0285-輕型汽車底盤鼓式液壓制動(dòng)器設(shè)計(jì)【全套5張CAD圖】,全套5張CAD圖,輕型,汽車底盤,液壓,制動(dòng)器,設(shè)計(jì),全套,cad 南華大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開題報(bào)告 設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目 輕型汽車底盤鼓式制動(dòng)器設(shè)計(jì) 設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目來源 自選課題 設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目類型　 工程設(shè)計(jì)類 起止時(shí)間 2010-12-28 至2011-5-28 一、設(shè)計(jì)（論文）依據(jù)及研究意義： 進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)以后，隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的迅速發(fā)展和交通的不斷便利，汽車的應(yīng)用越來越廣泛。制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是汽車的一個(gè)重要組成部分，它直接影響汽車的安全性。由于汽車本身的問題而造成的交通事故中，制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)故障引起的事故為總數(shù)的45%?？梢姡囆旭偟陌踩?，很大程度上取決于汽車制動(dòng)裝置工作的可靠性。所以研究設(shè)計(jì)制動(dòng)器是非常有必要的，意義是重大的。 本設(shè)計(jì)題目來源于實(shí)際生產(chǎn)，是用于各種類型的汽車制動(dòng)器的設(shè)計(jì)。在充分理解制動(dòng)器的組成<1> 供能裝置<2> 控制裝置<3> 傳動(dòng)裝置<4> 制動(dòng)器 這四個(gè)部分組成,從而設(shè)計(jì)出結(jié)構(gòu)更合理,成本更低廉的制動(dòng)器。 二、設(shè)計(jì)（論文）主要研究的內(nèi)容、預(yù)期目標(biāo)：（技術(shù)方案、路線） (1) 微型汽車鼓式制動(dòng)器的選型及方案論證 查閱文獻(xiàn)，了解各種鼓式制動(dòng)器的分類相關(guān)技術(shù)參數(shù)和運(yùn)行所需的條件，比較其優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，結(jié)合實(shí)際，完成鼓式制動(dòng)器的選型和方案論證 鼓式制動(dòng)器的制動(dòng)效能和散熱性比盤式制動(dòng)器都要差許多，鼓式制動(dòng)器的制動(dòng)力穩(wěn)定性差，在不同路面上制動(dòng)力變化很大，不易于掌控。而由于散熱性能差，在制動(dòng)過程中會(huì)聚集大量的熱量。制動(dòng)塊和輪鼓在高溫影響下較易發(fā)生極為復(fù)雜的變形，容易產(chǎn)生制動(dòng)衰退和振抖現(xiàn)象，引起制動(dòng)效率下降。另外，鼓式制動(dòng)器在使用一段時(shí)間后，要定期調(diào)校剎車蹄的空隙，甚至要把整個(gè)剎車鼓拆出清理累積在內(nèi)的剎車粉。當(dāng)然，鼓式制動(dòng)器也并非一無是處，它造價(jià)便宜，而且符合傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。 四輪轎車在制動(dòng)過程中，由于慣性的作用，前輪的負(fù)荷通常占汽車全部負(fù)荷的70%-80%，前輪制動(dòng)力要比后輪大，后輪起輔助制動(dòng)作用，因此轎車生產(chǎn)廠家為了節(jié)省成本，就采用前盤后鼓的制動(dòng)方式。 由此可知，微型汽車鼓式制動(dòng)器一般用于后輪，它可以與駐車制動(dòng)組合在一起，便于設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)。 （2）鼓式制動(dòng)器的方案論證 （3）汽車總體參數(shù)的選擇及計(jì)算 包括總體設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)滿足的基本要求，汽車形式的確定，汽車質(zhì)量參數(shù)的確定，汽車主要尺寸的確定，汽車性能參數(shù)的確定，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的選擇和輪胎的選擇 （4）制動(dòng)過程的動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)的計(jì)算 制動(dòng)過程車輪所受的制動(dòng)力，制動(dòng)距離與制動(dòng)減速度，同步附著系數(shù)與附著系數(shù)利用率的計(jì)算。 制動(dòng)器的最大制動(dòng)力矩，制動(dòng)器和制動(dòng)蹄因素 （5）完成鼓式制動(dòng)器的結(jié)構(gòu)及主要零部件設(shè)計(jì) 鼓式制動(dòng)器的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)，主要零部件的設(shè)計(jì)（制動(dòng)蹄，制動(dòng)鼓，摩擦襯片，摩擦材料，蹄與鼓之間的間隙自動(dòng)調(diào)整裝置，制動(dòng)支承裝置，制動(dòng)輪缸，張開機(jī)構(gòu)） （6）鼓式制動(dòng)器的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 駐車制動(dòng)能力，中央制動(dòng)器，壓力沿襯片長度方向的分布規(guī)律，制動(dòng)蹄片上的制動(dòng)力矩，摩擦襯片磨損特性以及制動(dòng)因素的計(jì)算 （7）鼓式制動(dòng)器驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)分析與計(jì)算 驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的方案選擇，制動(dòng)管路的選擇，液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 （8）鼓式制動(dòng)器主要零部件強(qiáng)度分析 制動(dòng)蹄支承銷剪切應(yīng)力計(jì)算，緊固摩擦片鉚釘?shù)募羟袘?yīng)力驗(yàn)算 根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)及相關(guān)資料完成相關(guān)的計(jì)算并撰寫詳細(xì)的設(shè)計(jì)說明書。 三、設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的研究重點(diǎn)及難點(diǎn)： 重點(diǎn)：（1） 鼓式制動(dòng)器的方案設(shè)計(jì) 鼓式制動(dòng)器的結(jié)構(gòu)形式有領(lǐng)從蹄式制動(dòng)器，單向領(lǐng)從蹄式制動(dòng)器，雙向領(lǐng)從蹄式制動(dòng)器，雙從蹄式制動(dòng)器，單向增力式制動(dòng)器，雙向增力式制動(dòng)器。 考慮到制動(dòng)器的效能因素和制動(dòng)器的效能的穩(wěn)定性，且領(lǐng)從蹄式制動(dòng)器的蹄片與制動(dòng)鼓之間的間隙易于調(diào)整，便于附裝駐車制動(dòng)裝置，所以本設(shè)計(jì)微型汽車的后輪采用制動(dòng)輪缸具有兩個(gè)等直徑活塞的領(lǐng)從蹄式車輪制動(dòng)器，前輪采用單向領(lǐng)從蹄式制動(dòng)器 （2）制動(dòng)器的主要零部件和制動(dòng)器的設(shè)計(jì)以及它們的強(qiáng)度考慮 （3）制動(dòng)器的驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì) 難點(diǎn) （1）制動(dòng)過程中的動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)計(jì)算，制動(dòng)器零部件的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算， （2）制動(dòng)中，液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 制動(dòng)管路的選擇，制動(dòng)輪缸直徑ｄ的確定，制動(dòng)主缸直徑D的確定，制動(dòng)踏板力F,制動(dòng)踏板工作行程S和真空助力器的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 四、設(shè)計(jì)（論文）研究方法及步驟（進(jìn)度安排）： 本項(xiàng)目利用學(xué)過的專業(yè)知識(shí)和圖書館的資料以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)的資料對(duì)鼓式制動(dòng)器有個(gè)完整的了解，熟悉鼓式制動(dòng)器及驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的工作原理以及結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)，對(duì)鼓式制動(dòng)器的設(shè)計(jì)有個(gè)初步的了解。 