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【高中英語】必修一 Unit 1 Friendship 2010-3-29 15:23:52 同步學(xué)習(xí) 一、本單元詞匯 upset adj. 心煩意亂的；不安的；不適的 vt. 使不安；使心煩 ignore vt. 不理睬；忽視 calm vt.&vi. （使）平靜；（使）鎮(zhèn)定 adj. 平靜的；鎮(zhèn)靜的；沉著的 concern vt. （使）擔(dān)憂；涉及；關(guān)系到 n. 擔(dān)心；關(guān)注；（利害）關(guān)系 loose adj. 松的；松開的 Netherlands n. 荷蘭 German adj. 德國的；德國人的；德語的 n. 德國人；德語 series n. 連續(xù)；系列 outdoors adv. 在戶外；在野外 dusk n. 黃昏；傍晚 thunder vi. 打雷；雷鳴 n. 雷；雷聲 entire adj. 整個的；完全的；全部的 entirely adv. 完全地；全然地；整個地 power n. 能力；力量；權(quán)利 curtain n. 窗簾；門簾；幕布 dusty adj. 積滿灰塵的 partner n. 伙伴；合作者；合伙人 settle vi. 安家；定居；停留 vt. 使安居；安排；解決 suffer vt.&vi. 遭受；忍受；經(jīng)歷 highway n. 公路；大路；[美]高速公路 recover vi.&vt. 痊愈；恢復(fù)；重新獲得 pack vi.&vt. 捆扎；包裝；打行李 n. 小包；包裹 suitcase n. 手提箱；衣箱 overcoat n. 大衣，外套 teenager n. 十幾歲的青少年 exactly adv. 確實如此；正是；確切地 disagree vi. 不同意 grateful adj. 感激的；表示謝意的 dislike n.&vt. 不喜歡；厭惡 tip n. 提示；技巧；尖；尖端；小費 vt. 傾斜；翻倒 swap vt. 交換 item n. 項目；條款 add up 合計 calm down （使）平靜下來；（使）鎮(zhèn)定下來 have got to 不得不；必須 be concerned about 關(guān)心；掛念 walk the dog 遛狗 go through 經(jīng)受；經(jīng)歷 set down 記下；放下；登記 a series of 一連串的；一系列；一套 on purpose 故意 in order to 為了…… at dusk 在黃昏時刻 face to face 面對面地 no longer/ not…any longer 不再…… suffer from 遭受；患病 get/be tired of 對……厭煩 pack (sth.) up 將（東西）裝箱打包 get along with 與……相處，進展 fall in love 相愛；愛上 join in 參加；加入 二、重點詞匯講解 1. add v． （1）“增加；添加”，如： Please add something to what Ive said, John．約翰，請對我說的話做點補充吧。 What he did has added to our difficulties．他的所作所為增加了我們的困難。 （2）“相加”，如： Add up these figures for me, please．請幫我把這些數(shù)字加起來。 You must learn to add and subtract in arithmetic.學(xué)算術(shù)要學(xué)會加法和減法。 【常用詞組】 add in“算入；包括” add on“加到上；附加；包括” add to“增加；加到” add up“加起來；總計；和預(yù)期產(chǎn)總數(shù)相等；[口]有意義,有道理” add up to“總計共達；(總起來看)等于說；意味著”，如： The cost added up to 100 million yuan．費用總計達一億元。 2．calm （1）v.“使安靜；平靜；鎮(zhèn)靜”，如： The mother calmed the baby by giving him some milk. 孩子的母親給他牛奶，使他安靜下來。 calm down“（使）安靜下來”，如： We tried to calm him down, but he kept shouting and crying. 我們試圖使他安靜下來，可是他仍然不停地叫喊著。 （2）adj.“(海洋,天氣等)平靜的，安靜的，無風(fēng)浪的；(人)沉著的，鎮(zhèn)靜的”，如： The calm sea gave no hint of the storm that was coming. 平靜的海上沒有一點跡象顯示暴風(fēng)雨即將來臨。 Weather that is preceded by a storm is generally calm. 暴風(fēng)后的天氣大都平靜。 The pilots calm manner eased the passengers fears. 飛行員鎮(zhèn)定自若的舉止消減了乘客們的恐懼。 3．concern （1）n. ①“所關(guān)切的事；有利害關(guān)系的事”，如： Your school work, rather than your private life, is my concern. 我所關(guān)心的是你的學(xué)業(yè)，而不是你的私人生活。 Our chief concern at the moment is the weather. 眼前我們最關(guān)心的事是天氣。 ②“擔(dān)心；掛念；擔(dān)憂”[+for/about]，如: I felt no concern about/for his safety. 我不擔(dān)心他的安全。 （2）vt.“與……有關(guān)；涉及；感興趣于；從事；參與；干預(yù)；使擔(dān)心；使憂慮”，如： The problem concerns all of us.這個問題涉及到我們所有人。 【常用詞組】 as concerns“關(guān)于” as far as…be concerned“關(guān)于；至于；就……而言” be concerned about“關(guān)心” be concerned over/at sth.“為某事憂慮” be concerned in sth. “和某事有牽連” be concerned with “牽涉到；與……有關(guān)；參與”，如： He seemed to be concerned with the case.他看起來與此案有關(guān)。 