away. 他一定走了。 What can I do for you? 我能幫你嗎? How dare you treat us like that! 你怎能那樣對(duì)待我們! 特點(diǎn): 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無(wú)人稱和數(shù)的變化, 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面跟的動(dòng)詞需用原形,否定式構(gòu)成是在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加 "not"。 個(gè)別情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有現(xiàn)在式和過去式兩種形式, 過去式用來(lái)表達(dá)更加客氣, 委婉的語(yǔ)氣, 時(shí)態(tài)性不強(qiáng), 可用于過去,現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞屬非及物動(dòng)詞,故沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 He could be here soon. 他很快就來(lái)。 We cant carry the heavy box. 我們搬不動(dòng)那箱子。 Im sorry I cant help you. 對(duì)不起,我?guī)筒簧夏恪? 基本助動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞最主要的區(qū)別之一是,基本助動(dòng)詞本身沒有詞義,而情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞則有自己的詞義,能表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)有關(guān)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的看法,或表示主觀設(shè)想: What have you been doing since? (構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行體,本身無(wú)詞義) I am afraid I must be going. (一定要) You may have read some account of the matter. (或許已經(jīng)) 除此之外,情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞還有如下詞法和句法特征: 1) 除ought和used以外,其他情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面只能接不帶to的不定式。如果我們把ought to和used to看做是固定詞組的話,那么,所有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無(wú)一例外地只能接不帶to的不定式: We used to grow beautiful roses. I asked if he would come and repair my television set. 2) 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞在限定動(dòng)詞詞組總是位居第一: They need not have been punished so severely. 3) 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞用于第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在時(shí)的時(shí)候,沒有詞形變化,即其詞尾無(wú)-s形式: She dare not say what she thinks. 4) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有非限定形式,即沒有不定式和分詞形式,也沒有相應(yīng)的動(dòng)名詞: Still, she neednt have run away. 5) 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的“時(shí)”的形式并不是時(shí)間區(qū)別的主要標(biāo)志。在不少場(chǎng)合,情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)形式都可以表示現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)?lái)時(shí)間: Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something? She told him he ought not to have done it. 6) 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞之間是相互排斥的,即在一個(gè)限定動(dòng)詞詞組中只能出現(xiàn)一個(gè)情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞,但有時(shí)卻可以與have和be基本助動(dòng)詞連用: You should have washed the wound. Well, you shouldnt be reading a novel. 用法 首先它是動(dòng)詞,而且不同于行為動(dòng)詞,行為動(dòng)詞表示的是可以通過行為來(lái)表達(dá)的動(dòng)作(如寫,讀,跑),而情態(tài)動(dòng)詞只是表達(dá)的一種想法(如能,也許,敢)。 用法是:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞原形 例句:I can read this sentence in English. 我能用英語(yǔ)讀這句話。 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是一種本身有一定的詞義,表示說(shuō)話人的情緒,態(tài)度或語(yǔ)氣的動(dòng)詞,但不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ), 只能和其他動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。 We can be there on time tomorrow.我們明天能按時(shí)去那兒。 May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字嗎? Shall we begin now?我們現(xiàn)在就開始嗎? You must obey the school rules.你必須遵守校規(guī)。 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞數(shù)量不多,但用途廣泛,主要有下列: can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would),have (to) ,had better. 功能 助動(dòng)詞(auxiliary)主要有兩類:基本助動(dòng)詞(primary auxiliary)和情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞(modal auxiliary)。基本助動(dòng)詞有三個(gè):do, have和be;情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞基本的有十四個(gè):may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.had better 上述兩類助動(dòng)詞的共同特征是,在協(xié)助主動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成限定動(dòng)詞詞組時(shí),具有作用詞的功能: 1) 構(gòu)成否定式: He didnt go and neither did she. The meeting might not start until 5 oclock. 2) 構(gòu)成疑問式或附加疑問式: Must you leave right now? You have been learning French for 5 years, havent you? 3) 構(gòu)成修辭倒裝: Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister. Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 4) 代替限定動(dòng)詞詞組: A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle? B: Tom can. A: Shall I write to him? B: Yes, do. can和could的用法 1. 