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PLC BASED CHANGE DISPENSING VENDING MACHINE USING IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUE FOR IDENTIFYING AND VERIFYINGCURRENCY Abstract :Change dispensing vending machines are used to provide change to the user as per the denomination of note given to the machine by the user. Change dispensing vending machine using PLC can be implemented using various devices or techniques such as transistors, transducers, sensors and image processing technique. In this research paper image processing technique is used with PLC for change dispensing machine. Counterfeit currency is the major problem associated with change dispenser machine. To detect the counterfeit note and to identify its denomination image processing technique is used. The output of the image processing is given to the PLC and the operation of PLC is programmed using ladder logic in this paper. Key Words:Currency, PLC, Sensor, Image processing technique, Change dispensing (vending) machine. 1. INTRODUCTION A change dispensing vending machine is a machine which is used to dispense change to the user as per the value of the currency inserted in the machine . The user will get all the details on the screen necessary for the valid transaction. Image processing technique is used for validation and identification of note. Along with it a strain gauge based load sensor can be used for checking the availability of stock in the machine. The operation of a programmable controller is relatively simple. The input/output (I/O) system is physically connected to the field devices that are encountered in the machine or that are used in the process control. These field devices may be discrete or analog input/output devices, such as limit switches, pressure transducers, push buttons, motor starters, solenoids etc. The I/O interfaces provide the connection between the CPU with the information providers (inputs) and controllable devices (outputs). During its operation, the CPU completes three processes: (1) it reads, or accepts, the input data from the field devices via the input interfaces, (2) it executes, or performs, the control program stored in the memory system, and (3) it writes, or updates, the output devices via the output interfaces. This process of sequentially reading the inputs, executing the program in memory, and updating the outputs is known as scanning. 2. OBJECTIVE To design a change dispenser which will accept currency (note) of denomination 10 rupees and 20 rupee and will dispense 5 rupee coin. So, when the user inserts 10 rupee note he/she would get 2Nos 5 of 5 rupee coins and 4Nos of 5 rupee coins for the 20 rupee note after validation, identification of note and availability of stock. 3. LITERATURE REVIEW 1 In 2013 Vipin Kumar Jain and Dr. Ritu Vijay propose method for identifying denomination of currency using image processing technique. First the ROI is extracted than by pattern recognition and Neural Network matching technique is used to match or find the currency. 2 In 2014 S.Surya and G.Thilambal propose method to recognize currencies from different countries based on features that is color, texture, size in image processing using filters and Sobel operator. 3 In 2014 Binod Prasad Yadav, C.S Patil, R.R Karhe , P.H Patil propose method counterfeit currency detection using MATLAB and feature extraction with HSV color space and other application of image processing technique. 