4．cheat （1）v. ①“欺騙；作弊”，如： Any student caught cheating will have to leave the classroom． 任何被發(fā)現(xiàn)作弊的學(xué)生將被趕出教室。 We all judge it wrong to cheat in examination. 我們都認(rèn)定考試作弊是錯誤的。 ②“騙；騙取” cheat a person“騙人” cheat sb.(out) of money“騙某人的錢” （2）n. ①“作弊行為” ②“騙子”，如： She hated the cheat to the core. 她對那個騙子恨之入骨。 5．go through （1）“通過；穿過”，如： He stooped his head to go through the doorway. 他低下頭穿過門口。 Go through the bridge.過橋。 （2）“仔細檢查或研究”，如： I went through the students papers last night．昨晚我仔細檢查了學(xué)生的作業(yè)。 （3）“經(jīng)歷；遭受或忍受”，如： You really dont know what we went through while working on this project． 你的確不知道我們搞這個項目吃了多少苦。 6．crazy adj． （1）“瘋狂的；愚蠢的”，如： Its crazy to go out in such hot weather．在這么熱的天出門，真是愚蠢。 He was driven crazy by the extremity of pain.極度的痛苦使他發(fā)狂。 （2）“狂熱的；著迷的”，如： She is crazy about dancing．她對跳舞十分著迷。 【常用詞組】 be crazy about“熱衷于；醉心于” be crazy for“渴望；癡想” drive sb. crazy“逼得某人發(fā)瘋；害得某人精神失?！? 7．lonely adj.“孤獨的；寂寞的”，如： She felt lonely.她感到寂寞。 The lonely orphan craved affection.這孤獨的孤兒渴望得到愛撫。 lonely與alone的區(qū)別 alone adv.&adj. （1）“單獨的”（只作表語），如： He was alone in the house.他獨自一人在家里。 （2）“僅僅；只有”，用于名詞或代詞之后 The gloves alone cost $ 80．光是手套就花了80美元。 （3）“不帶走；不觸摸；不干涉某人或某事” Leave that alone．Its mine．不要動。那是我的東西。 She has asked to be left alone．她要求不要打擾她。 三、詞語辨析 calm; peaceful; quiet; still calm主要用于氣候、海洋“風(fēng)平浪靜的”,也可指人表示“安靜的”、“鎮(zhèn)靜的”,如: The sky is blue, and the sea is calm. 天空碧藍,海上風(fēng)平浪靜。 a calm voice平靜的聲音 peaceful指“和平的”，表示“沒有騷擾和戰(zhàn)爭的”,如: a peaceful environment和平環(huán)境 quiet指“沒有吵鬧聲的，沒有噪音的”,它強調(diào)“聲音很低、很少” 或“全然無聲”,如: He had a quiet life.他過著寧靜的生活。 still指“沒聲音的，沒動靜的”,如: the still hours before dawn黎明前的寂靜時刻。 四、常用句型 1．Your friend comes to school very upset． 你的朋友來上學(xué)，心情非常不好。 upset （1）adj．“不安的；心煩意亂的”，如： We could discern from his appearance that he was upset. 我們從他的樣子可以察覺出他不快。 （2）vt．“使不安；使心煩意亂”，如： His cheating in the exam upset his teacher． 他在考試中作弊，這使他的老師很生氣。 2．tell him/her that he/she should have studied,… 告訴他/她，他/她本應(yīng)該好好學(xué)習(xí)的。 should have done (=ought to have done)是一種虛擬用法，譯為“本應(yīng)該做……”（但事實上并沒有做），如： You should have worn the safety belt in the car, and if so, you wouldnt have been hurt. 你本應(yīng)該坐車時系上安全帶的，這樣你就不會受這傷了。 3. Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? 你是不是想有一位無話不談能推心置腹的朋友呢？ whom you could tell everything to是定語從句，修飾friend。 此處的 like相當(dāng)于such as。 He has learned some foreign languages, like（such as）French and German． 他已學(xué)會了幾門外語，如法語和德語。 4. I can well remember that… 我記得非常清楚…… well（1）n．“井”　 （2）adj．“身體好”　 （3）adv．“好；非?！薄? 本課這句話中的well是副詞，意思是“非常；徹底；完全”（quite, much, thoroughly）。 George was well and truly drunk．喬治喝得爛醉。 He finished the exam well within the time allowed． 他在規(guī)定時間之前很早就做完了試卷。 5. …flowers could never have kept me spellbound． ……鮮花從未令我心迷神往過。 spellbind v．“吸引人；迷人；使入迷” The children were spellbound by the circus performance. 孩子們被馬戲表演迷住了。 The speaker held his audience spellbound. 演說者使聽眾聽得入迷。 6．I didnt dare open a window. 我不敢打開窗子。 dare （1）實意動詞，后面經(jīng)常接帶to的不定式，多用于肯定句中。 