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Unit1 1. Most cities in the country have introduced "Clean Air Zones" (whereby)factories and households are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel. 2. He knows that the (pursuit)of social status can consume vast amounts of his time and effort. 3. The doctors are at a loss because so far no medicine has been found to (inhibit)the spread of the disease. 4. We see many special education directors trying to (maintain)the quality of their programs with much less money and much smaller staff. 5. People there are told it is their(patriotic)duty to support the national economy by buying their own products. 6. Darwins thinking both drew upon and (transcended)the conventional ideas of his time. 7. In spite of all your (endeavors), there may be times when you encounter difficulties in the training process. 8. My advice to Mr. Stewart is to think carefully before entering into a career in medicine, as this is a field which requires a lot of (dedication)and long working hours. 9. Most Chinese parents would prefer to choose some professions that are stable and could bring (prestige)and economic benefits. 10. It is legally possible for an elderly person to (nominate)someone to act for them, should they become incapable of looking after themselves. Expressions in use 1. When Francis got back after Easter, he was far behind his classmates and he was (removed from)the second into the third class at his own desire. 2. The president acknowledged that he had somehow (failed in)his ability to communicate to the American people. 3. Unfortunately, as history has shown, some of the companies are guilty of misconduct (in the pursuit of)profit. 4. The ship (deviated from)the agreed voyage and arrived about 10 days late and in the meantime the price of sugar had fallen and the merchants lost over 4,000. 5. Because the transcript is still under seal, the law(1) (precludes)them(2) (from)reading and discussing the evidence in detail. 6. In carrying out the plan we are likely to come across difficulties, but we are determined to (triumph over)them all. 7. Without increasing investment in education, it will be increasingly difficult for low-income people to (work their way into)the middle class. 8. All the passengers in the plane that crashed in the middle of the Andes Mountains a week ago were (written off)as dead. Translation Global citizen is someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world community and whose actions contribute to building this communitys values and practices. Global citizenship believes that humankind is essentially one and each individual has the power to change things. In our interdependent world, global citizenship encourages us to recognize our responsibilities toward each other and learn from each other. Global citizens care about education, disease, poverty, and environmental issues around the world. Today, the forces of global engagement are helping some people identify themselves as global citizens who have a sense of belonging to a world community. This growing global identity in large part is made possible by the forces of modern information, communications and transportation technologies. Global citizenship aims to empower people to lead their own action. Along with the knowledge and values that they have gained from learning about global issues, people need to be equipped with the necessary skills to give themselves the ability and confidence to be pro-active in making a positive difference in the world. 世界公民是指一個(gè)人承認(rèn)自己是新興的全球社區(qū)的一分子，而且其行動(dòng)對(duì)全球社區(qū)的價(jià)值打造和實(shí)踐活動(dòng)有所貢獻(xiàn)。世界公民相信人類從本質(zhì)上來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)整體，每個(gè)人都有改變事物的能力。在我們這樣一個(gè)相互依賴的世界中，世界公民意識(shí)鼓勵(lì)我們認(rèn)識(shí)到對(duì)彼此的責(zé)任，并從對(duì)方身上學(xué)習(xí)。世界公民關(guān)心全球的教育、疾病、貧窮和環(huán)境問(wèn)題。在當(dāng)今，全球合作的力量在使一些人萌發(fā)世界公民的意識(shí)，讓他們擁有對(duì)全球社區(qū)的歸屬感。這種不斷發(fā)展的世界公民意識(shí)在很大程度上來(lái)講，要?dú)w功于現(xiàn)代信息、通信和交通技術(shù)的力量。世界公民意識(shí)致力于給予人們力量，讓他們付諸行動(dòng)。世界公民除了要從世界問(wèn)題中學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)和價(jià)值觀，還要擁有必需的技能，使他們擁有能力和自信，積極推動(dòng)世界的發(fā)展。 如今，很多年輕人不再選擇"穩(wěn)定"的工作，他們更愿意自主創(chuàng)業(yè)，依靠自己的智慧和奮斗去實(shí)現(xiàn)自我價(jià)值。