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湖 南 科 技 大 學
英文文獻翻譯
學 生 姓 名： 楊力立
學 院： 機電工程學院
專業(yè)及班級： 11級機設(shè)三班
學 號： 1103010314
指 導 教 師： 李鵬南
2015 年 5 月 30 日
水平定向鉆機孔底鉆具的研究與應用
1. 孔底鉆具的組成與功能
1.1導向孔施工鉆具組成：鉆桿、發(fā)射器容納管和導向鉆頭。
導向孔施工鉆具具有鉆孔、變向、通磁和輸送鉆液的功能。通過人機協(xié)調(diào)控制，嚴格按已設(shè)計的軌跡完成導向孔施工。鉆孔施工是以高壓鉆液射流和鉆頭板切削共同完成的；鉆頭板以及安裝板上的鉆牙，在鉆頭旋轉(zhuǎn)鉆進時起輔助的切削作用，在鉆桿推進時起變向作用；發(fā)射器容納管用來放置發(fā)射器，在容納管上開有通磁槽，并用非金屬材料密封以防止高壓鉆液進入，發(fā)射器發(fā)射的電磁波經(jīng)通磁槽向外發(fā)射。鉆桿和鉆頭內(nèi)部應提供足夠大的通道以滿足對鉆液流量的需求。
1.2擴孔施工鉆具組成：鉆桿、回擴頭、旋轉(zhuǎn)接頭和回拉鉆桿。
當導向孔鉆進完成后，卸下導向鉆頭、發(fā)射器容納管，接上反向擴孔鉆頭和旋轉(zhuǎn)接頭，然后在旋轉(zhuǎn)接頭后接上回拉鉆桿，進行回拉擴孔鉆進。對直徑較大的孔，可進行多次擴孔鉆進，使鉆孔直徑逐漸擴大至尺寸要求。
1.3回拉鋪管施工
鉆具組成：回拉鉆桿、回擴頭、旋轉(zhuǎn)接頭和拉管頭。
當擴孔鉆進完成后，在回拉鉆桿后接上回擴頭和旋轉(zhuǎn)接頭，在旋轉(zhuǎn)接頭后接上拉管頭和待鋪設(shè)的管線進行反擴鋪管。
2. 主要鉆具的研究與應用
2.1鉆桿
鉆桿的質(zhì)量是施工成功的關(guān)鍵，施工中鉆桿的損壞將導致與鉆桿連接的孔底鉆具的丟失，無論是回擴頭還是價格昂貴的泥漿馬達、管線等。由于鉆桿對ＨＤＤ施工技術(shù)的成功起著基礎(chǔ)性的作用，所以近年來，鉆桿制造商們不斷采用先進技術(shù)致力于改進鉆桿的結(jié)構(gòu)，提高其性能和質(zhì)量。
目前，ＨＤＤ鉆桿主要分為整體式和焊接式兩種結(jié)構(gòu)形式。
摩擦焊接式鉆桿實現(xiàn)了鉆桿最佳結(jié)構(gòu)組合，這就意味著為滿足不同需要的、不同性能的材料能夠被用來做鉆桿的不同部位。磨擦焊接鉆桿具有很高的機械性能、耐磨性能，而且重量輕、柔韌性好，可方便地實現(xiàn)不同形式的螺紋接頭與不同規(guī)格的鋼管的焊接組合。
摩檫焊接式鉆桿的技術(shù)關(guān)鍵是焊接質(zhì)量，如果焊接及熱處理過程控制得當，摩擦焊接的連接強度應達到甚至高于母材本身強度。
為了保證焊接質(zhì)量，國外制造商用于制造摩擦焊接鉆桿的設(shè)備均采用先進的計算機監(jiān)控和數(shù)據(jù)記錄技術(shù)。通過監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)確保每根鉆桿所有焊接重要參數(shù)均按照預先給定的數(shù)值執(zhí)行。也就是說，一批鉆桿中的任何一根鉆桿，均控制在嚴格的公差范圍內(nèi)，由計算機監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)確保其焊接性能的一致性。而且通過單根鉆桿試驗測試，能夠提供一批鉆桿中的每根鉆桿的完整的、可靠的性能數(shù)據(jù)。
