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湖 南 科 技 大 學 英文文獻翻譯 學 生 姓 名： 程志杰 學 院： 機電工程 專業(yè)及班級： 機械設計制造及其自動化 學 號： 1107010105 指導教師： 劉厚才 2015 年 05 月 28 日 English Literature Manufacturing is an important pillar of modern national economy and comprehensive national strength, its GDP is generally 20% - 55% of GDP.. In the composition of enterprise productivity in a country, the role of manufacturing technology is generally about 60%. Experts believe that the world's economic competition, mainly manufacturing technology competition. The competitiveness of the product is reflected in the market share of the products. With the rapid development of economic technology and the changing of customer demand and market environment, the competition is becoming fiercer, so the government pays great attention to the research on advanced manufacturing technology.. 1 manufacturing science to solve the current problems Manufacturing science to solve the current problems mainly in the following aspects: (1) manufacturing system is a complex system, in order to meet the manufacturing system agile, fast response and rapid reorganization of ability must learn from the information science, life science and social science interdisciplinary research, to explore the manufacturing system architecture, manufacturing mode and manufacturing system and effective operation mechanism. The structure and the good running of the manufacturing system are the main targets for the modeling, simulation and optimization of the manufacturing system.. Manufacturing system architecture not only on manufacturing enterprise agility and responsiveness to demand and ability to restructure has important significance and of production equipment manufacturing enterprises bottom flexibility and dynamic reconfiguration ability put forward higher requirements. The concept of bio manufacturing is increasingly introduced into the manufacturing system to meet the new requirements of manufacturing system.. (2) the sharing of geometric knowledge has become a key problem for the development and manufacturing of products in modern manufacturing technology.. For example, computer aided design and manufacturing (CAD / CAM) integrationcoordinates measurements (CMM) and robotics fields in 3D space (3-Real Space), there are geometric algorithm design and analysis a large number of problems, especially the geometric representation, geometric calculation and geometric reasoning in measurement; and robot path planning and parts searching (such as Localization), C- (Configuration space configuration space Space) geometric calculation and geometric reasoning; in the object operation (holding, grasping and assembling) description and robot multifingered grasp planning, motion planning and assembly operations planning is needed in the space of spinors (Screw Space) geometric reasoning. Geometry of the manufacturing process of the phenomenon of physics and mechanics formed a manufacturing science in geometric computing and reasoning the research topic, the theory needs to be further breakthrough, the current a new subject, computer geometry is being increasingly extensive and in-depth research. (3) in the modern manufacturing process, information is not only the decisive factor in the manufacturing industry, but also the most active driving factor.. Improving the information processing capability of manufacturing system has become a key point in the development of modern manufacturing science. Because of the multi levels of information organization and structure of manufacturing system, the acquisition, integration and fusion of manufacturing