青年創(chuàng)業(yè)（young entrepreneurship）是未來(lái)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)活力的來(lái)源，創(chuàng)業(yè)者的成功不但會(huì)創(chuàng)造財(cái)富、增加就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)、改善大家的生活，從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看，對(duì)于國(guó)家更是一件好事，創(chuàng)業(yè)者正是讓中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)升級(jí)換代的力量。尤其是在當(dāng)前，國(guó)家鼓勵(lì)大眾創(chuàng)業(yè)、萬(wàn)眾創(chuàng)新，在政策上給予中小企業(yè)支持，這更加激發(fā)了年輕人的創(chuàng)業(yè)熱情。 Nowadays, many young people no longer choose “stable” jobs. Instead, they prefer to start their own businesses and realize their self-value through their own wisdom and efforts. Young entrepreneurship is the source of national economic vitality in the future. The success of entrepreneurs not only creates fortune, increases job opportunities, improves people’s life, but it is also good for the country in the long term. Entrepreneurs are a driving force in upgrading China’s economy. Especially for the time being, our country is encouraging people to start their own businesses and make innovations and giving policy support for medium and small businesses. This further arouses young peoples enthusiasm to start their own businesses. Unit2 1. Kids are more likely to (intervene)in a situation if they believe their parents expect them to help. 2. The first lesson I learned as a newcomer for the company was never to (underestimate)the degree of difficulty I would face in career advancement. 3. Just as I started to think that I was never going to get well, the illness began to (recede). 4. Whatever the decision is, I would like you to know that your department is my first choice and I (deem)it a great honor if I could study in your department. 5. During one particularly (bleak)moment in my career, a senior colleague of mine said to me, "If you follow your dreams, the money will come. Follow the money, and youll lose your dreams." 6. Unless we can find a way to (appraise)nature and then invest in protecting it, our basic life-support systems are going to collapse. 7. The blizzard (暴風(fēng)雪) moved south, turning into an icy rain that (paralyzed)the airports for three days. 8. In this introduction we have diagnosed some of the causes of the illness and, in the following chapters, we will draw attention to its various unpleasant (symptoms). 9. In those days, divorce under any circumstances was socially unacceptable and there was great (dismay)in the family who went through it. 10. Every time she talked about being rejected in her hunt for a job, she seemed on the (brink)of tears, and I would quickly switch the conversation to another topic. 1. When the bus (pulled to a stop)and I got off, I was relieved because I had finished school and I had the weekend ahead of me to enjoy myself. 2. When my car crashed into the big tree, I could feel the blood draining from my face and I wondered whether I was about to (black out). 3. All kinds of questions concerning the soaring housing price begin to (pop up)on cable television and the blogosphere (博客圈). 4. The soldiers rapid march was (stopped short)by the generals command; they were uncertain whether to go back or forward. 5. A car crashed into the side of a house after the driver lost control and (plowed through)a hedge (樹籬). 6. Charles reappeared, after half an hours absence, and (threw himself into)an armchair, where he lay back for some time with his eyes shut. 7. You may be out of work but that is no reason to (let yourself go)by not washing, brushing your hair and wearing clean clothes. 8. As her door began to open, she (grabbed for)the telephone, and then dropped the receiver as Luke walked in. My translation The American Dream is a national ethos (精神特質(zhì)) of the United States. The term is used in many ways, but it essentially is an idea that suggests that anyone in the US can succeed through hard work and has the potential to lead a happy, successful life. Many people have expanded upon or refined the definition to include things such as freedom, fulfillment and meaningful relationships. The idea of an American Dream is older than the US, dating back to the 1600s, when people began to have all sorts of hopes and aspirations for what was a new and largely unexplored continent to European immigrants. And the meaning of the Dream has changed over the course of history, including both personal components and a global vision. But not everybody thinks the American Dream is a positive thing. Some people believe that the structure of society in the US prevents such an idealistic goal for everyone. Critics often point to examples of inequality rooted in class, race, religion and ethnicity that suggest that the American Dream is not attainable for everyone. 