焊后整體電磁感應熱處理，是整個處理過程的重要階段。近年來通過科研部門不斷研究與試驗，目前能夠使得焊接后焊縫的機械性能達到甚至超過母材本身性能，包括耐久性能、焊接安全方面等。
為了提高螺紋表面硬度，防止螺紋本身產(chǎn)生任何可能的咬合，加工后的螺紋接頭的表面，特別是螺紋部分都要進行滲氮處理。
用于制造鉆桿的鋼管采用高等級無縫鋼管，且經(jīng)過淬火和回火處理。
摩擦式焊接鉆桿另一好處是，可以對鉆桿內(nèi)部鉆液通道進行設(shè)計。其中螺紋接頭內(nèi)孔通道的設(shè)計充分考慮了盡量減少液體通過時的液壓損失，特別是減少螺紋連接頭部分造成的損失，能大大提高鉆液系統(tǒng)的工作效率。
在螺紋接頭設(shè)計上采用了切去頂端的、園錐型的螺紋設(shè)計，這種設(shè)計既能增加連接強度，又能在不用附加墊圈的幫助下起到很好的密封作用。
實踐表明，要使用更強有力的孔底鉆具和鉆進設(shè)備，獲得最大的鉆孔直徑和最小的曲率半徑，就需要特殊設(shè)計的高品質(zhì)的鉆桿以滿足施工要求。
2.2導向鉆進鉆具組合
（１）通用型
組成：通用探測裝置容納器、變向鉆頭體和板式切削刀具。
通常用于中軟土壤和回填土層施工，可更換硬地型鉆頭牙齒，用于硬地層的施工，包括硬土、巖土、礫石和軟巖層。
（２）硬地層型
組成：通用探測裝置容納器、帶彎曲式噴射管和
（ａ）可分開的噴射頭，適用于在軟土層可控噴射施工；
（ｂ）巖石鉆頭，適用于混合層鉆進，在堅硬的部分允許巖石鉆頭旋轉(zhuǎn)鉆進。
（３）軟巖層型
? 組成：通用探測裝置容納器、錘體、錘頭
適用于在硬地面和軟巖層中進行高穿透鉆進和轉(zhuǎn)向
（４）巖石型
組成：通用的探測裝置容納器、轉(zhuǎn)換接頭、泥漿馬達、巖石鉆頭
適用于巖石層鉆進施工
2.3回擴鉆進用鉆具
（１）帶長槽的回擴頭
特點：３０度錐體形狀，有利于高效率的切削和擠壓土壤；可獲得多種螺紋和背端連接形式；向前和向后噴射鉆液的噴嘴為可換式；ＴＣ巖石牙齒；凹槽體用來高效率排除鉆屑；標準尺寸８＂（２００ｍｍ）一２０＂（５００ｍｍ）
適用于普遍的工程條件，在中密度粘土、礫泥粘土和含巖土壤（礫石、鵝卵石等）中施工，兼有飛旋刀式切割器和錐形擠擴器的復合功能，具有很高的施工效率。
安裝ＴＣ巖石切削牙齒，可提高切削作用。普遍適用于中等硬度土層，特別適合在硬土和巖石土層中施工。
（２）飛旋刀式回擴器
特點：開放式鉆體，３０度錐型切削臂，與擠壓式相比具有極好的排屑和混合的作用。是一種獨特地萬能回擴器，在沙地、軟土層、粘土層和混凝料中施工具有極好的性能，可有效的使泥漿與土壤混合成流動的混合物，具有理想的排屑和強大的混合作用。標準尺寸８＂（２００ｍｍ）一２０＂（５００ｍｍ）。
（３）旋桶式回擴器
特點：適合于中大型鉆機；開放式鉆體，三臂式設(shè)計，具有高效率的切削和排屑能力?？筛鼡Q巖石切削牙齒，可更換的向前和向后噴嘴，標準尺寸１２＂（３００ｍｍ），焊接符合ＡＰＩ工業(yè)標準５Ｃ６。
一般用于，破碎黏土型土壤優(yōu)于擠壓式，這種飛刀具有卓越的切削和排屑特性，常常與桶式回擴器一起使用。
（４）桶式回擴器
特點：適合于中大型鉆機。３０度前后錐體；可更換的巖石切削牙齒；前后端均帶有可更換的噴嘴；標準尺寸１２＂（３００ｍｍ）。桶式回擴器在黏土、礫泥、混凝料和巖土中施工具有極好的切削和擠壓性能，主要用于擠壓土壤（軟黏土、泥炭土），在土壤中擠擴出洞孔并保持.