He was brave and he dares to do everything. 他很勇敢，什么事都敢做。 Nothing is hard in this world，if you dare to scale the heights. 世上無難事，只要肯攀登。 dare后接不定式時，不定式多帶to，但也可不帶to，如： He did not dare（to）go.他不敢去。 dare的現(xiàn)在分詞或動名詞形式daring后總是接帶to的不定式，如： She stopped at the door，not daring to enter.她在門口停下，不敢進去。 （2）情態(tài)動詞，多用于否定句和疑問句中，經(jīng)常接不帶to的不定式，無人稱形式變化，第三人稱單數(shù)后不加s，如。 She dare not say what she thinks.她不敢把她的想法說出來。 7．It was the first time that I had seen the night face to face. 這是我第一次目睹夜晚。 It is the first/second/third time that… 某人第…次做某事，從句中的動詞多用現(xiàn)在完成時。 It is the third time that the old couples have been to the Great Wall. 這是這對老夫妻第三次去長城。 如果主句謂語動詞為一般過去時，從句多用過去完成時，如： It was the second time that we had come into the mountain village to see the homeless children. 這是我們第二次去山區(qū)看望無家可歸的孩子。 四、交際用語 （一）態(tài)度（Attitudes） Are you afraid that…? Ive grown so crazy about…. I didnt dare…. （二）同意和不同意（Agreement & disagreement） I agree. I think so. Exactly. I dont agree. I dont think so. Im afraid not. （三）肯定程度（Certainty） Thats correct. Of course not. 五、語法知識 陳述句和疑問句的直接引語和間接引語的相互轉(zhuǎn)換。 （一）直接引語和間接引語 引述或轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話稱為“引語”。直接引用別人的原話，兩邊用引號“”標(biāo)出，叫做直接引語；用自己的語言轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，不需要引號這叫做間接引語，實際上間接引語大都是賓語從句（其中由祈使句轉(zhuǎn)換的間接引語除外，其轉(zhuǎn)換后是不定式）。直接引語為陳述句、一般疑問句、特殊疑問句和祈使句時，轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語,在句子的結(jié)構(gòu)、人稱、時態(tài)、時間狀語和地點狀語等都要有變化。 （二）直接引語變間接引語的變化 1.人稱變化，如： I told him, “I dont agree with you.”我告訴他：“我不同意你的看法。”→ I told him that I didnt agree with him.我告訴他我不同意他的觀點。 2.時態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換 直接引語改為間接引語時，主句中的謂語動詞如果是過去時，從句（即間接引語部分）的謂語動詞在時態(tài)方面要作相應(yīng)的變化，變成過去時范疇的各種時態(tài)（實際也是賓語從句的時態(tài)要求），變化如下： 直 接 引 語 間 接 引 語 一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時 一 般 過 去 時 一 般 過 去 時 過 去 完 成 時 現(xiàn) 在 進 行 時 過 去 進 行 時 過 去 完 成 時 過 去 完 成 時 現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時 過 去 完 成 時 過 去 進 行 時 過 去 進 行 時 一 般 將 來 時 過 去 將 來 時 3.指示代詞的變化this→that； these→those 4.時間狀語的變化 now→then； today→that day； tonight→that night； tomorrow→the next day； yesterday→the day before； last night→the night before； the day before yesterday→two days before； next week→the next week 5.地點狀語的變化 here→there 6.方向性動詞變化 bring→take； come→go （三）直接引語為疑問句 直接引語為疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時關(guān)聯(lián)詞用whether，if或其它疑問詞，詞序與一般從句相同，be、have等助動詞置于主語之后，；引述動詞常用say、ask、wonder、inquire等。各種變化要求與直接引語為陳述句時變?yōu)殚g接引語應(yīng)做的變化相同。 1.直接引語為一般疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時應(yīng)由whether或if引導(dǎo)，如： He said to us, “Are you going away today?”他對我們說,“你們今天走么？”→ He asked us whether we were going away that day.他問我們是否那一天走。 2.直接引語為特殊疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，其關(guān)聯(lián)詞應(yīng)用疑問代詞或疑問副詞，如： “What have you done?”he asked. “你干什么了？”他問道?！? He asked what Id done.他問我干什么了。 “When will he come?”she asked. “他什么時候來？”她問道?！? She asked when he would come.她問他什么時候來。 