美國(guó)夢(mèng)是美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)的民族精神。該詞有各種各樣的用法，但其根本含義是，在美國(guó)任何人都可以通過(guò)努力獲得成功，都有可能過(guò)上幸福而成功的生活。許多人對(duì)美國(guó)夢(mèng)的概念加以拓展和提煉，涵蓋了像自由、自我實(shí)現(xiàn)和深厚的人際關(guān)系等方面的內(nèi)容。美國(guó)夢(mèng)的思想比美國(guó)本身更為久遠(yuǎn)，可以追溯到17世紀(jì)，當(dāng)時(shí)的歐洲移民面對(duì)這一新發(fā)現(xiàn)的、未經(jīng)開發(fā)的廣袤大陸，開始紛紛懷揣希望，追逐夢(mèng)想。隨著歷史的發(fā)展，美國(guó)夢(mèng)的含義也已改變，既包含了個(gè)人元素，也包含了全局視野。但并不是每個(gè)人都對(duì)美國(guó)夢(mèng)持肯定態(tài)度。一些人認(rèn)為美國(guó)的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)決定了不是每個(gè)人都能擁有這樣的理想目標(biāo)。批評(píng)者常常舉以實(shí)例，揭露植根于階級(jí)、種族、宗教和民族的不平等現(xiàn)象，指出美國(guó)夢(mèng)并非每個(gè)人都可企及。 實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興（rejuvenation）是近代以來(lái)中國(guó)人民最偉大的夢(mèng)想，我們稱之為“中國(guó)夢(mèng)”，其基本內(nèi)涵是實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家富強(qiáng)、民族振興、人民幸福。中國(guó)夢(mèng)，是讓每一個(gè)積極進(jìn)取的中國(guó)人形成世世代代的信念：只要經(jīng)過(guò)不懈的奮斗便能獲得更好的生活。人們必須通過(guò)自己的勤奮、勇氣、創(chuàng)意和決心邁向繁榮，而不是依賴于社會(huì)和他人的援助。每個(gè)中國(guó)人都是中國(guó)夢(mèng)的參與者和創(chuàng)造者。中國(guó)夢(mèng)是民族的夢(mèng)，也是每個(gè)中國(guó)人的夢(mèng)。 Realizing the great national rejuvenation, which we define as the Chinese Dream, has been the greatest Chinese expectation since modern times. It basically means achieving prosperity for the country, renewal of the nation and happiness for the people, thus ensuring that every enterprising Chinese carries, generation after generation, the firm conviction that a better life is accomplished through persistent effort. People should achieve their prosperity through diligence, courage, creativity and determination instead of aid from society or other people. Each individual is a participant and a designer in the cause of realizing the Chinese Dream, for it is a dream not only for the entire nation but also for every Chinese. Unit3 1. As a number of authors point out, the urge to migrate is a(n) (integral)part of human nature. 2. Children should be allowed to (cherish)those few years of innocence before they have to learn the truth about the real world. 3. He has been (afflicted)by a horrible disease, from which one of his best friends died two weeks ago. 4. The results of the survey are (noteworthy)and useful despite being from a small sample. 5. The director said that they needed a young actress who could (portray)someone who was both unbalanced and confident at the same time. 6. Praise must be used wisely to (compliment)students who perform up to expectations and to encourage students to perform to maximum levels. 7. In the (domain)of research, it is an accepted fact that scientific publications have to be written or translated into English to get published, acknowledged, and cited. 8. He received a(n) (anonymous)call threatening to disclose details of his affair if he didnt pay the money. 9. The movie presents Lincoln as a strong-willed, (conscientious)man who led the US through a moral, constitutional and political crisis. 10. It is understandable that the health and welfare of their family is a(n) (perpetual)concern for this young couple. 1. Clearly, most of the students there are full-time workers who would not otherwise have been able to (embark on)sustained further study. 2. The court ruled that this man (be deprived of)his political rights for a further four years after he has served his 13-year sentence. 3. I would love to have kids. I would (turn down)an Oscar to see my boy at a baseball game or my girl at a song recital. 4. Richard was finally released on February 4, one year and six weeks after hed been (taken captive). 5. She hoped Vincent would understand that her life had not been empty, because her love would (live on). 