Horizontal Directional Drill Hole Drill end of the study and application
1. of a drill hole end of a composition and function.
1.1 Construction of drill hole orientation : drill pipe, a launcher tube and a guide to accommodate bit.
Construction of drill hole orientation with drilling, to change, through magnetic and drilling fluid delivery functions. Coordinated by computer control, in strict accordance with the design of the track has been completed oriented hole. Drilling is drilling high pressure liquid jet cutting board and bit accomplished; Bits board and the installation of boards of drilling teeth. Rotary drilling bit at the time supporting Cutting role in promoting the drill pipe at changes to the role; transmitters placed to accommodate tube launcher, to accommodate the opening of a Magnetic planters, Non-metallic materials and sealed to prevent the entry of high pressure drilling fluid, launch vehicles by the electromagnetic field Magnetic tank fired. Internal drill pipe and drill should provide sufficient access to meet the drilling fluid flow needs.
1.2 the construction of bore hole : drill pipe, the first to expand, the rotary joint drill pipe and back to Rafah. When the guide hole drilling is completed, unloaded oriented bit, to accommodate tube launchers and connect with reverse bore bit and rotary joint, Then after the rotary joint drill pipe connected to Rafah, to Reamer drilling. The large diameter holes, a number of bore drilling, hole diameter gradually expanded to the size requirement.
1.3 back to Rafah Pipeline Construction hole : drill pipe to Rafah, to expand first, rotating joints and pipe-drawing tools. When the bore drilling is completed, the drill pipe to Rafah after expanding access to the first and rotary joint, After the rotary connector connected pipe-drawing tools and the laying of pipelines to be anti-expansion Pipeline.
2. the main drill a research and application,
2.1 the drill pipe drilling pipe construction quality is the key to success. Construction of the pipe and caused damage to the drill pipe connecting the end of drill hole of the lost, whether to expand or expensive first mud motors, and pipelines. As the drill pipe construction of HDD technology to the success of a basic role, in recent years, drill pipe manufacturers have continued to adopt advanced technology to improve the structure of the pipe to improve its performance and quality. Currently, the main HDD drill pipe into the overall style and welded two structural forms. Friction welding type of drill pipe drilling pipe achieve the best combination of structure, which means that in order to meet different needs. Performance of different materials can be used in different parts of the pipe. Friction welding drill pipe with high mechanical properties, wear resistance, light weight, good flexibility, a convenient way to different forms of threaded joints with different specifications of the pipe welding portfolio. Mount Sassafras drill pipe-welding technology is the key to the quality of welding, welding and heat treatment process control properly, Friction welding connection strength should reach even higher than the base material itself intensity. To ensure the quality of welding. foreign manufacturers for the manufacture of drill pipe friction welding equipment has been used advanced computer control and data recording technology. Through the monitoring system to ensure that every root of all drill pipe welding parameters in accordance with prior to the numerical implementation. In other words, a group of drill pipe in any one drill pipe, are strictly controlled in the context of tolerance, by the computer monitoring system to ensure that the welding performance consistency. And drill pipe through a single test, a number of drill pipe to provide each of the roots of the pipe complete, reliable performance data. After welding overall electromagnetic induction heat treatment, the whole process is an important stage. In recent years, considerable research through research and testing, now be able to make a welded seam mechanical properties to meet or surpass the performance of the base material itself, including durability, welding safety aspects. In order to improve the surface hardness thread, thread itself to prevent any possible occlusion, the post-processing on the surface of the nipple. Thread particular part should be carried out nitriding treatment. Drill pipe used in the manufacture of steel pipes used high-grade seamless steel tubes, and after quenching and tempering. Friction welding drill pipe Another advantage is being able to drill pipe internal drilling fluid channel design. Within which the nipple holes in the design of the Corridor full consideration to minimize the liquid through the hydraulic losses Special connecting thread is the first reduction of the loss, will greatly enhance the drilling fluid system efficiency. Threaded joints in the design using the top of the basket, the landscape of conical threaded design that can connect to increase strength, can in no additional washers with the help of the enclosed play a very good role. Practice shows that the use of more powerful drill holes and underground drilling equipment, maximum hole diameter and the smallest curvature radius, on the special needs of high-quality design of the drill pipe to meet the construction requirements.