4. FEATURES OF 10 AND 20 RUPEES CURRENCY Every Indian currency issued by RBI has some special security features. Some are same for certain currencies while other may vary as shown in table 1. TABLE4-1: Features of 10 and 20 rupees note Feature 10 Rupee note 20 Rupee note Image Size 63×137 mm 63×147mm Seen through register √ √ Water mark √ √ Fluorescence √ √ Security Thread √ √ Micro lettering √ √ Year of printing √ √ Intaglio image × √ Latent image × √ Identification mark × √ TABLE4-2: Main demarcation of 10 and 20 rupees note Feature 10 Rupee note 20 Rupee note Size 63×137 mm 63×147mm Identification mark × √ Intaglio image × √ 5. HARDWARE REQUIRED PLC, Camera or Sensor, currency, coin 6. METHODOLOGY 6.1 IMAGE ACQUIT ION- Image acquisition is the first step for identifying denomination and counterfeit currency as image processing technique processes the acquired image. Image can be acquire using scanner or camera. The image captured/ scanned are stored in .jpeg format 6.2 IMAGE PREPROCESSING The main purpose for preprocessing is to remove noise from the acquired image and to improve its visual appearance. It includes resizing image, removing noise , separating channels, denoising each channels and then restoring channels. 6.3 FEATURE EXTRACTION It includes the following steps such as- 6.3.1 COLOR FEATURE- It includes converting rgb to xyz color space and then to luv color space. The image obtained is further processed by separating l,u,v then finding the mean, color variance and color skewness for each channel. 6.3.2 EDGE FEATURE In edge detecting feature rgb color space is converted into ycbr color space then y component is extracted , sobel mask is applied and edges are detected. 6.3.3 CONTRAST ENHANCE THE GRAY IMAGE- After gray scale conversion the image contrast is enhanced to emphasize dark lines in lighter background. 6.4 SEGMENTS The number of segments obtained depends on currency for real currency there is only one segment while for counterfeit currency there are many segments as shown in figure 1. 7. CHECKING COUNTERFEIT CURRENCY AND DENOMINATION OF CURRENCY Flowchart for identifying denomination and counterfeit currency is shown in figure 1 7.1 OUTPUT FOR DENOMINATION OF CURRENCY The acquired image is compared with the stored image and accordingly output for denomination is identified if the image matches with the stored image it will shows the denomination otherwise it will show invalid currency. 7.2 OUTPUT FOR REAL OR COUNTERFEIT CURRENCY The graph obtained for real and counterfeit currency is shown in figure 2. Figure 7-1 obtaining real and counterfeit currency TABLE-7-1: Features of real and counterfeit currency graph Real Counterfeit Threshold value 10*104 3*104 projected value at 0 7.5 0 Projected-smoothened 0 .5 Difference between projected value Very Small small 8. IMPLEMENTATION The flowchart of vending machine using PLC is shown in figure 3 FIGURE 3. Implementation of change dispensing machine using PLC 9. PLC LADDER DIAGRAM The above flow chart is programmed in PLC as shown in ladder diagram in figure 4 FIGURE4. Ladder diagram of PLC based change dispensing machine Here, I1,I2,I3 and I4 are normally open. Q1,Q2,Q3 and Q4 are coils. I1- input given to PLC I2- 10 rupee note is identified and verified in Image Processing . I3 – sufficient stock available. I4- 20 rupee note is identified and verified in Image Processing. Q1- Dispenses 2 no of 5 rupee coin. Q2- Dispenses 4 no of 5 rupee coin. Q3- Displays fake note. Q4- Displays insufficient stock. FIGURE9-1:the trapezoid diagram shown 10. WORKING 10.1 RUNG 1- First the image is acquired using scanneror camera and then processed using image processing technique in Matlab. 