6. All people, whether they be rich or poor, strong or weak, privileged or deprived, are interdependent, and (share in)the common task of seeking to achieve mankinds full potential. 7. In September 1944 he was able to return to his academic duties, but soon after the war ended he (was stricken by)a serious illness and did relatively little research thereafter (從那以后). 8. She retired from the company where she has [led by example)and been a source of encouragement to others. Leonardo da Vinci, one of the greatest minds of the Italian Renaissance, is perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived. A painter, sculptor, architect, mathematician, engineer, and inventor, he is famous for a wide range of accomplishments. His natural genius, which crossed multiple disciplines, won him the title of "Renaissance Master". Leonardo is renowned primarily as a painter. Among his works, theMona Lisais the best known andThe Last Supperthe most reproduced religious painting of all time. What make Leonardos drawings unique are mainly his innovative techniques and acute scientific mind. Perhaps only 15 of his paintings have survived, partly because his constant experimentation with new techniques made his total output quite small. Although not a prolific (多產(chǎn)的) painter, Leonardo was a most productive draftsman, keeping journals full of sketches, drawings, and diagrams. These notebooks, often referred to as da Vincis manuscripts, recorded his inventions, observations, and theories about everything that captured his attention. Leonards genius made him a pioneer in almost every field of study he undertook. His paintings, together with his notebooks, have contributed significantly to the history of art. 萊奧納多?達(dá)?芬奇是意大利文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期最偉大的思想家之一，也許也是迄今最多才多藝的人。他是畫家、雕刻家、建筑家、數(shù)學(xué)家、工程師和發(fā)明家，因成就廣泛而聞名。他的天賦跨越多個(gè)領(lǐng)域，為其贏得了“文藝復(fù)興大師”的稱號(hào)。萊奧納多主要作為畫家而著名。在其所有作品中，《蒙娜麗莎》最為有名，而《最后的晚餐》則是歷來(lái)復(fù)制最多的宗教畫作。萊奧納多作品的獨(dú)特之處主要在于其創(chuàng)新性的技巧和敏銳的科學(xué)思維。他的畫作大約只有15幅流傳了下來(lái)，其部分原因是他不斷試驗(yàn)新的技巧，所以作品總量很小。萊奧納多雖然不是多產(chǎn)畫家，卻是一位最高產(chǎn)的繪圖家，他在日記中畫滿了各種草圖、圖畫和圖表。這些筆記通常被稱為達(dá)?芬奇手稿，記錄了他的各種發(fā)明、觀察，以及他對(duì)自己感興趣的事物提出的理論。萊奧納多的天賦使他幾乎在涉足的每一領(lǐng)域都成了先驅(qū)。他的畫作，連同他的筆記，在藝術(shù)史上貢獻(xiàn)斐然。 水墨畫（ink and wash painting）是中國(guó)獨(dú)具特色的傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)形式之一，是中國(guó)國(guó)畫的代表。它大約始于唐代，興盛于宋代和元代，距今已有一千多年的歷史，其間經(jīng)歷了不斷的發(fā)展、提高和完善。水墨畫的創(chuàng)作工具和材料是具有濃厚中國(guó)特色的毛筆、宣紙和墨，其作品特點(diǎn)也與此緊密相關(guān)。例如，水和墨相互調(diào)和，使作品具有干濕濃淡的層次。水墨和宣紙的交融滲透也使畫作善于表現(xiàn)豐富的意象，從而達(dá)到獨(dú)特的審美效果。水墨畫在中國(guó)繪畫史上具有很高的地位，甚至被認(rèn)為是衡量東方繪畫藝術(shù)水平的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 Ink and wash painting, one of the unique traditional art forms of China, is representative of Chinese painting. It began around the time of the Tang Dynasty, and then prospered in the Song and Yuan dynasties. With a history of over one thousand years, it has experienced constant development, improvement and perfection. The tools and materials used to create ink and wash painting, i.e. brushes, rice paper, and ink, are characteristic of Chinese culture and closely related to the features of the paintings. For example, the mixing of water and ink creates different shades of dryness, wetness, thickness and thinness. The integration and infiltration of water, ink, and rice paper enables such paintings to convey rich images, and hence to achieve unique aesthetic effects. Ink and wash painting holds a high status in the history of Chinese painting, and it is even regarded as the criterion to evaluate the artistic level of Oriental paintings. Unit4 1. Although secondary education is (compulsory), parents are not required to send their children to state schools. 2. The economic situation has been worsening, causing economists to (contemplate)whether the present policies are sustainable. 3. He was found guilty and was (imprisoned)in the Tower of London, where he died very quickly, aged only 47. 4. It is obvious that the future of the Internet is to (globalize)more and more areas of the world, and that e-commerce and e-entertainment are going to go for more and more markets. 5. However, your current losses should soon be (offset)by gains; the fund will produce a positive return of 11.6 percent over a nine-month period. 