表示能力或客觀可能性,還可以表示請(qǐng)求和允許。如: Can you finish this work tonight? Man cannot live without air. — Can I go now? — Yes, you can. 注意:①could也可表示請(qǐng)求,語(yǔ)氣委婉,主要用于疑問句,不可用于肯定句,答語(yǔ)應(yīng)用can(即could不能用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ)中)。如: Could I come to see you tomorrow? Yes, you can. (否定答語(yǔ)可用No, Im afraid not.) ②can表示能力時(shí),還可用be able to代替。如: Ill not be able to come this afternoon. 2. 表示驚異、懷疑、不相信的態(tài)度。(主要用在否定句、疑問句或驚嘆句中) Can this be true? How can you be so careless! This cannot be done by him. 3. “can(could) + have + 過去分詞”的疑問或否定形式表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的行為懷疑或不肯定。如: He cannot have been to that town. Can he have got the book? 4. 用在疑問句及否定句中,表示驚訝,不相信等. 5. cannot```too\enough表示"無(wú)論怎樣``````也不過分","越``````越好" may和might的用法 1. 表示許可。 表示請(qǐng)求、允許時(shí),might比may的語(yǔ)氣更委婉一些,否定回答時(shí)(口語(yǔ)中常用) no , you cant . or , yes, please 用mustnt表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意(具有強(qiáng)烈禁止的意思)如: You may drive the car. — Might I use your pen? — No, you mustnt. 用May I ... 征詢對(duì)方許可在文體上比較正式,在口氣上比較客氣。在日??谡Z(yǔ)中,用Can I ... 征詢對(duì)方意見在現(xiàn)代口語(yǔ)中更為常見。 2. 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如: May you succeed! 3. 表示推測(cè)、可能(疑問句不能用于此意)。 He may be very busy now. 4. “may(might) + have + 過去分詞”表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的行為的推測(cè)。如: He may not have finished the work. must和have to的用法 1. 表示必須、必要。(must表示主觀多一些而have to則表示客觀多一些)如: You must come in time. 回答must引出的問句時(shí),如果是否定的回答,不能用mustnt,而要用neednt或dont have to。 — Must we hand in our exercise books today? — Yes, you must. (No, you don’t have to.) 2. “must be + 表語(yǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示推測(cè),它的否定或疑問式用can代替must。 This must be your pen. 3. “must + have + 過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)常用在肯定句中,表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的行為的推測(cè)。它的否定或疑問式用can代替must。 He must have been to Shanghai. 4. have to的含義與must相似,兩者往往可以互換使用,但have to有各種形式,隨have的變化而定。must與have to有下列幾點(diǎn)不同: ① must表示的是說(shuō)話人的主觀看法,而have to則往往強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要。如: The play is not interesting. I really must go now. I had to work when I was your age. ② must一般只表現(xiàn)在,have則有更多的時(shí)態(tài)形式。 ③ 二者的否定意義不大相同。如: You mustnt go. 你可不要去。 You dont have to go. 你不必去。 ④ 詢問對(duì)方的意愿時(shí)應(yīng)用must。如: Must I clean all the room? 注意:have to也可拼做have got to。 dare和need的用法 1. need表示“需要”或“必須”,作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),僅用于否定句或疑問句中,在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to,或should代替。如: You needn’t come so early. — Need I finish the work today? — Yes, you must. 注意:neednt + 不定式的完成式“表示本來(lái)不必做某事而實(shí)際上做了某事”。如: You neednt have waited for me. 2. Dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),主要用于疑問句、否定句和條件從句中,一般不用在肯定句中。如: How dare you say Im unfair. He darent speak English before such a crowd, dare he? 3. Dare和need常用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化,所不同的是,作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),在肯定句中,dare后面通常接帶to的不定式,在否定和疑問句中,dare后面可接帶to或不帶to的不定式。如: I dare to swim across this river. He does not dare (to) answer. Dont you dare (to) touch it! I wondered he dare (to) say that. He needs to finish it this evening. shall和should的用法 一.Shall的用法: 1. Shall用于第一人稱,表示征求對(duì)方的意愿。如: What shall we do this evening? 2. Shall用于第一、第三人稱疑問句中,表示說(shuō)話人征求對(duì)方的意見或向?qū)Ψ秸?qǐng)示。如: Shall we begin our lesson? When shall he be able to leave the hospital? 3. Shall用于第二、第三人稱,表示說(shuō)話人給對(duì)方命令、警告、允諾或威脅。如: You shall fail if you dont work harder. (警告) He shall have the book when I finish reading. (允諾) He shall be punished. (威脅) 二.Should的用法: 1. Should表示勸告、建議、命令,其同義詞是ought to;在疑問句中,通常用should代替ought to。如: You should go to class right away. Should I open the window? Should的含義較多,用法較活,現(xiàn)介紹三種其特殊用法。請(qǐng)看下面的句子: ① I should think it would be better to try it again. 我倒是認(rèn)為最好再試一試。 ② You are mistaken, I should say. 依我看,你是搞錯(cuò)了。 ③ I should advise you not to do that. 我倒是勸你別這樣做。 ④ This is something I should have liked to ask you. 這是我本來(lái)想問你的。 