0133-支架零件沖壓工藝與落料沖孔復合模設計,支架,零件,沖壓,工藝,沖孔,復合,設計 畢業(yè)設計（論文）開題報告書 題目 支架零件沖壓工藝與沖模設計 一、 選題的依據(jù) 沖壓工藝及模具設計是汽車、家電等產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)中常用的制造工藝及方法。 本課題可鍛煉綜合運用所學知識，獨立進行沖壓工藝分析及模具設計制造的能力。 本課題的任務是：設計支架零件沖壓工藝與沖模設計。通過畢業(yè)設計，熟悉常用沖壓材料的適用性能，能正確選擇模具材料能提出合適的熱處理工藝，掌握沖壓模具設計的基本程序和方法。主要內容包括：沖壓工藝分析與參數(shù)計算；沖壓工藝方案的確定與優(yōu)選；關鍵工序成形的數(shù)值仿真驗證。凸模、凹模、定位、導向、連接、卸料等工件零件的設計；模具裝配圖與零件圖設計等等。 二、國內外研究概況及發(fā)展趨勢（含文獻綜述） 2．1國內模具發(fā)展狀況 近年來，我國沖壓模具水平已有很大提高。近年來，模具行業(yè)結構調整和體制改革步伐加快，主要表現(xiàn)為：大型、精密、復雜、長壽命中高檔模具及模具標準件發(fā)展速度快于一般模具產(chǎn)品；塑料模和壓鑄模比例增大；專業(yè)模具廠數(shù)量及其產(chǎn)能增加較快；“三資”及私營企業(yè)發(fā)展迅速；股份制改造步伐加快等。大型沖壓模具已能生產(chǎn)單套重量達50多噸的模具。為中檔轎車配套的覆蓋件模具國內也能生產(chǎn)了。精度達到1～2μm，壽命2億次左右的多工位級進模國內已有多家企業(yè)能夠生產(chǎn)。表面粗糙度達到Ra<1.5μm的精沖模，大尺寸（Φ>300mm）精沖模及中厚板精沖模國內也已達到相當高的水平。在國家產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的正確引導下，經(jīng)過幾十年努力，現(xiàn)在我國沖壓模具的設計與制造能力已達到較高水平，包括信息工程和虛擬技術等許多現(xiàn)代設計制造技術已在很多模具企業(yè)得到應用。 從地區(qū)分布來說，以珠江三角洲和長江三角洲為中心的東南沿海地區(qū)發(fā)展快于中西部地區(qū)，南方的發(fā)展快于北方。目前發(fā)展最快、模具生產(chǎn)最為集中的省份是廣東和浙江，這兩個省的模具產(chǎn)值已占全國總產(chǎn)值的6成以上。我國模具總產(chǎn)值雖然已位居世界第三，但設計制造水平在總體上要比德國、美國、日本、法國、意大利等發(fā)達國家落后許多，也要比英國、加拿大、西班牙、韓國、新加坡等落后。我國模具行業(yè)專業(yè)化程度還比較低，模具自產(chǎn)自配比例過高。 落后和差距主要表現(xiàn)在：精密加工設備在模具加工設備中的比重比較低；CAD/CAE/CAM技術的普及率不高；許多先進的模具技術應用不夠廣泛等等，致使相當一部分大型、精密、復雜和長壽命模具依賴進口。 2．2國內模具未來發(fā)展趨勢 1.全面推廣CAD/CAE/CAM技術 2.高速銑削加工 發(fā)展的高速銑削加工，大幅度提高了加工效率，并可獲得極高的表面光潔度。高速銑削加工技術的發(fā)展，對汽車、家電行業(yè)中大型型腔模具制造注入了新的活力。 3.模具掃描及數(shù)字化系統(tǒng) 模具掃描系統(tǒng)提供了從模型或實物掃描到加工出期望的模型所需的諸多功能，大大縮短了模具的在研制制造周期。 4.電火花銑削加工 削加工技術是一種替代傳統(tǒng)的用成型電極加工型腔的新技術，它是有高速旋轉的簡單的管狀電極作三維或二維輪廓加工(像數(shù)控銑一樣)，因此不再需要制造復雜的成型電極，這顯然是電火花成形加工領域的重大發(fā)展。 5.提高模具標準化程度 我國模具標準化程度正在不斷提高，目前我國模具標準件使用率已達到30%左右。國外發(fā)達國家一般為80%左右。 6.優(yōu)質材料及先進表面處理技術 優(yōu)質鋼材和應用相應的表面處理技術來提高模具的壽命就顯得十分必要。模具熱處理和表面處理技術是能否充分發(fā)揮模具鋼材料性能的關鍵環(huán)節(jié)。模具熱處理的發(fā)展方向是采用真空熱處理。 7.模具研磨拋光將自動化、智能化 模具表面的質量對模具使用壽命、制件外觀質量等方面均有較大的影響，研究自動化、智能化的研磨與拋光方法替代現(xiàn)有手工操作，以提高模具表面質量是重要的發(fā)展趨勢。 8.模具自動加工系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展 我國長遠發(fā)展的目標： 在信息化帶動工業(yè)化發(fā)展的今天，在經(jīng)濟全球化趨向日漸加速的情況下，我國沖壓模具必須盡快提高水平。通過改革與發(fā)展，采取各種有效措施，在沖壓模具行業(yè)全體職工的共同努力奮斗之下，我國沖壓模具也一定會不斷提高水平，逐漸縮小與世界先進水平的差距?！笆晃濉逼陂g，在科學發(fā)展觀指導下，不斷提高自主開發(fā)能力、重視創(chuàng)新、堅持改革開放、走新型工業(yè)化道路，將速度效益型的增長模式逐步轉變到質量和水平效益型軌道上來，我國的沖壓模具的水平也必然會更上一層樓。 2. 3.國外模具發(fā)展情況 國外發(fā)達國家的模具廠大體分為獨立的模具廠和隸屬于一些大的集團公司的模具廠，一般規(guī)模都不大，但專業(yè)化程度高，生產(chǎn)效率極高。 國外模具企業(yè)一般不超過100人，多數(shù)在50人以下。在人員結構上，設計、質量控制、營銷人員超過30%，管理人員在5%以下。我國每個職工平均每年創(chuàng)造模具產(chǎn)值約合1萬美元左右，而國外模具工業(yè)發(fā)達國家大多15～20萬美元，有的達到 25～30萬美元。國外先進國家模具標準件使用覆蓋率達70%以上，而我國才達到45％。國內模具企業(yè)中一些私營、合資企業(yè)人員結構和國外差不多。 國外模具企業(yè)對人員素質要求較高，技術人員一專多能，一般能獨立完成從工藝到工裝的設計；操作人員具備多種操作技能；營銷人員對模具的了解和掌握很深。國內模具企業(yè)分工較細，缺乏綜合素質較高的人員。 國外模具企業(yè)CAD/CAE/CAM的技術的應用比較廣泛,逆向工程、快速原型制造鑄造模具的使用也比較多。國內模具企業(yè)中一些骨干廠家在這方面和國外差距已經(jīng)不大，有些已經(jīng)達到國外水平。但一些中小型模具企業(yè)與國外的差距還是很大的。不過在模具材料方面，隨著國外技術的引進和中國研發(fā)能力的提高，差距在逐漸縮小。 國外模具總量中,大型、精密、復雜、長壽命模具的比例占到50%以上；國外模具企業(yè)的組織形式是"大而專"、"大而精"。在模具的價格和制造周期上，國外模具價格一般是國內模具的5-10倍，制造周期是2-3倍。在這兩方面應該說國內模具企業(yè)還是具有一定競爭優(yōu)勢的。 三、研究內容及實驗方案 1．課題研究的主要內容 1.工藝分析 由工件圖可知，該工件的形狀，尺寸，精度和材料等均符合沖壓工藝性要求，沖壓的主要工序有：落料、沖裁等，工藝比較復雜，生產(chǎn)批量大。 2．拍樣圖設計 由所給零件圖畫出零件展開圖，合理安排工位，要注意尺寸質量問題及控制。 3.沖壓工藝參數(shù)計算等 4.模具結構的設計 凹模、凸模的設計 5．模具裝配圖與零件圖的設計 6．撰寫畢業(yè)設計說明書 2．本課題研究方法 1.從老師指定的零件圖入手，收集資料撰寫開題報告。繪制零件沖件圖，。