安排計(jì)劃如下： 1. 2010.12.27 下達(dá)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）任務(wù)。 2. 2010.12.27-2011.01.07 編寫南華大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開題報(bào)告，搜集資料（書籍和案例）、閱讀資料、外文翻譯。 3. 2011.01.08-2011.03.10 完成微型汽車鼓式制動(dòng)器方案論證及設(shè)計(jì)。 4． 2011.03.11-2010.03.25 完成微型汽車鼓式制動(dòng)器結(jié)構(gòu)形式的選擇。 5． 2011.03.26-2010.04.10 完成制動(dòng)器制動(dòng)過程的動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)計(jì)算。 6. 2011.04.11-2010.04.25 完成制動(dòng)器的機(jī)構(gòu)和主要零部件的設(shè)計(jì)。 7. 2011.04.26-2010.05.10 完成鼓式制動(dòng)器的設(shè)計(jì)及計(jì)算。 8. 2011.05.11-2010.05.15 完成零部件強(qiáng)度的相關(guān)的計(jì)算分析，撰寫詳細(xì)的設(shè)計(jì)說明書。 9. 2011.05.16-2010.05.22 整理畢業(yè)論文及圖紙，準(zhǔn)備答辯。 五、進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)（論文）所需條件： [1] .有充足的專業(yè)知識(shí)和比較好的繪圖能力，充足的學(xué)習(xí)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間，對(duì)微型汽車鼓式制動(dòng)器有大體的認(rèn)識(shí)和了解。 [2] .熟練操作相關(guān)軟件Auto CAD、PRO/ENGINEER、SolidWorks等。 [3] .了解并查閱相關(guān)資料《汽車構(gòu)造與原理》、《汽車鼓式制動(dòng)器》、《汽車設(shè)計(jì)》《材料力學(xué)》、《機(jī)械原理》、《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)》、《互換性與技術(shù)測(cè)量》、《機(jī)械制圖》等。 六、主要參考文獻(xiàn) [1] 劉惟信編著.汽車制動(dòng)系的結(jié)構(gòu)分析與設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算.北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,2004 [2] 張洪欣主編.汽車設(shè)計(jì).北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1998 [3] 迪特馬爾·鮑曼；漢尼爾·施密特；赫伯特·福勒特；弗里德爾·凱勒.鼓式制動(dòng)器.中國專利:CN1386174，2002-12-18 [4] 行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)-機(jī)械(CSIC-JB). JB/T 7021-2006.鼓式制動(dòng)器連接尺寸.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2007-01-04 [5] 張平. 汽車鼓式制動(dòng)器 [P]. 中國專利:CN2908908,2007-06-06. [6] 王宣鋒.鼓式制動(dòng)器動(dòng)力學(xué)性能的研究.[碩士學(xué)位論文].黑龍江.哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué),2006 [7] 梁萍主編.機(jī)械工程制圖.成都：西南交通大學(xué)出版社.2003 [8] 汽車工程手冊(cè)編輯委員會(huì).汽車工程手冊(cè).北京：人民交通出版社，2002 [9] 謝進(jìn)，萬朝燕，杜力杰主編.機(jī)械原理.北京：高等教育出版社,2004 [10] 機(jī)械工程材料，于永泗，齊民編，大連理工大學(xué)出版社，2007。 [11] 濮良貴、紀(jì)名剛 主編. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)（第8版）. 北京：高等教育出版社，2006 [12] 孫恒、陳作模、葛文杰 主編. 機(jī)械原理（第7版）. 北京：高等教育出版社，2001 [13] 成大先主編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)（單行本）.北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2004.4. [14] 液壓與氣壓傳動(dòng)（第二版） 高等教育出版社 [15] 互換性與技術(shù)測(cè)量 華中科技大學(xué)出版社 [16] 汽車構(gòu)造與原理 （下冊(cè) 底盤 車身）第2版 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 [17] William Singhose.Doorookim.Michael Kenison.Input Shaping Control of Double-Pendulum Bridge Crane Oscillations[J],2008. [18] Moskvin.P.Diangnosing and forecasting the residual service life of Welded metal structures of bridge cranes using metal foils.Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing[J],2007. [19] Mine Demirsoy.The Effects of Oblique Running and Ideal Motion on Stress Analysis of Bridge Crane Wheels.Journal of Mechanical Design[J],2006. 七、指導(dǎo)教師意見 簽名： 年 月 日 南華大學(xué)船山學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 南 華 大 學(xué) 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)綜述報(bào)告 題 目 輕型汽車底盤鼓式制動(dòng)器設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué)院名稱 南華大學(xué)船山學(xué)院 指導(dǎo)教師 羅 金 良 職 稱 副 教 授 班 級(jí) 機(jī)械 072班 學(xué) 號(hào) 20079410211 學(xué)生姓名 李 確 2011年 5 月 29 日 1. 本設(shè)計(jì)（課題）研究的目的和意義 汽車的“行駛”、“轉(zhuǎn)彎”、“停車”3個(gè)最基本的機(jī)能之一的停車機(jī)能，是由制動(dòng)裝置來完成的。我們希望輕輕的踩下制動(dòng)踏板時(shí)，汽車就能很平穩(wěn)的停在所需要停車的地方。為了達(dá)到這一目的，必須充分考慮制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的控制機(jī)構(gòu)和制動(dòng)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的各種性能。 制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是汽車的一個(gè)重要組成部分，它直接影響汽車的安全性。隨著高速公路的快速發(fā)展和車流密度的日益增大，交通事故也不斷增加。據(jù)有關(guān)資料介紹，在由于車輛本身的問題而造成的交通事故中，制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)故障引起的事故為總數(shù)的45%?？梢?，制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是保證行車安全的極為重要的一個(gè)系統(tǒng)。此外，制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的好壞還直接影響車輛的平均車速和車輛的運(yùn)輸效率，也就是保證運(yùn)輸經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的重要因素。 雖然近幾年從德國大眾、法國雷諾、美國通用等國外汽車公司引進(jìn)了轎車，不少零配件的國產(chǎn)率也比較高，但引進(jìn)的主要是總成和零配件，沒有引進(jìn)開發(fā)技術(shù)，至于輕型貨車的開發(fā)技術(shù)引進(jìn)就更少了，所以我國自行開發(fā)輕型貨車及其轎車的能力，跟汽車發(fā)達(dá)國家相比差距還很大。 近年來，我國出版過一些汽車制動(dòng)方面的專著，但從數(shù)量上和深度上都遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足汽車工業(yè)運(yùn)輸業(yè)發(fā)展的要求。