6. Because she was so tall and slim, all the clothes looked marvelous on her and the other girls would (groan)their envy. 7. This can be a helpful approach in discussion — someone may regard you as (stubborn)since you never want to change your mind, whereas you see yourself as determined. 8. At weekends, the school park is almost empty except that a few cars (cluster)near the entrance. 9. In the photographers finest pictures there is also a degree of (ambiguity), which allows them to be interpreted in a variety of ways. 10. Tim stretched out a hand in apology for his thoughtless remarks and was (consoled)by a firm handshake from Mark. 1. Virginia was a perfectionist. She was just not prepared to (settle for)anything that was second best. 2. He could be quite casual in his attitude to his wifes anxiety, and (more often than not)failed to let her know when he would be back from a business trip. 3. "Youll kill yourself with those things," Arty said in a tone in which disappointment was (mingled with)disgust. 4. Thanks to modern transportation, agricultural products in these remote mountainous regions can also be (traded for)other goods. 5. As the market (was saturated with)a wide variety of goods, the economy became more balanced and the competition forced the prices down. 6. Going with the flow doesnt mean that we dont know where were going; it means that we (are open to)multiple ways of getting there. 7. The athlete had been (endowed with)long legs and a persistent temperament so he was very successful. 8. The wrongly accused man asked for extra compensation to (make up for)the stress he had suffered during the case. Unit7 1. People (donate)canned food and old clothes most frequently, but rarely do they think about bringing in underwear — its one of the most obvious but overlooked needs of the homeless. 2. Brian Wood watched his financial life (spiral)downward just when he thought he had overcome the obstacles which had been dominating his past. 3. They are to leave the house with only their personal possessions, for they have got a letter ordering the immediate (termination)of their occupancy (居住). 4. The company was reportedly going bankrupt and this would result in the (layoff)of thousands of employees. 5. The princess who was brought up in wealth understood that many things that are common and everyday to her are unimaginable luxuries to people on (subsistence)wages. 6. Young students should develop a broad (spectrum)of interests, which their parents should encourage and support as best as possible. 7. I asked the waitress to refill my coffee cup and she happily (complied)repeatedly until I had consumed enough coffee to stay up all night and study for my exam. 8. Though she lost the title of female world swimming champion last year, she (reclaimed)it this year when she gave it all she could. 9. This type of system which (originated)in the United Kingdom has been widely used throughout Europe and is gaining in popularity in the United States of America and Japan. 10. Failure to make the request will be fatal to the accusers claim if the relevant limitation period has (expired), unless an extension of time is granted. 1. He (put down)$20,000 as a deposit on the beautiful $200,000 villa believing that his investment would increase over time. 2. The parents who feel that their own lives are miserable and are failures can (wind up)doing an immense amount of damage to their kids. 3. Families that are paying for college or saving for college are trying to (scrape together)and save the money for their kids. 4. Reporters were openly and aggressively questioning whether the party was (on the verge of)being taken over by extremists. 5. The factory had just started production and (in all likelihood)it would take five to seven years to achieve full production. 6. The conditions for the majority of the workforce will continue to (deteriorate into)widespread and extreme poverty if relief payment is late in coming. 7. Only those who are weighing the advantages and disadvantages of each choice (are in a position)to know which one is best for them. 8. Her romantic illusions of being married (gave way to)recognizing her adult responsibilities that came with marriage. 窗體底端 The WTO, established on Janua