根據(jù)零件的材料與厚度，進行工藝分析與計算，初步確定零件的加工制造工藝。 2.要進行模具的結構設計。本次設計還需要選擇模架，初步擬定選擇后側導柱模架，尺寸規(guī)格的選擇還需要進一步的計算。本次設計先設計出排樣圖，計算出搭邊值，這要考慮到提高原材料的利用率。確定模具的壓力中心后計算沖裁力，頂件力，彎曲力等，算出總力后即可根據(jù)模具設計大典選擇壓力機的種類及型號。之后計算模具的刃口尺寸。再確定模具的主要結構要素，如確定送料方式，確定卸料方式。選擇各模具零件的標準外形尺寸，有上模板、固定板、凹模、卸料板、固定板、下墊板的尺寸。再確定一下螺釘和銷釘?shù)臄?shù)量與尺寸。 3.進行模具的裝配圖與零件圖的設計。查找零件與裝配的技術要求，以及各零件的材料、硬度和規(guī)格，最后用計算機繪制正式的裝配圖，再由指導教師指定零件圖，用計算機繪出圖紙，標明尺寸，技術要求以及形位公差、粗糙度等。 四、總的工作任務，進度安排以及預期結果 1、總的工作任務 1、 獨立完成畢業(yè)設計 2、 按圖標準設計一套模具的裝配圖和有關的關鍵零件圖，圖紙比例1：1，畢業(yè)設計圖紙不少于2.5張A0圖紙。 3、 制訂模具的裝配工藝和成形零件的工藝，并編制出成形零件的工藝卡。 4、 按學院畢業(yè)設計的書寫格式要求，撰寫設計說明書。 5、完成6000字符以上的畢業(yè)設計有關的外文資料翻譯。 2、工作進度 1. 查閱相關資料，外文資料翻譯（6000字符以上），撰寫開題報告。 第1周—第2周 2.繪制支架沖件圖，分析沖件成形工藝及坯料展開。 第3周—第6周 3.編制吊支架沖壓成形工藝規(guī)程。 第7周—第8周 4.繪制吊支架沖裁?？傃b圖及零件圖。 第9周—第13周 5.撰寫畢業(yè)設計說明書（論文）。 第14周—第16周 6.畢業(yè)設計審查，畢業(yè)答辯。 第17周 3．預期結果 1.完成一篇相關英文資料的翻譯。 2.完成對吊支架沖壓件的結構和功能分析，確定總體方案設計，并繪制出零件圖。 3.完成模具部分零件的工藝設計，撰寫詳細的設計說明書。 我希望能提前完成任務，并且把錯誤降低到最低點，使本設計應具有相當?shù)膶嵱眯浴? 五、參考文獻 [1] 王樹勛等合編　典型模具結構圖冊　第１版　廣州：華南理工大學出版社，2005 [2] 王孝培主編　沖壓手冊　第２版　北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，2005 [3] 翁其金等主編 沖壓工藝與模具設計 第1版 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，2008 [4] 模具設計手冊和國家標準：、《冷沖模國家標準》 [5] 中國模具工業(yè)協(xié)會標準件委員會編 《中國模具標準件手冊》 第1版 上海：上?？茖W普及出版社，1989 支架零件沖壓工藝及沖模設計 摘要: 模具是制造業(yè)的重要工藝基礎，模具制造屬于專用設備制造業(yè)。模具技術集合了機械、電子、化學、光學、材料、計算機、精密監(jiān)測和信息網(wǎng)絡等諸多學科，是一個綜合性多學科的系統(tǒng)工程。模具技術的發(fā)展趨勢主要是模具產(chǎn)品向著更大型、更精密、更復雜及更經(jīng)濟的方向發(fā)展，模具產(chǎn)品的技術含量不斷提高，模具制造周期不斷縮短，模具生產(chǎn)朝著信息化、無圖化、精細化、自動化的方向發(fā)展，模具企業(yè)向著技術集成化、設備精良化、產(chǎn)批品牌化、管理信息化、經(jīng)營國際化的方向發(fā)展。 本次設計一套沖空、落料的模具。經(jīng)過查閱資料，首先對零件進行工藝分析，經(jīng)過工藝分析和對比，采用沖孔落料工序，通過沖裁力、推料力、卸料力等計算，確定壓力機的型號。再分析對沖裁件加工的模具適用類型選擇所需設計的模具。得出將設計的模具類型后將模具的各工作零部件設計過程表達出來。在說明書的第一部分，主要敘述了沖壓模具的發(fā)展狀況，說明沖壓模具的重要性與本次設計的意義，接著是對沖壓件的工藝分析，完成工藝方案的確定。第二部分，對零件排樣圖的設計，完成了材料利用率的計算。再進行沖裁工藝力的計算和沖裁模工作部分的設計計算。通過前面的設計方案畫出模具各零件圖和裝配圖。 關鍵字: 沖壓 落料沖孔 復合膜 模具結構 Mold design and manufacture The mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise's development also quite rapid . Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year . The Chinese mold industry except must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the superfinishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops . The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase; "The three investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The joint stock system transformation step speeds up and so on. Distributes from the area looked, take Zhujiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal area development quickly to mid-west area, south development quickly to north. At present develops quickest, the mold produces the most centralized province is Guangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and Shandong also has a bigger development in recent years . Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects: (1) the total quantity falls short of demand domestic mold assembling oneself rate only ,about 70%. Low-grade mold , center upscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about . (2) the enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, the technical structure and the import and export structure does not gather in our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The specialized mold factory mostly is "large and complete", "small and entire" organization form, but overseas mostly is "small but", "is specially small and fine". Domestic large-scale, precise, complex, the long life mold accounts for the total quantity proportion to be insufficient 30%, but overseas in 50% above 2004 years, ratio of the mold import and export is 3.7:1, the import and export balances the after net import volume to amount to 1.32 billion US dollars, is world mold net import quantity biggest country . (3) the mold product level greatly is lower than the international standard the production cycle actually is higher than the international water broad product level low mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on surface roughness, life and structure . (4) develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our country mold enterprise technical personnel proportion low the level is lower, also does not take the product development, frequently is in the passive position in the market. Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately ,ten thousand US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to10,000 US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to10,000 US dollars, relative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continues to use the workshop type management with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the modernized enterprise manages few To create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mold long-term has not obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should have, as well as the most state-owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, but also has the following several reasons: . (1) country to mold industry policy support dynamics also insufficiently although the country already was clear about has promulgated the mold profession industrial policy, but necessary policy few, carried out dynamics to be weak. At present enjoyed the mold product increment duty enterprise nation 185, the majority enterprise still the tax burden is only overweight. The mold enterprise carries on the technological transformations introduction equipment to have to pay the considerable amount the tax money, affects the technology advancement, moreover privately operated enterprise loan extremely difficult . (2) talented person serious insufficient, the scientific research development and the technical attack investment too urine mold profession is the technology, the fund, the work crowded industry, along with the time progress and the technical development, grasps the talented person which and skilled utilizes the new technology exceptionally short, the high-quality mold fitter and the enterprise management talent extremely is also anxious. Because the mold enterprise benefit unsatisfactory and takes insufficiently the scientific research development and the technical attack, the scientific research unit and the universities, colleges and institutes eye stares at is creating income, causes the mold profession invests too few in the scientific research development and the technical attack aspect, causes the mold technological development step not to be big, progresses not quick . (3) the craft equipment level to be low, also necessary is not good, the use factor low recent