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2016年職稱英語等級考試（綜合類）----- word版考試專用 涂紅顏色部分為2016年教材新增文章（與2015年綜合教材對比） 涂綠顏色部分為2015年教材新增文章（與2014年綜合教材對比） 目錄說明： 本書目錄中未加符號標(biāo)的文章難度相當(dāng)于C級考試水平，供報考C級考試的學(xué)員閱讀；標(biāo)有“*”的文章相當(dāng)于B級考試水平；標(biāo)有“+”的文章，相當(dāng)于A級考試水平。我們希望，報考B級的學(xué)員同時閱讀未加標(biāo)注的文章，報考A級的學(xué)員同時閱讀標(biāo)有“*”的文章。 第一部分 詞匯選項 詞匯學(xué)習(xí)1-10 第二部分 閱讀判斷 *第五篇 Plants and Mankind *第六篇 Brands *第七篇 Moderate Earthquake Strikes England *第八篇 Easy Learning *第九篇 WhatIs a Dream? *第十篇 The Workers Role in Management 第三部分 概括大意與完成句子 *第六篇 How We Form First Impression *第七篇 How to Argue with Your Boss *第八篇 Screen Test *第九篇 Transport and Trade *第十篇 Washoe Learned American Sign Language 第四部分 閱讀理解 *第十七篇 Eiffel Is an Eyeful引人注目的埃菲爾鐵塔 *第十八篇 Goal of American Education美國教育的目標(biāo) *第十九篇 The Family家庭 *第二十篇 Tales of the Terrible Past講述可怕的過去 *第二十一篇 Spacing in Animals動物的空間距離 *第二十二篇 Some Things We Know about Language我們知道的關(guān)于語言的一些事情 *第二十三篇 The Only Way Is Up只好向上 *第二十四篇 The Romance of Arthur（2015年新增） *第二十五篇 Income收入 *第二十六篇 Seeing the World Centuries Ago看許久以前的世界 *第二十七篇 Importance of Services服務(wù)業(yè)的重要性 *第二十八篇 The National Park Service國家公園的服務(wù)機構(gòu) *第二十九篇 Ill Be Bach我是巴赫 *第三十篇 "Lucky" Lord Lucan - Alive or Dead“幸運的”魯肯伯爵一是死是活 *第三十一篇 Pool Watch泳池監(jiān)護 *第三十二篇 The Cherokee Nation柴羅基部落 *第三十三篇 Oseola McCarty老婦人 第五部分 補全短文 *第六篇 Mobile Phones *第七篇The Apgar Test（2016年新增） *第八篇Ice Cream Taster Has Sweet Job（2016年新增） *第九篇 Style, Not Fashion（2015年新增） *第十篇 Ants as a Barometer of Ecological Change 第六部分 完形填空 *6第六篇 Teaching and Learning *7.第七篇 The Difference between Man and Computer *8.第八篇 Look on The Bright Side *9.第九篇 The First Bicycle *10.第十篇 Working Mothers 第二部分 閱讀判斷 第八篇 Easy Learning Students should be jealous. Not only do babies get to doze their days away, but they’ve also mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep. By the time babies are a year old they can recognise a lot of sounds and even simple words. Marie Cheour at the University of Turku in Finland suspected that they might progress this fast because they learn language while they sleep as well as when they are awake. To test the theory, Cheour and her colleagues studied 45 newborn babies in the first few days of their lives. They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel sounds — one that sounds like “oo”, another like “ee” and a third boundary vowel peculiar to Finnish and similar languages that sounds like something in between1. EEG2 recordings of the infants brains before and after the session showed that the newborns could not distinguish the sounds. Fifteen of the babies then went back with their mothers, while the rest were split into two sleep-study groups3. One group was exposed throughout their night-time sleeping hours to the same three vowels, while the others listened to other, easier-to-distinguish vowel sounds.4 When tested in the morning, and again in the evening, the babies who’d heard the tricky boundary vowel all night showed brainwave activity indicating that they could now recognise this new sound. They could identify the sound even when its pitch was changed, while none of the other babies could pick up the boundary vowel at all. Cheour doesn’t know how babies accomplish this night-time learning, but she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults, babies don’t “turn off” their cerebral cortex while they sleep. The skill probably fades in the course of the first year of life, she adds — so forget the idea that you can pick up tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping a language tape under your pillow. But while it may not help grown-ups, Cheour is hoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders. 