經(jīng)典例題薈萃 把下列直接引語變成間接引語 【例題1】He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.” 【答案】He said when he was a child, he usually played football after school. 【解析】當(dāng)直接引語中有以when, while引導(dǎo)的從句表示過去的時間時，從句時態(tài)無須改變。 【例題2】Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.” 【答案】Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound. 【解析】當(dāng)直接引語是客觀真理或自然現(xiàn)象時，從句時態(tài)無須改變。 【例題3】He said，“Practice makes perfect.” 【答案】He said that practice makes perfect. 【解析】當(dāng)引語是諺語、格言時,從句時態(tài)無須改變。 【例題4】“Do be careful with your handwriting.” He said. 【答案】He told me to be careful with my handwriting. 【解析】直接引語為祈使句時，改為間接引語，用帶to的不定式表達，謂語動詞常是ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request等。如ask sb. to do，（由肯定祈使句變成）ask sb. not to do（由否定祈使句轉(zhuǎn)變），并且在不定式短語中的時間狀語、地點狀語、人稱及時態(tài)都作相應(yīng)的變化。 【例題5】The doctor said, “You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.” 【答案】The doctor said（that）I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon. 【解析】如果直接引語是兩個或兩個以上的并列句時,改成間接引語由that引導(dǎo)時，第一個連詞可以省略，以后的連詞一般不省略，以免混亂。 【例題6】She said, “What a lovely day it is!” 【答案】She said what a lovely day it was.或She said that it was a lovely day. 【解析】直接引語是感嘆句時，變間接引語可用what或how引導(dǎo)，也可用that引導(dǎo)。 【例題7】He will say, “Ill try my best to help you.” 【答案】He will say that he will try his best to help me. 【解析】主句的謂語動詞是將來時的時候，從句時態(tài)無須改變。 【例題8】He said，“Be seated, please.” 【答案】He asked us to be seated. 【解析】直接引語為祈使句時，改為間接引語，用帶to的不定式表達，謂語動詞常是ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request等。 【例題9】The engine of the ship was out of order and the bad weather _____ the helplessness of the crew at sea. A. added to B. resulted from C. turned out D. made up 【答案】A 【解析】resulted from “由于，起因于”，turned out “結(jié)果是，證明是”，made up“編造”，分析語境可知，該空的意思是“增加”，應(yīng)填added to. the helplessness of the crew at sea是與The engine of the ship was out of order在邏輯上是并列的糟糕情況，而不是結(jié)果，原因等。 【例題10】--Is Mr. Wang in? --Sorry, he _____ lives here. Hes moved. A. no more B. not more C. no longer D. not longer 【答案】C 【解析】句意為“—王先生在家嗎？--對不起，他已經(jīng)不再這兒住了，他搬家了”。這里live是延續(xù)性的動詞，所以應(yīng)選C。 【例題11】―Id rather have some wine if you dont mind. ―______？Anything you want. A. Surely B. Of course not C. Certainly I do D. Indeed 【答案】B 【解析】If you dont mind是表示征求許可的日常用語。否定回答表示同意對方做這件事，肯定回答表示不同意做這件事。在下文中，Anything you want可知表示同意。 各地高考真題 1．（1995全國）The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him _____． A．not to B．not to do C．not do it D．do not to 2．（1991全國）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ______ after drinking． A．never to drive B．to never drive C．never driving D．never drive 3．（1992全國）He asked ______ for the violin． A．did I pay how much B．I paid how much C．how much did I pay D．how much I paid 4．（2000上海）Someone is ringing the doorbell．Go and see ______． A．who is he B．who he is C．who is it D．who it is 5．（2002全國）I wonder why Jenny ______ us recently．We should have heard from her by now． A．hasnt written B．doesnt write C．wont write D．hadnt written 6．