特別是在汽車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)方面與汽車發(fā)達(dá)國家相比水平差距甚遠(yuǎn)，許多尖端技術(shù)問題對(duì)我們來說迄今還不太了解。所以對(duì)于研究設(shè)計(jì)制動(dòng)器來說，在我國有著非常重要的影響。 2. 本設(shè)計(jì)（課題）國內(nèi)外研究歷史與現(xiàn)狀 今天，ABS/ASR已經(jīng)成為歐美和日本等發(fā)達(dá)國家汽車的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)備。 車輛制動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展主要是控制技術(shù)的發(fā)展。一方面是擴(kuò)大控制范圍、增加控制功能；另一方面是采用優(yōu)化控制理論，實(shí)施伺服控制和高精度控制。 在第一方面，ABS功能的擴(kuò)充除ASR外，同時(shí)把懸架和轉(zhuǎn)向控制擴(kuò)展進(jìn)來，使ABS不僅僅是防抱死系統(tǒng)，而成為更綜合的車輛控制系統(tǒng)。制動(dòng)器開發(fā)廠商還提出了未來將ABS/TCS和VDC與智能化運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)一體化運(yùn)用的構(gòu)想。隨著電子控制傳動(dòng)、懸架系統(tǒng)及轉(zhuǎn)向裝置的發(fā)展，將產(chǎn)生電子控制系統(tǒng)之間的聯(lián)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)，從而產(chǎn)生一些新的功能，如：采用電子控制的離合器可大大提高汽車靜止啟動(dòng)的效率；在制動(dòng)過程中，通過輸入一個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)命令給電子懸架系統(tǒng)，能防止車輛的俯仰。 在第二個(gè)方面，一些智能控制技術(shù)如神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制技術(shù)是現(xiàn)在比較新的控制技術(shù)，已經(jīng)有人將其應(yīng)用在汽車的制動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)中。ABS/ASR并不能解決汽車制動(dòng)中的所有問題。因此由ABS/ASR進(jìn)一步發(fā)展演變成電子控制制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)(EBS)，這將是控制系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要的方向。但是EBS要想在實(shí)際中應(yīng)用開來，并不是一個(gè)簡單的問題。除技術(shù)外，系統(tǒng)的成本和相關(guān)的法規(guī)是其投入應(yīng)用的關(guān)鍵。 經(jīng)過了一百多年的發(fā)展，汽車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的形式已經(jīng)基本固定下來。隨著電子，特別是大規(guī)模、超大規(guī)模集成電路的發(fā)展，汽車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的形式也將發(fā)生變化。如凱西.海斯(K.H)公司在一輛實(shí)驗(yàn)車上安裝了一種電—液(EH)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)徹底改變了制動(dòng)器的操作機(jī)理。通過采用4個(gè)比例閥和電力電子控制裝置，K.H公司的EBM就能考慮到基本制動(dòng)、ABS、牽引力控制、巡航控制制動(dòng)干預(yù)等情況，而不需另外增加任何一種附加裝置。EBM系統(tǒng)潛在的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制動(dòng)器能更加有效地分配基本制動(dòng)力，從而使制動(dòng)距離縮短5%。一種完全無油液、完全的電路制動(dòng)BBW(Brake.By.Wire)的開發(fā)使傳統(tǒng)的液壓制動(dòng)裝置成為歷史。 3. 目前存在的主要問題 電子制動(dòng)首先應(yīng)用到飛機(jī)上，目前處于向汽車領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用的研究和改進(jìn)階段，隨著技術(shù)進(jìn)步，各種問題會(huì)逐步得到解決，電制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)最終會(huì)取代傳統(tǒng)的以液壓為主的制動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)以及電液復(fù)合制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。電制動(dòng)或者線控制動(dòng)(BBW)是未來制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的方向。電制動(dòng)器和電制動(dòng)控制單元、制動(dòng)力模擬器是其重要組成部分，反饋制動(dòng)力給制動(dòng)踏板產(chǎn)生制動(dòng)感覺。從結(jié)構(gòu)上，電制動(dòng)具有其它傳統(tǒng)制動(dòng)無法比擬的優(yōu)點(diǎn)： (1)結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，系統(tǒng)質(zhì)量較傳統(tǒng)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)降低很多，從而減少了整車質(zhì)量； (2)制動(dòng)響應(yīng)時(shí)間短，提高制動(dòng)性能，縮短制動(dòng)距離； (3)系統(tǒng)中不存在制動(dòng)液，維護(hù)容易、簡單，采用電線連接，系統(tǒng)的耐久性能良好； (4)系統(tǒng)總成的制造、裝配、調(diào)試、標(biāo)定更快，易于采用模塊化結(jié)構(gòu)； (5)已經(jīng)開發(fā)出具有容錯(cuò)功能的適用于汽車的網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊協(xié)議如TTP/C，F(xiàn)lex Ray等通訊協(xié)議可以應(yīng)用到電制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中。 (6)易于進(jìn)行改進(jìn)和功能的增加，可以并入汽車CAN通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行集中管理和共享信息。 對(duì)于大部分人來說，電制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是全新的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，它為將來的智能化車輛提供了條件?；诂F(xiàn)在的技術(shù)條件，要全面應(yīng)用電制動(dòng)，還有很多問題需要面對(duì)： (1)驅(qū)動(dòng)能源問題，采用電子制動(dòng)需要較多的電能，一個(gè)盤式制動(dòng)器峰值需要lkW的驅(qū)動(dòng)能量，目前12V的車輛電力系統(tǒng)無法提供這么大的能量，未來的車輛動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)需要采用高壓電，加大能源供應(yīng)，以滿足各系統(tǒng)能量的需求，同時(shí)解決好高壓電的安全問題； (2)沒計(jì)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)時(shí)必須要考慮的是制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的失效問題，電制動(dòng)不存在主動(dòng)的備用制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，不論是ECU、傳感器、還是制動(dòng)器本身、線束失效，都能使制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)保證制動(dòng)的基本性能，除了ECU可以采用冗余設(shè)計(jì)外，實(shí)現(xiàn)電制動(dòng)的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)是相同失效時(shí)的信息交流協(xié)議如TTP/C等的研究應(yīng)用； (3)實(shí)現(xiàn)和汽車底盤其他控制系統(tǒng)的集成，仍有待研究； (4)采用電制動(dòng)后整車質(zhì)量有所減少，但是非簧載質(zhì)量可能會(huì)有所增加，這是要注意的； (5)制動(dòng)器在持續(xù)制動(dòng)或高強(qiáng)度制動(dòng)過程會(huì)產(chǎn)生高溫，這對(duì)電機(jī)和傳動(dòng)裝置的性能和散熱提出了高的要求。 (6)成本比原有液壓制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)高，提高電制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的性價(jià)比是需要解決的問題。 