information are multi-dimensional, and information organization is multi-level.. In the aspects of the structure model of manufacturing information, the consistency constraint of manufacturing information, the communication processing and the manufacturing knowledge base management of mass data, there are also to be further breakthroughs. Frontier Science 2 Modern Mechanical Engineering Cross fusion between different science will produce new scientific aggregation, economic development and social progress of science and technology has produced new requirements and expectations, thus forming cutting-edge science. Frontier science is the boundary between solutions and unresolved scientific issues.. Frontier science has obvious time domain, domain and dynamic characteristic. The important feature of the engineering frontier science is that it covers the key science and technology problems in the engineering practice.. Ultrasonic motor, ultra-high speed cutting, green design and manufacturing, etc., has done a lot of research at home and abroad, but the key is the key to mechanical science is still uncertain. Optimizing the performance of large and complex mechanical system in China in the field of design and product innovation design, intelligent structures and systems, intelligent robot and its dynamics, nano tribology, the manufacturing process of 3-D numerical simulation and physical simulation, super precision of micro processing key technology, large and super large precision instrument equipment foundation design and manufacturing, virtual manufacturing and virtual instrument, nanometer measurement and instrumentation, parallel machine tool, micro electromechanical system although has done a lot of research, but there are still many key scientific and technological problems to be solved. Information science, nano science, material science, life science, management science and manufacturing science will change the mainstream science in the 21st century, the resulting high technology and its industry will change the world of appearance. Therefore, and these areas intersect fork development of manufacturing system and information science, nano mechanical and nano manufacturing science, bionic machine and bionic manufacturing, manufacturing management science and reconfigurable manufacturing system is an important frontier science in Mechanical Engineering Science in the 21st century. Material is the milestone of human progress, the basis of manufacturing and high technology development.. Each important new material of the successful preparation and application, will promote the material civilization, and promote the national economic strength and military strength. In the 21st century, the world will by the resource consumption industrial economy to knowledge economy, materials and parts with high performance and function, intelligent characteristics of; requirements materials and parts of the design and implementation of quantitative, digital requirements for materials and parts of the preparation of fast, efficient, and realize their integration, integration. The digital design and Simulation of the material and parts are the key to realize the high efficiency and high quality preparation / manufacture of the materials and parts and the integration of the two and the integrated manufacturing.. Hand, through the computer complete virtual simulation and optimization can be reduced after the material preparation and parts manufacturing process in the link, to obtain the optimal process scheme, materials and components, the production of high quality / manufacturing; on