（2000全國）The reporter said that the UFO ______ east to west when he saw it． A．was travelling B．travelled C．had been traveling D．was to travel 7．（1992全國）When Jack arrived，he learned Mary ______ for almost an hour． A．had gone B．had set off C．had left D．had been away 8．（2006山東）I just wonder _____ that makes him so excited. A．why it does B．what he does C．how it is D. what it is 9. (2006重慶) —Mr. Gordon asked me to remind you of the meeting this afternoon. Dont you forget it! —OK, I_______. A. wont B. dont　 　 C. will D. do 10.（2006重慶）—How about seeing the new movie at the theatre tonight? —__________ , but Ive got to go over my notes for tomorrows exam. A. All right B. Sounds great　　 C. I cant D. No, I am terribly sorry 11.（2005重慶）—My family usually goes skating for vacation, I like skating, but I want to try something different this year. — _____ A. Lets go. B. Cheer up. C. Like what? D. Take care. 12.(2006全國) —I wonder if I could possibly use your car for tonight? — ____. Im not using it anyhow. A. Sure, go ahead B. I dont know C. Yes, indeed D. I dont care 13.（2006上海）These shoes look very good. I wonder ___. A. how much cost they are B. how much do they cost C. how much they cost D. how much are they cost 1.A 2.A 3.D 4.D 5.A 6.A 7.D 8.D 9.A 10.B 11.C 12.A 13.C 在線測試 一、詞匯測試:根據(jù)中文意思及單詞的第一字母提示,寫出下列單詞 1.增加 a_ _　 2.難過的；沮喪的 u_ _ _ _ 3.忽視 i_ _ _ _ _ 4.平靜的 c_ _ _ 5.欺騙 c_ _ _ _ 6.列出 l_ _ _ 7.感覺 f_ _ _ _ _ _ 8.戶外 o_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9.發(fā)瘋的 c_ _ _ _ 10.自然 n_ _ _ _ _ 11.目的 p_ _ _ _ _ _ 12.雷聲 t_ _ _ _ _ _ 13.完全地 e_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14.力,力量；權(quán)力 p_ _ _ _ 15.信任 t_ _ _ _ 16.遭受 s_ _ _ _ _ 17.忠告,建議 a_ _ _ _ _ 18.問卷調(diào)查 q_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19.情況,情形 s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20.交流 c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 二、直接引語及間接引語練習(xí) (一)人稱轉(zhuǎn)換練習(xí) 1. He said, “I am very sorry.” 2.“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me. 3. She said to her son, “Ill check your homework tonight.” 4. He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?” (二)時態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換練習(xí) 1. “I am very glad to visit your school”, she said. 2. Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music.” 3. Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV?” 4. He asked the conductor, “Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus?” 5.“Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked. 6. Mother asked me, “Had you finished your homework before you watched TV?” 7. Tom said, “We were having a football match this time yesterday.” 8. He said，“I havent heard from my parents these days.” 三、從下面各題所給的四個選項中選擇最佳的一項 1. Does Tom often play _____ football after _____ school? A．/; /　 B．/; the　 C．the; /　 D．a(chǎn); a 2. How wonderful! The _____ is made of _________. A．house; glass　 B．house; glasses C．houses; glass　 D．houses; glasses 3. Every morning Mr. Smith takes a ______ to his office. A．