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Key to Exercises Opener 1. The speaker is talking aboutthe coming global water crisis/water problem. 2. Water is the key component in our daily life, not only forhuman use, but for energy, industry,agriculture, and livestock. 3. If you look atthe earth, you will notice that over 75 % of our blue planet is water. But the problem is only 3% of that water isfresh water. Transcript: Today, according to UNICEF, at least 2.6 billion people lack adequate sanitation, while 1.1 billion people live without clean drinking water period. Water is the key component in all of our daily lives no matter where we live, not only for human use, but for energy, industry, agriculture, and livestock. Now if you look at the earth, you’ll notice that over 75% of our blue planet is water. The problem is only 3% of that water is fresh water. Reading & Interacting I. Understanding the Text 1. Text Organization 1.1 Paras. 1-2: We need to conserve water aggressively so that scientists can have time to find solutions. Paras. 3-7: Water is going to be the most important and most contentious resource of the 21st century. Paras. 8-9: There are solutions, but they take time. Para. 10: Aggressive conservation is needed to buy us time before scientists find solutions. 1.2 1)Water is on the way to becoming the most important resource of the 21st century. Getting water right is the great challenge the world is confronted with. To meet the challenge conservation should come first; then follow it up with new solutions. 2)To introduce the water problem, the author tells us about what happened one night when he and his seven-year-old daughter were brushing teeth together. In so doing the author tries to introduce the reader to a serious topic in a casual manner. Besides, it also reminds us of the fact that everyone can play a role, even in our daily life, in saving water. 3)He cites the late Nobel Laureate Richard Smalley’s list of humanity’s top 10 problems for the next 50 years. 4)He wants to show the reader how difficult it is for us to find a solution to the water problem. 5)He repeats what he says at the beginning of the article: The water problem can be solved but “The scientists need time.” 2. Comprehension Check 2.1 Focusing on the main ideas In his 2003 speech at Rice University’s Energy & Nanotechnology Conference, the late Nobel Laureate Richard Smalley highlighted thetop10 problems for the next 50 years. In his list,energysits at the top, and water comes next. Now, with the price of solar power going down, the dawn of a new energyerais just around the corner. As a result,wateris going to be the greatest challenge for humanity. But the water problem iscomplicated. First, unlike coal and oil, water cannot bereplaced. Second, water isintertwinedwith every other sector of society. Third, while water demands are growing, climate change is intensifying droughts and floods and water supplies arefluctuating. There are solutions, such as building water-transfer aqueducts, hydroelectric dams, and desalination plants. But they may be incrediblyexpensive. It willtake timefor scientists to find affordable solutions to the water problem. Before that, everyone should do his or her bit toconservewater. 2.2 Digging into detail 1)He means that water is most likely to become a strategic resource like oil that could trigger geopolitical conflict. 2)Because solving the energy and water problems will make the other problems easier to deal with. Abundant energy and water supplies will increase food production and improve the environment. They will also reduce poverty and disease, and so forth. 3)It most probably means energy produced at a low cost. 4)He means that every other sector of society needs water. People need water in their daily life. Energy production requires water for cooling power plants. Industry needs water for all sorts of purposes. Agriculture needs water for irrigation. 5)Yes, he did. Because he said getting freshwater from saltwater at a cheap price would dwarf all other scientific accomplishments. 2.3 Understanding difficult sentences 1) A 2) B 3) A 4) A 5) A II. Focusing on Language in Context 1. Key Words & Expressions 1.1 1.It will be a close game. Theoutcomeis hard to predict. 2.Travelers on a tightbudgetwould choose to go there by train instead of by plane. 3.Tom wason the point ofleaving the garden when he heard someone cry: “Isn’t it Tom? I can hardly believe my eyes.” 4.Innovationis what we need when we design new products. 5.The problem turned out to be far morecomplicatedthan he hadforeseen. 6.The works in this room aremostlyby local artists. They embody the artists’ vision of a peaceful and environment-friendlycivilization. 7.Water, thoughabundantin Brazil, is extremely unevenlydistributedamong its regions. 8.Even today, my first English teacher’s encouraging words stillring in my ears. 9.Henry has many friends working in the government. Hissourcesof information are usuallyreliable. 10.These figures show that the deathrateof road accident gets higher as the speed of the car increases. 11.With water demand growing, theconflictbetween the two neighboring villages over water hasintensifiedover the years. 