隨著技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，上述的各種問題會(huì)逐步得到解決。戴姆勒.克萊斯勒汽車公司已經(jīng)把一種電制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)——測(cè)控一體化制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)——安裝在奔馳乘用車上，它是一種功能強(qiáng)大的機(jī)電一體化的系統(tǒng)，在汽車運(yùn)行中，系統(tǒng)感知制動(dòng)踏板的動(dòng)作，并把相關(guān)信息傳遞給控制單元，控制單元發(fā)出指令給執(zhí)行器進(jìn)行各車輪的制動(dòng)，它可以根據(jù)制動(dòng)踏板的加速度來識(shí)別駕駛員是否正在進(jìn)行緊急制動(dòng)并做出迅速反應(yīng)，縮短制動(dòng)距離，這種系統(tǒng)會(huì)增加駕駛者的安全感和舒適感，使停車過程平順?？梢灶A(yù)見不久的將來會(huì)有更多的電制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)得到裝車應(yīng)用。 4. 本設(shè)計(jì)（課題）擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題和研究方法 根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)要求，本設(shè)計(jì)中采用了前輪采用雙領(lǐng)蹄式制動(dòng)器，后輪采用領(lǐng)從蹄式制動(dòng)器，駐車制動(dòng)采用中央帶式制動(dòng)器，緊急制動(dòng)是駐車制動(dòng)和行車制動(dòng)相結(jié)合的制動(dòng)方式。驅(qū)動(dòng)形式采用加真空助力器的液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)。 設(shè)計(jì)中制動(dòng)系的每一部分的的設(shè)計(jì)均按照相關(guān)要求進(jìn)行，并且進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證和校核，在制動(dòng)距離，制動(dòng)減速度，制動(dòng)器主要零部件的選取等等方面均滿足要求，達(dá)到了設(shè)計(jì)的預(yù)期要求。雖然本設(shè)計(jì)中在每一個(gè)單獨(dú)的設(shè)計(jì)部分滿足要求，但是汽車是一個(gè)相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的整體，在設(shè)計(jì)過程中對(duì)于汽車整個(gè)制動(dòng)性能部分和其它部件的匹配或者影響考慮的不夠，所以難免對(duì)于汽車的制動(dòng)性能這一塊有一定影響 本設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)制動(dòng)器進(jìn)行了優(yōu)選，使它更適用。 5. 參考文獻(xiàn) 1. 迪特馬爾·鮑曼；漢尼爾·施密特；赫伯特·福勒特；弗里德爾·凱勒.鼓式制動(dòng)裝置.中國專利:CN1386174，2002.12.18 2. 行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn).機(jī)械(CSIC.JB). 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William Singhose.Doorookim.Michael Kenison.Input Shaping Control of Double.Pendulum Bridge Crane Oscillations[J],2008. 23. Moskvin.P.Diangnosing and forecasting the residual service life of Welded metal structures of bridge cranes using metal foils.Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing[J],2007. 24. Mine Demirsoy.The Effects of Oblique Running and Ideal Motion on Stress Analysis of Bridge Crane Wheels.Journal of Mechanical Design[J],2006. 簽名： 年 月 日 附 錄 1 英文原文 The molding tool CAD gathers the technique Contents brief summary: Pass to analyze the calculator the assistance inject the mold design with make in the each link commonly shared of technique with information, this text announces to public to inject the mold CAD gathers technical and basic content, and the research heat that put forward it orders with trend. 0, preface The molding tool CAD gathers the technique is an important molding tool forerunner manufacturing technique, is the item reforms with the high technique traditional technical and important key in molding tool technique. From 6 5 plan beginning, Our country contain many molding tools business enterprise adoption CAD technique, especially recent years, the technical application in CAD is more and more widespread with thorough, shortened consumedly molding tool design period, Increases to make the mold quantity with the manufacturing ability that complicated molding tool.However, gather to the molding tool CAD because of many business enterprises technique cognition shortage, investment take the blindness, can't produce result nicely, Result in very big and wasted.This text gathers for the plastics molding tool CAD technique and its applications announce some standpoint, provide everybody consults. 1, the plastics molding tool CAD gathers technique The manufacturing of the plastics molding tool comtains the construction design of the shape design, molding tool and the number of the analysis, molding tools that include the plastics products control to process( I I , electricity process, the line incises etc.), throw the light with go together with to try the mold and take shape manufacturing etc. quickly.The each link a CAD for involving unit technique has: The shape design( CAD) with the construction, fast anti of the product shape beg( RE), construction analysis with excellent turn the design( CAE), lend support to the manufacturing( CAM) and process the process conjecture imitate true( SIMULATION), product and molding tools take shape( RP) quickly, assistance craft process( CAPP) with product data management technique( PDM) etc..The plastics molding tool CAD gathers technique, Is to gather plastics molding tool manufacturing process a various units for involving technique get up, unify the database to deliver the format with the document, realize the information gather share with the data resources, from but shorten the design manufacturing period of the molding tool consumedly, Increases to make the mold quantity. 