20 minuteswalk　 B．20 minutes walk C．20-minutes walk　 D．20-minute walk 4.The man ______ Mary was so tall that she could hardly see the show. A．in front of　　 B．in the front of C．a(chǎn)t the back of　 D．a(chǎn)t the beginning of 5. The garden _______ while the Greens were away from home. A. took good care of　　　　　 B．was taken good care C．was taken good care of　　 D．was taking good care 6. ——Have you finished _____ the book? ——Not yet. Ill try _____ it to you before Friday. A．reading; returning　　 B．to read; to return C．reading; to return　　 D. to read; returning 7. Many people watched the boys ______ the mountain at that time. A．climb　 B．climbing　 C．to climb　 D．climbed 8. India had the second ______ population in the world. A．largest　 B．larger　 C．most　 D．smallest 9. When father was young, he ______ from morning till night. A．was made work　 B．was made working C．made to work　　 D．was made to work 10. Five-year-old children are too young to go to school, ________? A．a(chǎn)re they　 B．a(chǎn)rent they　 C．were they　 D．have they 11. ——____ I put my coat here? ——Sorry, you ______. A．Must; mustnt　 B．Do; dont　 C．can; neednt　 D．May; cant 12. Tom wants to try _____ some of his ideas. A．on　 B．off　 C．out　 D．to 13. Could you tell me if it _____ tomorrow? A. rain　 B．will rain　 C．raining　 D．rains 14. Do you know ______ at the bus stop? A. whom they are waiting for　 B．who they are waiting C．whom are they waiting for　 D．who are they waiting 15. The teacher asked all the students in the class to keep their eyes ______. A. close　 B. to close　 C. closing　 D. closed 16. ______ there any good news in todays newspaper? A．Are　 B．Is　 C．Have　 D．Has 四、完形填空 Thank you for the gift sent to me and I was 1 to receive your letter, asking what advice I would 2 you on how to become a newspaper 3 in the future. First, learn 4 to use a typewriter(打字機). This is 5 of the things you are able to do. You can 6 learn the skill in school or buy a book that 7 how to teach yourself. At school you should learn how to 8 and write your own language well 9 the other subjects. Outside your school there are 10 many things you can do to prepare yourself for a newspaper 11 . When you read a newspaper 12 , notice how it is 13 . You should also 14 some time discovering how your city government works and how some of the business meetings are going on. The more you know about them, the more successful you will be. 15 you have any questions I havent answered clearly in this letter, please write to me again. 1. A. ready B. pleasant C. worried D. pleased 2. A. write B. give C. tell D. make 3. A. reporter B. reader C. seller D. thinker 4. A. how B. why C. when D. well 5. A. first B. one C. the need D. necessary 6. A. quickly B. possibly C. either D. also 7. A. suggests B. answers C. helps D. explains 8. A. learn B. read C. use D. look 9. A. except B. but C. besides D. about 10. A. also B. even C. as well D. at least　 11. A. business B. work C. seat D. job 12. A. print B. lie C. story