12.Years ago the professor said that there was no doubt that the people in this city wouldbe confronted witha water shortage, if not a water crisis.Subsequentevents have proved his predictions to be exactly right. 13.The TV programhighlightsthe aftermath of the Paris terrorist attacks. 1.2 1) around the corner 2) The money from her uncle enabled Jenny 3) dwarfs our old house 4) on track 5) and so forth 1.3 1.We believe that building a powerful navyis in the interest of ournational defense. 2.He thought the coffee at breakfast was too sweet. Itwasn’t to his liking. 3.The new system is said to enable us to use much less oil than before, in other words, toincrease energy efficiencyconsiderably. 4.Speaking of the real estate market, when people are losing their jobs, it is almost certain that the house priceswill go down. 5.A regional conference onthe conservation offishery resources will be held in Seoul next week. 2. Confusable Words 2.1 1.Labor Day in the US falls on thefirstMonday in September. 2.The speaker seemed a little nervousat first, but after a short while became relaxed. 3.You want to learn making Chinese dumplings?Firstof all, let me show you how to make dough. 4.It was sunny but cool when we started. So the journey was quite pleasantat first. Then all of a sudden there came a thunderstorm. 2.2 1.Canada is a country rich in naturalresources. 2.The travelers walked upstream until they reached thesourceof the river. 3.So far there has been no response from officialsources. 4.With such limitedresources, the manager has been doing remarkably well to keep the organization going. 3. Sentence Patterns 3.1 1.The fact that he has fully recovered from his bad accident shows that medicine can work wonders. 2.The reason (that) businesses are moving their plants to developing countries is that labor costs in their home countries are too high. 3.If we go on ignoring the fact that our rivers are running dry or being polluted, the consequences will not be hard to predict. 4.The reason (that) food prices are rising is that last year’s crop wasn’t good. 3.2 1.Whether the chicken came before the egg, or the egg before the chicken, is a question of how life began in general. 2.I saw her on the point of tears when she got the result of the exam. I don’t know whether we should go to comfort her or just leave her alone. 3.It’s not clear whether she still wants to go to the lake or has changed her mind. 4.Many young married couples are wondering whether they should buy or just rent an apartment. 4. Comprehensive Practice 1. A:Why will oil cease to be the No. 1 problem of our time? B:The dawn of a new energy era is justaround the corner. Oil prices aregoing downbecause solar power is becoming cheaper. Besides, improvements in energyefficiency, while helping to create a cleanenvironment, are reducing waste and the demand for oil. 2. A:Why isn’t it easy to solve the water problem? B:Because water is farmore complicatedthan energy. No otherresource can replacewater, so it is impossible to findan alternative toit. Besides, water demand is rising, but water supply is fluctuating as a result of climate change. 3. A:Why is it important for us to conserve water? B:Water is going to be the most contentiousresourceof the 21st century. It will trigger geopoliticalconflicts. That’s why waterconservationis not onlyin the interest ofour economy but also a task ofstrategicimportance. Reading & Comprehending Reading 1 1. Comprehension Check for Reading 1 1) T 2) F 3) T 4) F 5) T 6) T 7) T 8) T 9) F 10) T 2. Translation 1.地球的水只有不到3%是淡水，并且大部分都被堵在雪地和冰川中，不容易獲取。 2.……但不幸的是，許多因素嚴(yán)重?cái)_亂了淡水的流動(dòng)和使用，使地球的許多地區(qū)出現(xiàn)大面積的危機(jī)。 3.這意味著如果我們?cè)诒Ｗo(hù)水和明智用水方面無所作為，所有地區(qū)遲早都將遭遇水危機(jī)及隨之而來的影響。 4.絕不要以為你所處的社會(huì)先進(jìn)，不至于會(huì)出現(xiàn)缺水問題。 Reading 2 Comprehension Check for Reading 2 1.Pollution and scarcity. 2.The sources of pollution include manufacturing emissions, poorly treated sewage, industrial spills and agricultural runoff. 3.It means that the water problem did not happen overnight; instead it resulted from our age-old practice of polluting water or wasting water in addition to natural contamination and natural disasters. 4.A sustainable, long-term solution. Integrated Skills Practicing I. Viewing & Listening 1)Segment 1 Consider the Aral Sea, for example, located in central Asia. The name Aral Sea is actually translated into “Sea of Islands”, referring to over 1,534 islands that once existed. Today the Aral Sea isdownto 10% of its originalsize. The same thing is happening in other areas that were once flourishing (but) are nowturning into desert. 2)Segment 2 In the U.S., the world’s largest body of freshwater, the Ogallala Aquifer, an underground lake that extends from the Colorado Rockies to South Dakota going all the way down to the Texas Panhandle with a range of50 to 300feet of depth. This water resource is what has made America’s plains the “bread basket” of the world. Unfortunately, like an oil well, thiswon’t last forever. The Ogallala used to have an average depth of 240 feet. Today its average depth is just80 feet. 3)Segment 3 What once was a booming town that relied on the Ogallala Aquifer, has now seen its depths of underground waterfallbetween 0-50 feet. Many wells arecompletely dryand farmers have been forced tohand over their landto the government’s Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) in exchange for grants. 