10.2 RUNG 2- When input is given to machine, Image processing identify and verify 10 rupee note and check for sufficient stock in machine then machine dispenses 2 no of 5 rupees coin. 10.3 RUNG 3- When input is given to machine, Image Processing identify and verify 20 rupee note and sufficient stock is available then machine dispenses 4 no of 5 rupees coin. 10.4RUNG 4- When input is given to machine and the Image Processing does not identify the inserted note as 10 or 20 rupee note then machine displays fake note. 10.5RUNG 5- When input is given to machine, Image Processing identify and verify either 10 rupee or 20 rupee note and there is insufficient stock then machine displays insufficient stock. 11.RESULT The designed machine successfully give two coins of 5 rupees whenever a currency of Rs 10 is inserted in the machine only after verifying it`s correctness and availability of stock in the machine. This machine also gives four 5 rupees coin for Rs 20 as input as explained above. 12. CONCLUSION It is observed that image processing technique used for identification and verification of currency is faster than sensor in PLC based vending machine. 基于PLC使用圖像處理技術識別和驗證貨幣自動售貨機 摘要：自動售貨機是根據用戶給機器的面額，提供給用戶以不同的服務，其使用PLC可以使用各種設備或技術，如晶體管、傳感器、傳感器和圖像處理技術。假幣是與自動售貨機相關的主要問題，本研究采用了PLC的圖像處理技術檢測和識別假幣面額。將圖像處理輸出給PLC，并用梯形圖編程實現PLC的操作。 關鍵詞：貨幣，PLC，傳感器，圖像處理技術，更換點膠（自動）售貨機 1. 引言 自動售貨機是一種根據插入機器上的貨幣的價值來分配給用戶變化的機器。用戶將在屏幕上獲得有效交易必要的所有細節(jié)。圖像處理技術用于票據的確認和識別。隨著它的一個應變計為基礎的負載傳感器可用于檢查在機器的庫存可用性。 可編程控制器的操作相對簡單。輸入/輸出(I / O)系統(tǒng)與在機器中遇到或在過程控制中使用的字段設備相連接。這些場設備可能是離散的或模擬的輸入輸出設備，例如限制開關、壓力傳感器、按鈕、電機啟動器、螺線管等。I / O接口提供了CPU與信息提供者(輸入)和可控設備(輸出)之間的連接。在操作過程中，CPU完成了三個進程:(1)它通過輸入接口從字段設備讀取或接受輸入數據，(2)它執(zhí)行或執(zhí)行存儲在內存系統(tǒng)中的控制程序，(3)通過輸出接口編寫或更新輸出設備。這種順序讀取輸入、在內存中執(zhí)行程序和更新輸出的過程稱為掃描。 2. 目標 設計一種可接受面額為10盧比和20盧比的貨幣(紙幣)，并可兌換5盧比硬幣的自動售貨機。因此，當用戶插入10盧比時，在驗證紙幣的真實性和庫存的可用性后，他/她將得到2個5盧比硬幣，4個 5盧比硬幣在確認的20盧比紙幣后。 3.文獻綜述 1 在2013年，Vipin Kumar Jain和Ritu Vijay博士提出了一種使用圖像處理技術來識別貨幣面值的方法。首先采用模式識別和神經網絡匹配技術提取ROI，以匹配或查找貨幣。 2 在2014年代。敘利婭和G.Thilambal提出了一種基于顏色、紋理、圖像處理中使用濾波器和Sobel算子的特征來識別不同國家貨幣的方法。 3 在2014年，賓德·普拉薩德·亞達夫，C.帕蒂爾,R.R Karhe,P.H Patil通過MATLAB和HSV顏色空間的特征提取和圖像處理技術的其他應用，提出了偽造貨幣檢測方法。 4.10盧比和20盧比貨幣的特點 印度儲備銀行發(fā)行的每一種印度貨幣都有一些特殊的安全特性。 有些貨幣與某些貨幣是相同的，而其他貨幣則不同，如表4-1所示。 表4-1：10和20盧比的紙幣 特點 10盧比紙幣 20 盧比紙比 圖像 尺寸 63×137 mm 63×147mm 通過登記 √ √ 水痕 √ √ 熒光 √ √ 安全線 √ √ 微刻字 √ √ 年印刷 √ √ 凹版印刷圖像 × √ 潛像 × √ 識別符號 × √ 表4-2 10和20盧比注主要劃分 特點 10 盧比 20 盧比 尺寸 63×137 mm 63×147mm 識別符號 × √ 凹版印刷圖像 × √ 5.硬件要求 可編程控制器，相機或傳感器，貨幣，硬幣。 6. 方法 6.1圖像表現離子 圖像采集是識別面額和假幣的第一步，圖像處理技術處理獲得的圖像。圖像可以通過掃描儀或照相機獲得,并以JPEG格式存儲。 6.2圖像預處理 預處理的主要目的是消除獲得圖像的噪聲，提高其視覺外觀。它包括調整圖像，消除噪聲，分離通道，去噪每個通道，然后恢復通道。 6.3特征提取 它包括以下步驟，如： 6.3.1顏色特征, 它包括將rgb轉換為xyz顏色空間，然后將其轉換為luv顏色空間。通過分離l、u、v，得到各通道的均值、色差和顏色偏度，得到進一步的圖像處理。 6.3.2邊緣特征 邊緣檢測中，rgb顏色空間被轉換為ycbr顏色空間，然后提取y分量，應用sobel掩碼，檢測邊緣。 6.3.3對比度增強灰度圖像 在灰度轉換后，增強了圖像對比度，以強調淺色背景下的暗線。 6.4 部分所獲得的段數取決于實際貨幣的貨幣，只有一個部分，而對于假幣，有許多段。 7.檢查假幣，面額貨幣 識別面額和假幣的流程圖如圖1所示。 7.1貨幣面額輸出 將采集的圖像與存儲的圖像進行比較，如果圖像與存儲的圖像相匹配，則識別出面額的輸出，它將顯示面值，否則將貨幣無效。 7.2輸出為真實的或偽造的貨幣 圖中獲得真正的和偽造的貨幣是如圖7-1所示. 圖7-1中獲得真正的和偽造的貨幣 從上面的圖中，我們注意到以下幾點 表7-1:真?zhèn)呜泿艌D的特征 真幣 假幣 閾值 10*104 3*104 預計值為0 7.5 0 投影平滑 0 .5 價格差異之間的投影 很小 小 8. 成就 使用PLC的自動售貨機流程圖如圖3所示。 9. PLC梯形圖· 以上流程圖用PLC編程，如圖4所示的梯形圖所示。 在這里,I1、I2、I3和I4常開。 Q1、Q2、Q3和Q4是線圈。 I1輸入給PLC I2 - 10盧比紙幣在圖像處理中被識別和驗證。 有足夠的庫存。 I4- 20盧比紙幣在圖像處理中被識別和驗證。 Q1 -不需要5盧比硬幣。 Q2 -不需要5盧比硬幣。 Q3:顯示假的注意。 Q4:顯示庫存不足。 圖9-1所示的梯形圖所示 10.工作方式 10.1、級1首先使用scanneror攝像頭獲取圖像，然后在Matlab中使用圖像處理技術進行處理。 10.2、級2 當輸入到機器上時，圖像處理識別并驗證10盧比紙幣，并檢查機器上的足夠庫存，然后自動分配5盧比的硬幣。 10.3、級3 當輸入到機器上時，圖像處理識別并確認20盧比的紙幣和足夠的庫存，然后機器就會自動分配5盧比的硬幣。 10.4、級4 當輸入為機器時，圖像處理并沒有將插入的注釋識別為10或20盧比，然后機器顯示假鈔。 10.5、級5當輸入到機器時，圖像處理識別和驗證10盧比或20盧比紙幣，且?guī)齑娌蛔?，機器顯示庫存不足。 11.結果 設計的機器成功地給兩個硬幣5盧比每當10盧比紙比插入機器只有在核實它的正確性和可用性在機器上。這臺機器機器也提供四盧比20盧比作為輸入，如上文所解釋的輸入。 12. 結論 在基于PLC的自動售貨機中，圖像處理技術用于識別和校驗貨幣的速度要快于傳感器。