the other hand, according to requirements of different material properties, such as elastic modulus, thermal expansion coefficient, electromagnetic properties, research materials and parts of the design form. Combined with the traditional removal of material manufacturing technology, increase the material coating technology, and so on, study a variety of material components of the composite forming process technology. Forming materials and parts of the digital manufacturing theory, techniques and methods, such as rapid prototyping by material gradually increased as the principle, breaks through the traditional to material method and the deformation of machining method of the many restrictions, processing process does not require tool or mold, can quickly produce arbitrarily complex shape and has a certain function of three-dimensional entity model or parts. 英文文獻 制造業(yè)是現(xiàn)代國民經(jīng)濟和綜合國力的重要支柱，其生產(chǎn)總值一般占一個國家國內生產(chǎn)總值的20%—55%。在一個國家的企業(yè)生產(chǎn)力構成中，制造技術的作用一般占60%左右。專家認為，世界上各個國家經(jīng)濟的競爭，主要是制造技術的競爭。其競爭能力最終體現(xiàn)在所生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品的市場占有率上。隨著經(jīng)濟技術的高速發(fā)展以及顧客需求和市場環(huán)境的不斷變化，這種競爭日趨激烈，因而各國政府都非常重視對先進制造技術的研究。 1?當前制造科學要解決的問題? 當前制造科學要解決的問題主要集中在以下幾方面：? （1）制造系統(tǒng)是一個復雜的大系統(tǒng)，為滿足制造系統(tǒng)敏捷性、快速響應和快速重組的能力，必須借鑒信息科學、生命科學和社會科學等多學科的研究成果，探索制造系統(tǒng)新的體系結構、制造模式和制造系統(tǒng)有效的運行機制。制造系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化的組織結構和良好的運行狀況是制造系統(tǒng)建模、仿真和優(yōu)化的主要目標。制造系統(tǒng)新的體系結構不僅對制造企業(yè)的敏捷性和對需求的響應能力及可重組能力有重要意義，而且對制造企業(yè)底層生產(chǎn)設備的柔性和可動態(tài)重組能力提出了更高的要求。生物制造觀越來越多地被引入制造系統(tǒng)，以滿足制造系統(tǒng)新的要求。 （2）為支持快速敏捷制造，幾何知識的共享已成為制約現(xiàn)代制造技術中產(chǎn)品開發(fā)和制造的關鍵問題。例如在計算機輔助設計與制造(CAD／CAM)集成、坐標測量(CMM)和機器人學等方面，在三維現(xiàn)實空間(3-Real?Space)中，都存在大量的幾何算法設計和分析等問題，特別是其中的幾何表示、幾何計算和幾何推理問題；在測量和機器人路徑規(guī)劃及零件的尋位(如Localization)等方面，存在C-空間?(配置空間Configuration?Space)的幾何計算和幾何推理問題；在物體操作(夾持、抓取和裝配等)描述和機器人多指抓取規(guī)劃、裝配運動規(guī)劃和操作規(guī)劃方面則需要在旋量空間(Screw?Space)進行幾何推理。制造過程中物理和力學現(xiàn)象的幾何化研究形成了制造科學中幾何計算和幾何推理等多方面的研究課題，其理論有待進一步突破，當前一門新學科--計算機幾何正在受到日益廣泛和深入的研究。 （3）在現(xiàn)代制造過程中，信息不僅已成為主宰制造產(chǎn)業(yè)的決定性因素，而且還是最活躍的驅動因素。提高制造系統(tǒng)的信息處理能力已成為現(xiàn)代制造科學發(fā)展的一個重點。由于制造系統(tǒng)信息組織和結構的多層次性，制造信息的獲取、集成與融合呈現(xiàn)出立體性、信息度量的多維性、以及信息組織的多層次性。在制造信息的結構模型、制造信息的一致性約束、傳播處理和海量數(shù)據(jù)的制造知識庫管理等方面，都還有待進一步突破。 2?現(xiàn)代機械工程的前沿科學? 不同科學之間的交叉融合將產(chǎn)生新的科學聚集，經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和社會的進步對科學技術產(chǎn)生了新的要求和期望，從而形成前沿科學。前沿科學也就是已解決的和未解決的科學問題之間的界域。前沿科學具有明顯的時域、領域和動態(tài)特性。工程前沿科學區(qū)別于一般基礎科學的重要特征是它涵蓋了工程實際中出現(xiàn)的關鍵科學技術問題。? 超聲電機、超高速切削、綠色設計與制造等領域，國內外已經(jīng)做了大量的研究工作，但創(chuàng)新的關鍵是機械科學問題還不明朗。大型復雜機械系統(tǒng)的性能優(yōu)化設計和產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新設計、智能結構和系統(tǒng)、智能機器人及其動力學、納米摩擦學、制造過程的三維數(shù)值模擬和物理模擬、超精度和微細加工關鍵工藝基礎、大型和超大型精密儀器裝備的設計和制造基礎、虛擬制造和虛擬儀器、納米測量及儀器、并聯(lián)軸機床、微型機電系統(tǒng)等領域國內外雖然已做了不少研究，但仍有許多關鍵科學技術問題有待解決。 信息科學、納米科學、材料科學、生命科學、管理科學和制造科學將是改變21世紀的主流科學，由此產(chǎn)生的高新技術及其產(chǎn)業(yè)將改變世界的面貌。因此，與以上領域相交叉發(fā)展的制造系統(tǒng)和制造信息學、納米機械和納米制造科學、仿生機械和仿生制造學、制造管理科學和可重構制造系統(tǒng)等會是21世紀機械工程科學的重要前沿科學。 材料是人類進步的里程碑，是制造業(yè)和高技術發(fā)展的基礎。每一種重要新材料的成功制備和應用，都會推進物質文明，促進國家經(jīng)濟實力和軍事實力的增強。21世紀中，世界將由資源消耗型的工業(yè)經(jīng)濟向知識經(jīng)濟轉變，要求材料和零件具有高的性能以及功能化、智能化的特性；要求材料和零件的設計實現(xiàn)定量化、數(shù)字化；要求材料和零件的制備快速、高效并實現(xiàn)二者一體化、集成化。材料和零件的數(shù)字化設計與擬實仿真優(yōu)化是實現(xiàn)材料與零件的高效優(yōu)質制備／制造及二者一體化、集成化制造的關鍵。一方面，通過計算機完成擬實仿真優(yōu)化后可以減少材料制備與零件制造過程中的實驗性環(huán)節(jié)，獲得最佳的工藝方案，實現(xiàn)材料與零件的高效優(yōu)質制備／制造；另一方面，根據(jù)不同材料性能的要求，如彈性模量、熱膨脹系數(shù)、電磁性能等，研究材料和零件的設計形式。進而結合傳統(tǒng)的去除材料式制造技術、增加材料式覆層技術等，研究多種材料組分的復合成形工藝技術。形成材料與零件的數(shù)字化制造理論、技術和方法，如快速成形技術采用材料逐漸增長的原理，突破了傳統(tǒng)的去材法和變形法機械加工的許多限制，加工過程不需要工具或模具，能迅速制造出任意復雜形狀又具有一定功能的三維實體模型或零件。