從以上例句可以看出:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should用于第一人稱時(shí)可以表示說(shuō)話人的一種謙遜、客氣、委婉的語(yǔ)氣。 Should還可以用在if引導(dǎo)的條件從句,表示一件事聽起來(lái)可能性很小,但也不是完全沒有可能。相當(dāng)于“萬(wàn)一”的意思。從句謂語(yǔ)由should加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成,主句謂語(yǔ)卻不一定用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如: ⑤ Ask her to ring me up if you should see her. 你萬(wàn)一見到她,請(qǐng)讓她給我打個(gè)電話。 ⑥ If you should change your mind, please let us know. 萬(wàn)一你改變主意,請(qǐng)通知我們。 ⑦ Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will come. 萬(wàn)一我明天有時(shí)間,我就來(lái)。 此外,Why(or How) + should結(jié)構(gòu)表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)某事不能理解,感到意外、驚異等意思。意為“竟會(huì)”。如: ⑧ Why should you be so late today? 你幾天怎么來(lái)得這么晚? ⑨ — Where is Betty living? — 貝蒂住在哪里? — How should I know? — 我怎么會(huì)知道呢? ⑩ I dont know why you should think that I did it. 我真不知道你憑什么認(rèn)為這件事是我干的。 2. “should + have + 過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)一般表示義務(wù),表示應(yīng)該做到而實(shí)際上沒有做到,并包含一種埋怨、責(zé)備的口氣。如: She should have finished it. I should have helped her, but I never could. You should have started earlier. will和would的用法 1. 表示請(qǐng)求、建議等,would比will委婉客氣。如: Would you pass me the book? 2. 表示意志、愿望和決心。如: I will never do that again. They asked if we would do that again. The door wont open 3. 用“will be”和“will(would) + have + 過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示推測(cè),主要用于第二、三人稱。前者表示對(duì)目前情況的推測(cè),后者表示對(duì)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或事態(tài)的推測(cè)。如: This will be the book you want. He will have arrived by now. The guests would have arrived by that time. I thought you would have finished this by now. 4. Would可表示過去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或某種傾向。Would表過去習(xí)慣時(shí)比used to正式,并沒有“現(xiàn)已無(wú)此習(xí)慣”的含義。如: The wound would not heal. During the vacation he would visit me every week. 5. 表料想或猜想。如: It would be about ten when he left home. What would she be doing there? I thought he would have told you all about it. ought to的用法 1. Ought to表示應(yīng)該。如: You ought to take care of him. 2. 表示推測(cè)。注意與must表示推測(cè)時(shí)的區(qū)別: He must be at home by now. (斷定他已到家) He ought to be home by now. (不十分肯定) This is where the oil must be. (比較直率) This is where the oil ought to be. (比較含蓄) 3. “ought to + have + 過去分詞”表示過去應(yīng)做某事而實(shí)際未做。如: You ought to have asked him (but you didnt). 這時(shí),ought to和should可以互相換用。 注意:在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中,ought to用于否定句和疑問句時(shí),to可以省略。如: Ought you smoke so much? You oughtnt smoke so much. ought和should的區(qū)別: 1.ought語(yǔ)氣略強(qiáng)。 2.should較常用。 3.ought在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中用的很少,而should卻相當(dāng)常用。 4.ought屬正式用語(yǔ)。 used to,had better,would rather的用法 1. Used to表示過去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),現(xiàn)在已不存在,在間接引語(yǔ)中,其形式可不變。如: He told us he used to play football when he was young. 在疑問句、否定句、否定疑問句或強(qiáng)調(diào)句中,可有兩種形式: 疑問句 Did you use to go to the same school as your brother? Used you to go to the same school as your brother? 否定句 I usednt to go there. I didnt use to go there. Usednt 亦可拼作usent,但發(fā)音皆為[ju:snt]。 否定疑問句 Usent you to be interested in the theatre? Didnt you use to be interested in the theatre? 強(qiáng)調(diào)句 I certainly used to smoke, but it was a long time ago. I certainly did use to smoke, but it was a long time ago. 其反意疑問句或簡(jiǎn)略回答中,也有兩種形式: She used to be very fat, didnt she? (口語(yǔ)+常用)/ use(d)nt she? (正式+過時(shí)) Did you use to play chess? Yes, I did. Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes, I did. (Yes, I used to.) 2. Had better意為“最好”,后接不帶to的不定式。如: — We had better go now. — Yes, we had (wed better / we had better). Hadnt we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?) I think Id better be going. (用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),表“最好立即”) You had better have done that. (用于完成時(shí)態(tài),表未完成動(dòng)作) 注:①had best與had better同意,但較少用。②You had better … 用于同輩或小輩,對(duì)長(zhǎng)輩不可用。 3. Would rather意為“寧愿”,表選擇,后接不帶to的不定式。如: Id rather not say anything. Would you rather work on a farm? — Wouldnt you rather stay here? — No, I would not. 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