4)Segment 4 Consider the Colorado river as well, a river that used to run into the Pacific.Not anymore. By the time the water fills the pools of Vegas and irrigates and providesdrinking waterthroughout the west,not a dropof water makes it to theocean. Transcript: Today, according to UNICEF, at least 2.6 billion people lack adequate sanitation, while 1.1 billion people live without clean drinking water period. Water is the key component in all of our daily lives no matter where we live, not only for human use, but for energy, industry, agriculture, and livestock. Now if you look at the earth, you’ll notice that over 75% of our blue planet is water. The problem is only 3% of that water is fresh water. Over 260 river basins are shared by two or more countries and most of these rivers are without defined legal or institutional arrangements. Consider the Aral Sea, for example, located in central Asia. The name Aral Sea is actually translated into “Sea of Islands”, referring to over 1,534 islands that once existed. Today the Aral Sea is down to 10% of its original size. The same thing is happening in other areas that were once flourishing (but) are now turning into desert. A report titled “Avoiding Water Wars: Water Scarcity and Central Asia’s Growing Importance for Stability in Afghanistan and Pakistan” was recently done by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. In it, it focused on rising water tensions that could destabilize central and south Asia. The implications of a water shortage has already caused aggravated demand for agriculture and power generation according to the report. Water, without a doubt, is going to be a huge issue along with oil throughout this century. In the U.S., the world’s largest body of freshwater, the Ogallala Aquifer, an underground lake that extends from the Colorado Rockies to South Dakota going all the way down to the Texas Panhandle with a range of 50 to 300 feet of depth. This water resource is what has made America’s plains the “bread basket” of the world. Unfortunately, like an oil well, this won’t last forever. The Ogallala used to have an average depth of 240 feet. Today its average depth is just 80 feet. Recently a story done in Texas, about a town named Happy, who has simply run out of water for its farms. What once was a booming town that relied on the Ogallala Aquifer, has now seen its depths of underground water fall between 0-50 feet. Many wells are completely dry and farmers have been forced to hand over their land to the government’s Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) in exchange for grants. The U.S. Department of Agriculture recently stated, “The supply is going to run out and the plains will become uneconomical to farm.” 60 years is what the U.S. Department of Agriculture gives it. This is a scary thought when you think about the way we have built cities, towns, and homes around something that is simply unsustainable. Consider the Colorado river as well, a river that used to run into the Pacific. Not anymore. By the time the water fills the pools of Vegas and irrigates and provides drinking water throughout the west, not a drop of water makes it to the ocean. Of course we can’t help but comment on how it is the government who has centrally planned people to live in the middle of nowhere, to live in deserts. If a free market would have reigned, we would see a much more practical living condition with very little “middle of the desert living,” not only relying on cheap oil, but the relocation of precious water. While researching the water crisis, FutureMoneyTrends.com came across studies about how in some places in Africa so much water has been pulled out of the ecosystem in order to bottle it and send it around the world, some towns have become deserts. As the world population grows, the water crisis will become front page news. According to the consulting company McKinsey & Company, by 2030 global water demand will be 40% greater than today’s “accessible, reliable, environmentally sustainable supply.” FutureMoneyTrends. com members should have no doubt that this is 100% tied into agriculture and rising food price inflation. 71% of global water withdrawals today go to irrigating our food. The U.S. government has screwed us with subsidies that are handed out to farmers who plant in areas that need an excessive amount of water. Subsidies are also handed out in misguided attempts to turn food into fuel, something that in our opinion is not only driving food costs up, but is wasting precious water resources. Like oil, it takes water for many goods. A cotton T-Shirt, 400 gallons; denim jeans, 1,800 gallons; a car, 39,000 gallons; a board of lumber, 5.4 gallons; a barrel of beer, 1,500 gallons; a gallon of paint, 12 gallons; one ton of steel, 62,000 gallons; a piece of paper, 2.6 gallons. Consider how much water it takes to grow our food, feed our animals, and ourselves. 10