2, the CAD design of the plastics product begs with fast anti of the shape The plastics molding tool that proceed the square one designs the manufacturing is the design of the EU a product.The traditional product design method is a design to product of three is conceive outline to use two I plane chart papers expresses to come out, marking clearly the craft and starting construction the method on the diagram paper, This kind of met hod comes to a decision the simple of a design sketch and can''ts control to make the quantity directly.The modern design method is a design establish the product directly on the computer of three the model of I , According to the product three I models proceed the molding tool construction the design and excellent turn the design, Design according to the molding tool construction again three I models proceed to process to weave the distance and establishment crafts plan.This kind of method makes product model design, molding tool construction design, process to weave distance and technological designs regard a data as the foundation, realizing the data share, Can not only increases to design the efficiency quickly, but also can guarantee the quantity, decline low cost. The source of the computer EU a product model has three kinds of: Making use of the CAD system software proceeds the product model the design and make use of the real object measures fast anti in proceeding beg to set up the mold and make use of the standard format document of the other the system of CAD.Source method that aim at these three kinds of products model, Have studied every kind of technique now to the design efficiency that increases product model with quantity.The underneath further analyzes every kind of technical content with the characteristics. Making use of the CAD system software proceeds the product model design, Its technique includes primarily two is are several why the sketch draws, two the parameter of is turn the design of the sketch, three i entity shape design, three icharacteristic shape design, three the parameter of is turn the entity shape the design, three i curved face shape design, free shape in space design, the external appearance of the product exaggerates, product of dynamic advertise to design the etc..These softwareses contain many typical representatives.Two the software of is have: ME10, CADKEY, AUTOCAD, DHCAD, Genis, etc. of Sigraph; three the software of is have: UGII, PRO/ E, IDEAS, CATIA, etc. of EUCLID; free shape in product and advertise the software of the design have: Alias, etc. of CDRS.Two is are several why the sketch draws is to make use of the flat surface CAD software draw the spare parts sketch, then replace the handicraft painting with the calculator; but two the parameter of is turn, Then the calculator realizes the sketch changes the deal designs, making modification more convenient; threeishape designs is a true shape that the product that the arithmetic figure turn design, it expressed completely product, Can be further to designs for the molding tool, analysis with processes the mathematics model of the necessity of offering; the free shape in space design is the art of the product shape to design, making product been not only is a function product, but also art article. It is every kind of need that the external appearance of the product exaggerate that product of the result designs, making product more beautiful, the color can attract people more; the dynamic advertisement design of the product is a result that design to make to promote the advertisement directly the product, Proceed the market expansion. Making use of the real object measures fast anti of proceeding beg to set up mold is current investigative a little bit hot of a, It is an important technique that product imitate the type foundation go forward a line of the product modification designs.Its basic principle is to passes three coordinateses measure the machine, laser measure machine or electronicses copy the few ò? to proceed to scan the diagraph to the real object, The data of large quantity that arithmetic figure