2.2 guided boring BHA
(1) Universal : Universal Detection device for capacity, Variable bit to the plate-and cutting tools. It is normally used in soft soil and backfill soil construction, replacement of hard-bit teeth, hard formation for the construction, including the hard soil, rock, gravel and soft rock.
(2) Rigid-formation comprising : Definitive detection devices installed capacity, belt-injection tube bending and (a) separate from the spray head, apply to soft soil controllable jet construction; (b) rock drill, as applied to drilling mixed layer, In hard rock section allows rotary drilling bits.
(3) soft-rock composition : Definitive detection devices installed capacity, hammer, Hammerhead applicable to the hard ground and soft rock drilling high penetration and to
(4) Rock : Definitive detection devices to accommodate devices, change the connector, mud motors, bits of rock to rock Drilling
2.3 used to expand drilling hole
(1) with long shafts to extend the first features : 30 degrees cone shape, conducive to efficient cutting and squeezing soil; access to a variety of back end and threaded connection forms; forward and backward drilling fluid spray nozzle of the can for TC-rock teeth; Groove can be used to efficiently remove cuttings; Dimensions 8 "(200mm) a 20" (500mm) applicable to the general condition of the project, in the density of clay, gravel and mud-rock clay soil (gravel, cobble, etc.) construction, both warm-cutting with a knife and squeezed Cone for the composite function with high efficiency of the construction. Installation TC rock cutting teeth, can improve cutting. Generally applied to medium hardness of the soil, and are particularly suited to the hard rock and soil layer construction.
(2) mid-knife to expand on features : open drilling body 30 degrees conical cutting arm, In comparison with the extrusion is excellent BTA and mixed role. Is a unique way to expand is omnipotent, in the sand, soft soil, clay and concrete compound layer construction with excellent performance, to be effective so that the soil mixed with the mud flow into the mixture has the ideal BTA and powerful mixing. Dimensions 8 "(200mm) a 20" (500mm).
(3) spin-barrel-back expansion device features : suitable for medium and large drilling rig; open drilling body, three-arm design. with high efficiency and the cutting ability of BTA. Replacement rock cutting teeth can be replaced by the forward and backward nozzle, the standard size of 12 "(300mm). Welding with industry standard API 5C6. generally used, broken clay soil superior extrusion type, This trace was excellent cutting properties and BTA, often with a barrel-to expand the use of devices together.
(4) barrel-type device to expand features : suitable for medium and large rigs. 30 degrees around the cone; Replacement rock cutting teeth; both before and after the end can be replaced with the nozzle; standard size 12 "(300mm). Barrel - type device to expand in clay, gravel soil, aggregates and construction with the rock cutting and excellent properties, used mainly for extrusion soil (soft clay, peat), in soil squeezed out holes and maintain.
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