翻譯： 輕松學(xué)習(xí) 　　Students should be jealous. Not only do babies get to doze their days away, but they’ve also mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep. 學(xué)生應(yīng)該嫉妒。嬰兒們不只打他們的天了，但他們也在睡眠中掌握學(xué)習(xí)的藝術(shù)。 　　By the time babies are a year old they can recognise a lot of sounds and even simple words. Marie Cheour at the University of Turku in Finland suspected that they might progress this fast because they learn language while they sleep as well as when they are awake. 當(dāng)嬰兒一歲，他們可以識別出很多聲音，甚至簡單的單詞。位于芬蘭的圖爾庫大學(xué)的瑪麗Cheour懷疑他們進步這么快的原因可能是在睡覺的時候，以及他們醒著的時候他們學(xué)習(xí)語言。 　　To test the theory, Cheour and her colleagues studied 45 newborn babies in the first few days of their lives. They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel sounds — one that sounds like “oo”, another like “ee” and a third boundary vowel peculiar to Finnish and similar languages that sounds like something in between1. EEG2 recordings of the infants brains before and after the session showed that the newborns could not distinguish the sounds. 為了檢驗這一理論，Cheour和她的同事們在他們生命的最初幾天，研究了45新生兒。他們讓所有的嬰兒在一個小時的芬蘭元音-一個聽起來像“oo”，另一個類似“ee”和三分之一的邊界音芬蘭語和類似語言特有的聽起來像1。在此之前和之后的顯示新生兒不能辨別聲音的嬰兒大腦的eeg2錄音。 　　Fifteen of the babies then went back with their mothers, while the rest were split into two sleep-study groups3. One group was exposed throughout their night-time sleeping hours to the same three vowels, while the others listened to other, easier-to-distinguish vowel sounds.4 十五的嬰兒隨他們的母親回去了，而其余的被分成兩個睡眠研究基群。一個組的嬰兒夜間睡覺的時候同三個元音的錄音，而其他人也聽，更容易區(qū)分的元音。4 　　When tested in the morning, and again in the evening, the babies who’d heard the tricky boundary vowel all night showed brainwave activity indicating that they could now recognise this new sound. They could identify the sound even when its pitch was changed, while none of the other babies could pick up the boundary vowel at all. 在上午的測試時，又在晚上，誰會整夜聽到棘手的邊界音的嬰兒顯示出的腦波活動說明他們現(xiàn)在能夠識別這個新聲音。他們可以識別甚至當(dāng)這個音的音調(diào)變化，而其他的嬰兒不可能在所有的邊界元音挑。 　　Cheour doesn’t know how babies accomplish this night-time learning, but she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults, babies don’t “turn off” their cerebral cortex while they sleep. The skill probably fades in the course of the first year of life, she adds — so forget the idea that you can pick up tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping a language tape under your pillow. But while it may not help grown-ups, Cheour is hoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders. Cheour不知道嬰兒是如何完成這個夜間學(xué)習(xí)的，但是她懷疑這種特殊能力說明跟大人不一樣，嬰兒沒有“關(guān)閉”，他們的大腦皮層在他們睡覺的時候。技能可能消失在生命的第一年的課程，她補充道，所以忘了的想法，你可以拿起棘手的法語元音只是把一盤語言錄音帶放在你的枕頭下一個成人。但這并不能幫助成年人，Cheour希望利用睡眠時間的孩子的基因在語言障礙的風(fēng)險給予補救。 第九篇 What Is a Dream？ For centuries，people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however，think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact，many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person‘s mind and emotions. Before modern times，many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way. The Austrian psychologist，Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book，The interpretation of Dreams （1900），F(xiàn)reud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person‘s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings，thoughts，and fears that they are afraid to express in real life. The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2 was once a student of Freud‘s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example，people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand，people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves. Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example，psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California，Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person‘s daily life，thoughts，and behavior. A criminal，for example，might dream about crime. Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff，dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop. He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example，the people in men‘s dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world，including both modern and traditional ones. Can dreams help us understand ourselves？ Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However，one thing they agree on this： If you dream that something terrible is going to occur，you shouldn‘t panic. The dream may have meaning，but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It’s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world. 翻譯： 夢想是什么？ 幾個世紀(jì)以來，人們對他們的夢想的奇怪的事情。一些心理學(xué)家認為，這種夜間活動的想法沒有特殊意義。其他人，然而，認為夢是我們生活的重要組成部分。事實上，許多專家認為，夢可以告訴我們一個人的思想和感情。 　　Before modern times，many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way. 近代以前，很多人認為夢包含來自上帝的信息。只有在第二十世紀(jì)，人們開始研究的一種科學(xué)方法的夢想。 　　The Austrian psychologist，Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book，The interpretation of Dreams （1900），F(xiàn)reud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person‘s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings，thoughts，and fears that they are afraid to express in real life. 奧地利心理學(xué)家弗洛依德，西格蒙德，可能是科學(xué)研究的第一人的夢想。在他最著名的書，夢的解析（1900），佛洛伊德認為夢是愿望的表達。他認為，夢表達人們的情感，思想，和恐懼，他們害怕在現(xiàn)實生活中的表達。 　　The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2 was once a student of Freud‘s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example，people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand，people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves. 瑞士心理學(xué)家卡爾jung2也曾經(jīng)是一名佛洛伊德。榮，然而，有夢想，有不同的觀點。榮格認為，夢的目的是傳達一個訊息的夢想家。他認為，人們可以通過他們的夢想更多了解自己學(xué)習(xí)。例如，人夢想下降可以了解到他們有過高的自己的意見。另一方面，那些夢想成為英雄可以學(xué)習(xí)，他們認為自己太小。 　　Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example，psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California，Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person‘s daily life，thoughts，and behavior. A criminal，for example，might dream about crime. 現(xiàn)代心理學(xué)家繼續(xù)發(fā)展有關(guān)夢的理論。例如，心理學(xué)家威廉Domhoff來自加利福尼亞大學(xué)，圣克魯斯，認為夢是緊密相連的一個人的日常生活，思想，行為。犯罪，例如，可能夢想的犯罪。 　　Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff，dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop. 多姆霍夫認為，有夢想和年齡之間的連接。他的研究表明，兒童不是夢像成年人一樣。根據(jù)多姆霍夫，做夢是一種心理技巧，需要時間來發(fā)展。 　　He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example，the people in men‘s dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world，including both modern and traditional ones. 他還發(fā)現(xiàn)，夢和性別之間的聯(lián)系。他的研究表明，男性和女性的夢想是不同的。例如，在男人的夢想的人往往是其他人，而夢想往往涉及戰(zhàn)斗。這不是女人的夢想成真。3多姆霍夫發(fā)現(xiàn)這種性別差異在人們的夢想從11世界各地的文化，包括現(xiàn)代和傳統(tǒng)的。 　　Can dreams help us understand ourselves？ Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However，one thing they agree on this： If you dream that something terrible is going to occur，you shouldn‘t panic. The dream may have meaning，but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It’s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world. 