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湖 南 科 技 大 學(xué) 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文資料翻譯 學(xué)院 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院 專業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 姓名 范廣帥 學(xué)號(hào) 1103010101 指導(dǎo)教師 李鵬南 附件 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文翻譯 二〇一五年 五月 二十八日 ABOUT MODERN INDUSTRIAL MANIPULATOR Robot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on. With the development of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are come into being. The practicality use of robot not only solves the problems which are difficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrial automation program. Modern industrial robots are true marvels of engineering. A robot the size of a person can easily carry a load over one hundred pounds and move it very quickly with a repeatability of 0.006inches. Furthermore these robots can do that 24hours a day for years on end with no failures whatsoever. Though they are reprogrammable, in many applications they are programmed once and then repeat that exact same task for years. At present, the research and development of robot involves several kinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex that the cost at large is high which to a certain extent limit the robot abroad use. To development economic practicality and high reliability robot system will be value to robot social application and economy development. With he rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewage is increasing quickly; with the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized the importance and urgent of sewage disposal. Active bacteria method is an effective technique for sewage disposal. The abundance requirement for lacunaris plastic makes it is a consequent for plastic producing with automation and high productivity. Therefore, it is very necessary to design a manipulator that can automatically fulfill the plastic holding. With the analysis of the problems in the design of the plastic holding manipulator and synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical configuration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration, electronic, software and hardware. In this article, the mechanical configuration combines the character of direction coordinate which can improve the stability and operation flexibility of the system. The main function of the transmission mechanism is to transmit power to implement department and complete the necessary movement. In this transmission structure, the screw transmission mechanism transmits the rotary motion into linear motion. Worm gear can give vary transmission ratio. Both of the transmission mechanisms have a characteristic of compact structure. The design of drive system often is limited by the environment condition and the factor of cost and technical lever. The step motor can receive digital signal directly and has the ability to response outer environment immediately and has no accumulation error, which often is used in driving system. In this driving system, open-loop control system is composed of stepping motor, which can satisfy the demand not only for control precision but also for the target of economic and practicality. On this basis, the analysis of stepping motor in power calculating and style selecting is also given. The analysis of kinematics and dynamics for object holding manipulator is given in completing the design of mechanical structure and drive system. Current industrial approaches to robot arm control treat each joint of the robot arm as a simple joint servomechanism. The servomechanism approach models the varying dynamics of a manipulator inadequately because it neglects the motion and configuration of the whole arm mechanism. These changes in the parameters of the controlled system sometimes are significant enough to render conventional feedback control strategies ineffective. The result is reduced servo response speed and damping, limiting the precision and speed of the end-effecter and making it appropriate only for limited-precision tasks. Manipulators controlled in this manner move at slow speeds with unnecessary vibrations. Any significant performance gain in this and other areas of robot arm control require the consideration of more efficient dynamic models, sophisticated control approaches, and the use of dedicated computer architectures and parallel processing techniques. In the industrial production and other fields, people often endangered by such factors as high temperature, corrode, poisonous gas and so forth at work, which have increased labor intensity and even jeopardized the life sometimes. The corresponding problems are solved since the robot arm comes out. The arms can catch, put and carry objects, and its movements are flexible and diversified. It applies