turn that gets to measures the acquisition orders anti that send into the high class CAD software beg mold piece or appropriative anti beg the software inside, anti beg the software can read directly a data cluster, Combining can proceed the editor, filter, tidy up, beg the ?? to a data cluster, row preface, part modification and reorganization, then automatic born curved face, It is end to acquire together the real object precision is consistent of or computer EU a product model that pass through reforms.This way can increases biggest new product design velocity.Current mature curved face anti beg to set up the mold software has: Surfacer, Cimatronrenge, etc. of Strim100. Make use of the standard format document of the other the system of CAD to set up the mold, this way than convenience.Because the world of the market turns with the technical development in the network of INTERNET, The CAD technique exchanges of the molding tool business enterprise with cooperate to have many pass the CAD document method proceed.Because the CAD system category is more, therefore documentary format must follow the international standard, Such as the DXF, IGES, STEP, VDA, etc. of STL.Pass to read standard format document to establish directly or establish the product model after modifying, since can quickly, deepen the customer and the exchanges of the molding tool factory house, Also can shorten the product the design the period. 3, the CAD design of the molding tool and analysis The CAD design of the molding tool, analysis, Include to divide the type, certain type C? according to the product model molding tool of proceeding the design with the type D? , molding tool structural and detailed design, the plastics 3a fills process analysis etc. a few aspects.Make use of the advanced characteristic shape software,such as PRO/ E, etc. of UGII, the very easily certain dividing the type, Born top and bottom mold C? with mold D? , then the proceeding flows a way, sprinkle a people and cool off the pipe line of arrange etc..Made sure these designses data hereafter, then make use of the molding tool analysis software, Proceed such as the MOLDFLOW, CFLOW the plastics take shape the process analysis.According to the software of MOLDFOLW with it of the material, craft database of plentifulness, pass the importation take shape the craft parameter, Can the development imitate the true analysis plastics to inject in note EU mold C? the process flows the circumstance( the plastics with sprinkle a people more inject remits to flow the analysis of ?AE ), analyze the temperature pressure variety circumstance and analyze to note EU a 2D remaining should dint etc., According to analyze the circumstance to the rationality that check the molding tool construction, flow quantity problem etc. of the rationality, product of the appearance.For example whether the esse sprinkles to note the system not reasonable, appear to flow way with sprinkle a position size not appropriate, Can''t equilibrium alive with type C? ; whether to exsit product construction absurdity or molding tool constructions or not is not reasonable, appearing the product A dissatisfied( namely short shoot the phenomenon); whether to cool off asymmetry or not, the influence produces the efficiency with product quantity; Whether the esse notes the craft of EU wrong, appear the song of CI of the product transform etc..The molding tool passes the CAD the design with analyze, can dissolve mistake at design the stage, increase to try once the mold the success the rate. At plastics molding tool design with analyze to apply many new computer.aideds technique this stage, if the parameter turns technique, characteristic shape technique, database technique etc..There is many standards piece in the plastics molding tool, Turn such as the standard mold a parameter for outing organization, sprinkling noting system, cooling system...etc. can adopting basing on database managing the characteristic shape design method proceed the design or establish the standard a a, like this since can realize the data share, Can satisfy the customer again to the at any time modifying of the design, make the design analysis of the molding tool fast, accurate, efficiently.The parameter turns the characteristic shape can not only describe the product completely then several why sketch information, And can acquire accuracy, material and assemble etc. informations of the product, its a product for establishing model is a kind of apting to handle and can reflect design intention with process the model of the characteristic.Therefore, The parameter turns the characteristic shape technique is an one of the most important technique in process in manufacturing in molding tools. 