夢可以幫助我們了解自己嗎？心理學(xué)家繼續(xù)嘗試用不同的方法回答這個問題。然而，有一件事他們同意這種說法：如果你夢見什么可怕的事情將要發(fā)生，你不應(yīng)該恐慌。夢想可能是有意義的，但這并不意味著一些可怕的事情會發(fā)生。記得夢的世界不是真實的世界是很重要的。 第十篇 The Workers Role in Management Traditionally, it has been the workers’ role to work and management’s role to manage. Managers have planned and directed the firm’s operations with little thought to consulting the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled to obtain the workers’ opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees.At most, companies have provided “suggestion boxes” in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures. In recent years, however, many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor—they have a vital stake in the company and may be able to make significant contributions to its management. Furthermore, major company decisions profoundly affect workers and their dependents. This is particularly true of plant closings, which may put thousands on the unemployment lines. Should workers, then play a stronger role in management? Workers should have a role in management. At the very least the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions. (A common complaint among rank-and-file workers is the lack of information about company policies and actions.)Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims of plant closings and permanent layoffs, often with no warning. At least 90 days--notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust. Management should consult workers before closing a plant because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions that will help keep the plant operating. It should become a general practice to include workers in some managerial decision making. There ought to be representatives of the workers on the firm’s board of directors or other major policymaking groups. If rank-and-file workers are given a voice in the planning and management of the work flow, they will help to make improvements, their morale will rise, and their productivity will increase. As a further incentive they must be given a share in the companys profits. This can be done through employee stockownership plans, bonuses, or rewards for efficiency and productivity. Finally, when a plant can no longer operate at a profit, the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase the plant and run it themselves. 譯文： 工人在企業(yè)管理中的角色 傳統(tǒng)上，工人的角色是生產(chǎn)，管理者的角色是管理。管理者計劃和指導(dǎo)公司的運作，而很少 想到去征求勞動者的意見。管理者們很少覺得應(yīng)聽取工人的意見或向他們的雇員解釋公司的決定。 公司最多提供些“意見箱”，工人們至多將改善生產(chǎn)流程的意見投入意見箱。然而，近幾年來， 許多管理專家一直在爭論工人們不僅僅出賣勞動力，而且對公司有很大的利害關(guān)系，或許還能對 公司的管理作出重大貢獻。此外，公司的重大決定往往對工人及其家屬影晌極^：。如果工廠倒閉， 這一點就更加確定無疑了，它可能會把成百上千的人推到失業(yè)的邊緣。那么，工人們應(yīng)該在企業(yè) 管理中發(fā)揮舉足輕重的作用嗎？ 工人們應(yīng)該在管理中扮演自己的角色。至少，勞動者應(yīng)該被告知公司的政策決定（普通工人 最普遍的抱怨就是對公司的政策和行動缺少了解）。在1980年和1985年之間，有500萬工人在沒 有被事先告知的情況下，成了工廠倒閉和永久性停工的犧牲品。在這種情況下，應(yīng)至少提前90天 通知工人們，這樣工人們才能有時間調(diào)整。管理者在關(guān)閉工廠之前，應(yīng)該征求工人們的意見，因 為工人們也許會提出一些建^^來提高生產(chǎn)率，降低成本，或許他們還愿意為了幫助工廠運轉(zhuǎn)而做 出讓步。 工人參與制訂管理決策應(yīng)得到普遍實施。公司的董事會里或其他重大決策制訂組里也應(yīng)該有 工人代表。如果普通工人對流水線生產(chǎn)的計劃和管理有發(fā)言權(quán)的話，他們會幫助改善狀況，而且 他們的士氣也會增加，生產(chǎn)效率也會提髙。作為進一步的刺激，公司應(yīng)給他們一份利潤分成。這 可以通過工人股票持有權(quán)方案、紅利或者發(fā)效益獎得以實現(xiàn)。最后，當(dāng)一個工廠不能再獲利經(jīng)營 的時候，工人們應(yīng)該被賦予購買和經(jīng)營本工廠的機會。 