years our country engine bed profession progressed quickly, has been able to provide the quite complete precision work equipment, but compared with the overseas equipment, still had a bigger disparity. Although the domestic many enterprises have introduced many overseas advanced equipment, but the overall equipment level low are very more than the overseas many enterprises. As a result of aspect the and so on system and fund reason, introduces the equipment not not necessary, the equipment and the appendix not necessary phenomenon are extremely common, the equipment utilization rate low question cannot obtain the comparatively properly solution for a long time . (4) specialization, standardization, commercialized degree low, the cooperation ability because receives "large and complete" "small and entire" the influence since long ago, mold specialization level low, the specialized labor division is not careful, the commercialized degree is low. At present domestic every year produces mold, commodity mold minister 40% About, other for from produce uses for oneself. Between the mold enterprise cooperates impeded, completes the comparatively large-scale mold complete task with difficulty. Mold standardization level low, mold standard letter use cave rare is low also to the mold quality, the cost has a more tremendous influence, specially has very tremendous influence . (5) to the mold manufacture cycle) the mold material and the mold correlation technology falls the mold material performance, the quality and the variety question often can affect the mold quality, the life and the cost, the domestically produced molding tool steel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic, plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold level enhancement . At present, our country economy still was at the high speed development phase, on the international economical globalization development tendency is day by day obvious, this has provided the good condition and the opportunity for the our country mold industry high speed development. On the one hand, the domestic mold market will continue high speed to develop, on the other hand, the mold manufacture also gradually will shift as well as the transnational group to our country carries on the mold purchase trend to our country extremely to be also obvious. Therefore, will take a broad view the future, international, the domestic mold market overall development tendency prospect will favor, estimated the Chinese mold will obtain the high speed development under the good market environment, our country not only can become the mold great nation, moreover certainly gradually will make the powerful nation to the mold the ranks to make great strides forward. "15" period, the Chinese mold industry level not only has the very big enhancement in the quantity and the archery target aspect, moreover the profession structure, the product level, the development innovation ability, enterprise's system and the mechanism as well as the technology advancement aspect also can obtain a bigger development . The mold technology has gathered the machinery, the electron, chemistry, optics, the material, the computer, the precise monitor and the information network and so on many disciplines, is