4, the technical application in CAM of the molding tool, process to imitate true and manufacturingwww.mapeng.net ml;I processing, line incising to process, electricity spark processing to wait.The technique of CAM rises in the type C? , type D? of the complicated molding tool and the I I of the electrodes process particularly more important function.Its main technique characteristics includes: (1) the O , ?? processes the knife have the track excellent to turn the programming with the instruction of NC creation,(2) the knife has the category, characteristic to establish with the material ,(3) slicing the ?÷ process the craft parameter to really settle,(4) The commonness slices the ?÷ to slice with the high speed the characteristic that I process controls,(5) over slice the check with process the superficial accuracy control,(6) processing the computer entity of the process imitate the realistic I ,(7) The computer control number controls the technique of DNC and clusters of the machine bed control the technical and applied etc.. Need the CAD specially in technical application in CAM three I product model data.More profession computer plait distance software,such as MASTERCAM, UNIMOD, etc. of CIMATRON, when the plait distance of many curved faces processes have the higher request to the curved face model of the product, Intend with the high accuracy of the curved face to match such as the directional consistency, curved face in U, V of the close together curved face, inclined rate in curved face continuous variety etc..In high class CAD/ the integral whole of CAM turn system,( such as UGII, PRO/ E) Because making use of the parameter turns the characteristic shape design with same database technique, making the type C of the product model data, molding tool have the track data to have got the inside contact with the type D? model data, knife, The modification knife of the product model has the track to also modify automatically. The molding tool processes the entity imitates the true technique more and more mature, also is more and more valued by people.It is mimicry machine bed that processing the entity imitate process the process on the computer, can keep the result that view reflect process, Can takes the gauge of directly quantity that after processing spare parts, can check the mistake that process.At check quantity that after processing spare parts, can at the computer is last to process behind of the entity model proceeds the aleatoric EE slices, Measure its size directly with the accuracy.Therefore, it can dissolve mistake at process the stage of craft plait distance design, reduce to repair after processing with return the work, increases consumedly the manufacturing efficiency of the molding tool with quantity. 5, plastics product and its molding tools take shape the manufacturing quickly Plastics product and its molding tools use the computer CAD techniquewdesign after completing, can pass the fleetness take shape the technique make.This is the manufacturing technique of a kind of all new concept, It abandoned the traditional machine processes the method.Its take shape principle is three I CAD entity models are long.lost set up a series of a layer data of the thickness, make use of the laser take shape machine or others take shape the equipments read these datas, Increase the method technique with the material, pile up the each layer to take shape one by one in order.This technique calls the fleetness to take shape the technique automatically.