第三部分 概括大意與完成句子 第六篇　　　 How We Form First lmpression 1 We all have first impression Of someone we just met. But why? Why do we form an opinion about Someone without really knowing anything about him or her -aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits. 2 The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits，even very minor difference in how a persons eyes，ears，nose，or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as differene1.In fact，your brain continuously process incoming sensory information- the sights and sounds of your world. These incoming "signals" are compared against2 a host of "memories" stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals " mean" . 3 If you see someone you know and like at school3，your brain says "familiar and safe. " If you see someone new，it says，"new-potentially，threatening". Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other " known" memories. The height ，weight，dress ，ethnicity ， gestures ，and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the characteristics ，the more your brain may say，This is new. I dont like this person". Or else，"Im intrigued" . Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes，ethnicity，gestures-like your other friends; so your brain says: "I like this person" . But these preliminary "impressions" can be dead wrong4 4 When we stereotype people，we use a less mature form of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people-their history，interest，values， strengths，and true character - we categorize them as jocks，geeks，or freaks. 5 However，if we resist initial stereotypical impressions，we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person，hear about his or her life，hopes，dreams，and become aware of the persons character，we use a different，more mature style of thinking- and the most complex areas of our cortex，which allow us to be humane. 譯文：對別人的第一印象是怎樣形成的 　　對剛剛遇到的人我們都會留下第一印象，為什么？為什么我們會對一無所知的人形成自己的印象——除去一些描述或顯而易見的特征？ 　　這與你的大腦如何感知世界是息息相關(guān)的。大腦對面部特征十分敏感，即使是每個人在眼睛、耳朵或嘴部的細小差異也會使大腦察覺到其不同之處。實際上，大腦一直在不斷地對接收到的感官信息進行處理——包括影像和聲音。大腦將這些“信號”與儲存在腦皮層系統(tǒng)的大量“記憶”相比較以便確定這些新收到的信號的“意思”。 　　如果你在學(xué)?？吹侥硞€你認識而且喜歡的人，你的大腦會做出“熟悉安全”的判斷；如果你看見了一個陌生的人，你的大腦會告訴你“陌生，有潛在的威脅”，緊接著你的大腦會開始將這個陌生人的特征與“已知”的記憶進行比較，包指身高、體重、穿著、種族、手勢以及音調(diào)等等。特征越不相符，大腦越會告誡你，“這是陌生人，我不喜歡這個人”，或“我很好奇”。大腦也可能觀察到一張新面孔，但卻有著熟悉的穿著、種族特征和手勢——像你的朋友，這時大腦會告訴你“我喜歡這個人”。但這些第一印象卻可能是完全錯誤的。 　　當(dāng)區(qū)分人時，我們使用一種欠成熟的思維方式（與小孩子不成熟的想法一樣）去對別人做出簡單并且范疇化的判斷。（這佯的后果是）我們將人區(qū)分為騙子、反常的人或怪人，而不是對人的深度和廣度，即歷史、興趣、價值、力量或真正的性格有所了解。 　　但是，如果對模式化的第一印象加以抑制，我們就會有機會對一個人有真正的了解。如果我們花一些時間與一個人在一起，傾聽他或她的生活、希望和夢想，了解了這個人的性格，我們才會用一種不同的、更成熟的方式去思考——即用腦皮層中最復(fù)雜的區(qū)域進行思考，而這會使我們更富有人情味 第七篇 How to Argue with your Boss Before you argue with your boss, check with the boss’s secretary to determine his mood. If he ate nails for breakfast, it is not a good idea to ask him for something. Even without the boss’s secretary, there are keys to timing: don’t apAproach the boss when he’s on deadline’; don’t go in right before lunch, when he is apt to be distracted and rushed; don’t go in just before or after he has taken a vacation. 　　If you’re mad, that will only make your boss mad. Calm down first. And don’t let a particular concern open the floodgates for all your accumulated frustration. The boss will feel that you think negatively about the company and it is hopeless trying to change your mind. Then , maybe he will dismiss you. 　　Terrible disputes can result when neither the employer nor the employee knows what is the problem the other wants to discuss. Sometimes the fight will go away when the issues are made clear. The employee has to get his point across clearly in order to make the boss understand it. 　　Your boss has enough on his mind without your adding more. If you can’t put forward