a comprehensive nature multi-disciplinary systems engineering. The mold technology development tendency mainly is the mold product to larger-scale, preciser, more complex and a more economical direction develops, the mold product technical content unceasingly enhances, the mold manufacture cycle unceasingly reduces, the mold production faces the information, is not having the chart, is fine, the automated direction develops, the mold enterprise to the technical integration, the equipment excellent, is producing approves the brand, the management information, the management internationalization direction develops. Our country mold profession still will have to enhance from now on the general character technology had : (1) to establish in the CAD/CAE platform the advanced mold design technology, enhances modernization which the mold designed, information, intellectualization, standardized level . (2) establishes in the CAM/CAPP foundation the advanced mold processing technology and the advanced manufacture technology unifies, raises the automated level and the production efficiency which the mold processes . (3) the mold production enterprise's information management technology. For example PDM (product data management), ERP (enterprise resource management), MIS (mold manufacture management information system) and information network technology the and so on INTERMET platform application, the promotion and the development . (4) are high speed, Gao Jing, the compound mold processing technology research and the application. For example the ultra fine ramming mold manufacture technology, the precise plastic and the compression casting mold manufacture technology and so on . (5) enhances the mold production efficiency, reduces the cost and reduces the mold production cycle each kind of fast economical mold manufacture technology . (6) the advanced manufacture technology application. For example hot technology and so on flow channel technology, gas auxiliary technology, hypothesized technology, nanotechnology, rapid scanning technology, reversion project, parallel project in the mold research, the development, the processing process application . (7) the raw material the simulation technology which forms in the mold . (8) the advanced mold processing and the appropriation equipment research and the development . (9) the mold and the mold standard letter, the important auxiliary standardized technology . (10) the mold and its the product examination technology. (11) high quality, the new mold material research and the development and its the correct application . (12) the mold production enterprise's modern management technology □ Mold profession in "十15" period needs to solve the key essential technology should be the mold information, the digitized technology and precise, ultra fine, high speed, the highly effective manufacture technology aspect breakthrough Along with the national economy total quantity and the industry product technology unceasing development, all the various trades and occupations to the mold demand quantity more and more big, the specification more and more is also high. Although mold type many, but its development should be with emphasis both can meet the massive needs, and has the comparatively high-tech