( Rapid Prototype)It is also a CAD to gather the technical importance constitutes the part. The first pedestal takes shape the equipments quickly to bear in the United States a company in 1987, because of its characteristics is to has nothing to do with the complicated degree of the product of the manufacturing, bringing the manufacturing industry the enormous vibration.Henceforth decade, Take shape quickly the technique be flown to develop soon, the category of the equipments also piles up one after another, Turn from the material I the method can is divided into the laser with not the laser burns the knot method( SLS), solid surface layer shape method( SGC), layer a manufacturing method( LOM) and melt to sink to accumulate the method( FDM), district constituency glues the knot method( DSPC), laser spirit to sink to accumulate method( SALD) etc. mutually.Every kind of method characteristics is: The method of SLA is applied at the earliest stage of took shape the technique quickly, the early market occupied the bigger cent sum, but is narrow because of the material scope, the cost is higher, taking shape the piece was heat.proof and bore the burthen with applied color the ability low, The recent years was gradually replaced by the other method.The method of FDM because of taking shape the speed quick, the cost is low, get the good application in plastics product profession, because the size of the spare parts is small, accuracy bad, Also suffer certainly of restrict.The method of LOM because of adoption paper or is outline edge that thin slice plastics, the cost is low, and the laser projects light upon each layer only, as a result take shape the speed quick, But the product surface quantity is bad.The method of SLS proceeds to burn the knot with the laser, adoptive material than wide, if the plastics,Aˉ anticipates, porcelain and ceramics, metals etc. all can take shape, taking shape the piece is heat.proof and bear the burthen with apply color the ability stronger, Have the extensive and applied foreground.The other method also gets the application in some special kinds process. According to above take shape the method characteristics, take shape the technical function quickly to consist in primarily: The manufacturing useds for the design with the on trial product model, make to used for the small the molding tool that batch quantity produce to process with the special spare parts in small batch quantity.Take shape the product model of the technique manufacturing quickly in the aspects of material the ratio tradition processes the product model of the method manufacturing has the difference, But in shape and sizes almost complete similar, and there is certain machine strength, can make the function experiment, handles through surface at the same time, looking similar to true product, Can advertise the propaganda material.Take shape the molding tool of the technique manufacturing quickly, Is a soft material to take shape the mold( the mold of Aˉ , wreath oxygen resin mold, 1è rubber mold, low EU orders the metal alloy casts mold etc.) primarily to synthesize the hard type in material C mold with porcelain and ceramics or metals ?ùs now.Hard mold in manufacturing the hour can take shape with the fleetness the spare parts makes the female die, Create first the soft mold between wreath oxygen resin mold or other material, sprinkle to note porcelain and ceramics or gypsum molds in soft mold, then sprinkle the steel of ?y steel mold; or sprinkle the admixture that note in soft mold chemistry contain steel powder glue knot, Proceed to burn to become the steel mold.Take shape the steel mold of the technique manufacturing quickly to process after needing further did to throw light etc., make into the small batch quantity produce of note the mold of EU .Because the molding tool sprinkles to note or burn the knot with the steel powder but, Material and common molding tool steel contain certain margin, therefore, the life span is shorter, cans make to manufacture on a trial basis product or small batch quantities produce.Moreover, taking shape the technique quickly can also manufacture the special spare parts, If make with the metallurgy powder legal system the metals electrode, nicety cast the legal system makes the copper electrode, ND mold legal system makes graphite electrode etc.. Take shape the technique creation molding tool quickly to model the equipments with the product, all is STL to read CAD system creation or CLI etc. document format datas, Different document format data to the product accuracy of the creation contain bigger margin, therefore, study the system of CAD to take shape quickly the document format of the equipments output to have the very important meaning. 6, the molding tool CAD gathers technical development trend A calculator for saying, molding tool CAD gathering technique is applying in molding tool making each link assistance technique on the ×U with each link in