content, specially at present domestic still could not be self-sufficient, needs the massive imports the mold and can represent the development direction large-scale, precise, is complex, the long life mold. The mold standard letter type, the quantity, the level, the production a and so on have the significant influence to the entire mold profession development. Therefore, some important mold standard letters also must the prioritize, moreover its development speed should quickly to the mold development speed, like this be able unceasingly to raise our country mold standardization level, thus improves the mold quality, reduces the mold production cycle, reduces the cost. Because our country mold product holds the bigger price superiority in the international market, therefore regarding the exportation prospect good mold product also should take key develops. According to the above required quantity big, the technical content is high, represents the development direction, the export prospect good principle choice prioritize product, moreover chooses the product to have at present to have the certain technology base, belongs has the condition, has the product which the possibility develops . According to "十15" the mold profession development plan, "十15" the period mold product development mainly has following several kind of the automobile cover mold (1) ramming mold to occupy the mold total quantity dish with emphasis above 40%. Automobile cover mold mainly for automobile necessary, also includes for the agriculture with the vehicle, the project machinery and the farm machinery necessary cover mold, it has the very big representation in the ramming mold, the mold mostly is large and middle scale, structure complex, the specification is high. For the passenger vehicle necessary cover mold, the request is in particular higher, may represent the ramming mold the level. This kind of mold our country had the certain technology base, already for middle-grade passenger vehicle necessary, but the level is not high, the ability is insufficient, at present satisfying rate only has one about the half. Center the upscale passenger vehicle cover mold main dependence import, has become the bottleneck which the automobile develops, enormous influence vehicle type development . (2)the precise ramming mold multi- locations level was entering the mold and fine represents the ramming mold development direction, the precision request life request has been extremely high, mainly for the electronics industry, the automobile, the instrument measuring appliance, the electrical machinery electric appliance and so on formed a complete set. These two kind of molds, domestic had the suitable foundation, and has introduced the overseas technology and the equipment, the individual enterprise produces the product has achieved the world level, but the majority of enterprises still had a bigger disparity, the supply total quantity insufficient, the import were very many (3) the large-scale precise plastic mold plastic mold accounts for the mold total quantity 10%, moreover this proportion also is rising. In the plastic mold necessary large-scale casts the mold for the automobile and the electrical appliances, necessary models for the integrated circuit seals the mold, for the electronic information industry and the machinery and the packing necessary multilayer, the multi- cavities, the multi- material qualities, the multicolor precise note , and saves water the agricultural necessary plastic different molding for the new building materials to squeeze out the mold and the pipeline and the nozzle mold and so on, at present although had the suitable technology base and fast is developing, but the technical level and overseas still had a bigger disparity, the total quantity falls short of demand, Every year import amount reaches several hundred million US dollar. (4) the main mold standard to imitatee at present domestically to have an greater output the mold standard letter mainly is the mold frame, the guidance, the throwout lever pushes the tube, the elastic part and so on. These products not only the domestic necessary massive need, the exportation prospect very is also good, should continue vigorously to develop. The nitrogen cylinder and the hot flow channel part main dependence import, should raise the level in the existing foundation, forms the standard and organization scale production. (5) the other high-tech content molds occupiesin the mold total quantity green 8% compression casting mold, large-scale thin wall precise compression casting technology content high, the difficulty is big. The magnesium alloy compression casting mold at present although just started, but the prospects for development were good, have the representation. The meridian rubber tire mold also is the development direction, detachable mold technology difficulty is biggest. With fast takes shape some fast pattern making technologies and the corresponding fast economical mold which the technology unifies has the very good prospects for development. These high-tech content molds in "十15" period also should the prioritize . 模具設計與制造 模具是制造業(yè)的重要工藝基礎，在我國，模具制造屬于專用設備制造業(yè)。中國雖然很早就開始制造模具和使用模具，但長期未形成產(chǎn)業(yè)。直到20世紀80年代后期，中國模具工業(yè)才駛入發(fā)展的快車道。近年，不僅國有模具企業(yè)有了很大發(fā)展，三資企業(yè)、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（個體）模具企業(yè)的發(fā)展也相當迅速。 雖然中國模具工業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，但與需求相比，顯然供不應求，其主要缺口集中于精密、大型、復雜、長壽命模具領域。由于在模具精度、壽命、制造周期及生產(chǎn)能力等方面，中國與國際平均水平和發(fā)達國家仍有較大差距，因此，每年需要大量進口模具。 中國模具產(chǎn)業(yè)除了要繼續(xù)提高生產(chǎn)能力，今后更要著重于行業(yè)內部結構的調整和技術發(fā)展水平的提高。結構調整方面，主要是企業(yè)結構向專業(yè)化調整，產(chǎn)品結構向著中高檔模具發(fā)展，向進出口結構的改進，中高檔汽車覆蓋件模具成形分析及結構改進、多功能復合模具和復合加工及激光技術在模具設計制造上的應用、高速切削、超精加工及拋光技術、信息化方向發(fā)展。 近年，模具行業(yè)結構調整和體制改革步伐加大，主要表現(xiàn)在，大型、精密、復雜、長壽命、中高檔模具及模具標準件發(fā)展速度高于一般模具產(chǎn)品；塑料模和壓鑄模比例增大；專業(yè)模具廠數(shù)量及其生產(chǎn)能力增加；“三資”及私營企業(yè)發(fā)展迅速；股份制改造步伐加快等。從地區(qū)分布來看，以珠江三角洲和長江三角洲為中心的東南沿海地區(qū)發(fā)展快于中西部地區(qū)，南方的發(fā)展快于北方。目前發(fā)展最快、模具生產(chǎn)最為集中的省份是廣東和浙江，江蘇、上海、安徽和山東等地近幾年也有較大發(fā)展。 雖然我國模具總量目前已達到相當規(guī)模，模具水平也有很大提高，但設計制造水平總體上落后于德、美、日、法、意等工業(yè)發(fā)達國家許多。當前存在的問題和差距主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾方面： （1）總量供不應求 國內模具自配率只有70%左右。其中低檔模具供過于求，中高檔模具自配率只有50%左右。 （2）企業(yè)組織結構、產(chǎn)品結構、技術結構和進出口結構均不合理 我國模具生產(chǎn)廠中多數(shù)是自產(chǎn)自配的工模具車間（分廠），自產(chǎn)自配比例高達60%左右，而國外模具超過70%屬商品模具。專業(yè)模具廠大多是“大而全”、“小而全”的組織形式，而國外大多是“小而專”、“小而精”。國內大型、精密、復雜、長壽命的模具占總量比例不足30%，而國外在50%以上。2004年，模具進出口之比為3.7:1，進出口相抵后的凈進口額達13.2億美元，為世界模具凈進口量最大的國家。 （3）模具產(chǎn)品水平大大低于國際水平，生產(chǎn)周期卻