to medium and small-scale automated production in which production varieties can be switched. And it is widely used on soft automatic line. The robot arms are generally made by withstand high temperatures, resist corrosion of materials to adapt to the harsh environment. So they reduced the labor intensity of the workers significantly and raised work efficiency. The robot arm is an important component of industrial robot, and it can be called industrial robots on many occasions. Industrial robot is set machinery, electronics, control, computers, sensors, artificial intelligence and other advanced technologies in the integration of multidisciplinary important modern manufacturing equipment. Widely using industrial robots, not only can improve product quality and production, but also is of great significance for physical security protection, improvement of the environment for labor, reducing labor intensity, improvement of labor productivity, raw material consumption savings and lowering production costs. There are such mechanical components as ball footbridge, slides, air control mechanical hand and so on in the design. A programmable controller, a programming device, stepping motors, stepping motors drives, direct current motors, sensors, switch power supply, an electromagnetism valve and control desk are used in electrical connection. 關(guān)于現(xiàn)代工業(yè)機(jī)械手 機(jī)器人是典型的機(jī)電一體化裝置，它綜合運(yùn)用了機(jī)械與精密機(jī)械、微電子與計(jì)算機(jī)、自動(dòng)控制與驅(qū)動(dòng)、傳感器與信息處理以及人工智能等多學(xué)科的最新研究成果，隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和各行各業(yè)對自動(dòng)化程度要求的提高，機(jī)器人技術(shù)得到了迅速發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了各種各樣的機(jī)器人產(chǎn)品?，F(xiàn)代工業(yè)機(jī)器人是人類真正的奇跡工程。一個(gè)像人那么大的機(jī)器人可以輕松地抬起超過一百磅并可以在誤差0.006英寸內(nèi)重復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。更重要的是這些機(jī)器人可以每天24小時(shí)不停止地工作。在許多應(yīng)用中他們是通過編程控制的，但是他們一旦編程一次，他們可以重復(fù)地做同一個(gè)工作許多年。機(jī)器人產(chǎn)品的實(shí)用化，既解決了許多單靠人力難以解決的際問題，又促進(jìn)了工業(yè)自動(dòng)化的進(jìn)程。 目前，由于機(jī)器人的研制和開發(fā)涉及多方面的技術(shù)，系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，開發(fā)和研制的成本普遍較高，在某種程度上限制了該項(xiàng)技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用，因此，研制經(jīng)濟(jì)型、實(shí)用化、高可靠性機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)具有廣泛的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)意義和經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。由于我國經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)和城市化的快速發(fā)展，城市污染排水放量增長很快，污水處理已經(jīng)擺在了人們的議事日程上來。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和人類知識(shí)水平的提高，人們越來越認(rèn)識(shí)到污水處理的重要性和迫切性，科學(xué)家和研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)塑料制品在水中時(shí)用于污水處理的很有效地污泥菌群的附著體。塑料制品的大量需求，使得塑料制品生產(chǎn)的自動(dòng)化和高效率要求成為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的必然。本文結(jié)合塑料一次擠出成型機(jī)和塑料抓取機(jī)械手的研制過程中出現(xiàn)的問題，綜述近幾年機(jī)器人技術(shù)研究和發(fā)展的狀況，在從分發(fā)揮機(jī)、電、軟、硬件各自特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢互補(bǔ)的基礎(chǔ)上，對物料抓取機(jī)械手整體機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)、傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置和控制系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了分析和設(shè)計(jì)，提出了一套經(jīng)濟(jì)型設(shè)計(jì)方案。采用直角坐標(biāo)和關(guān)節(jié)坐標(biāo)相結(jié)合的框架式機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)形式，這種方式能夠提高系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性和操作靈活性。傳動(dòng)裝置的作用是將驅(qū)動(dòng)元件的動(dòng)力傳遞給機(jī)器人機(jī)械手相應(yīng)的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)各種必要的運(yùn)動(dòng)，傳動(dòng)方式上采用結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、傳動(dòng)比答得蝸輪蝸桿傳動(dòng)和將旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換為直線運(yùn)動(dòng)的螺旋傳動(dòng)。機(jī)械手驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)往往受到作業(yè)環(huán)境條件的限制，同時(shí)也要考慮價(jià)格因素的影響以及能夠達(dá)到的技術(shù)水平。由于步進(jìn)電機(jī)能都直接接收數(shù)字量，響應(yīng)速度快而且工作可靠并無累計(jì)誤差，常用作數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的動(dòng)力元件，因此，在驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置中采用由步進(jìn)電機(jī)構(gòu)成的環(huán)控制方式，這種方式技能滿足控制精度的要求，又能達(dá)到經(jīng)濟(jì)型、實(shí)用化目的。 目前的工業(yè)機(jī)械臂控制將每一個(gè)機(jī)械臂的聯(lián)合看做一個(gè)簡單的聯(lián)合伺服。伺服方法不能從分地模仿不同的動(dòng)力學(xué)機(jī)械手，因?yàn)樗雎粤藱C(jī)械手整體的運(yùn)動(dòng)和配置。這些控制系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)的變化有時(shí)是足夠重要，以至于使常規(guī)的反饋控制方法失效。其結(jié)果是減少了伺服相應(yīng)的速度和阻尼，限制了京都和最終效應(yīng)的速度，使系統(tǒng)僅適用于有限精度的工作。機(jī)械手以這種方式控制速度降低而沒有不必要的震動(dòng)。任何在這一領(lǐng)域和其它領(lǐng)域的機(jī)械臂性能增益要求更有效率的動(dòng)態(tài)模型、精密的控制方法、專門的計(jì)算機(jī)架構(gòu)和并行處理技術(shù)。 在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和其他領(lǐng)域，人們通過高溫，這些因素往往瀕危腐蝕，有毒氣體和工作等等，增加了工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，甚至于危及生命。相應(yīng)的問題都解決了機(jī)械手問世以來。手臂可以趕上，提出和實(shí)施的對象，其動(dòng)作靈活多樣。適用于可變換生產(chǎn)品種的中、小批量自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)。它廣泛應(yīng)用于柔性自動(dòng)線。機(jī)械手一般由耐高溫，抗蝕劑材料適應(yīng)惡劣環(huán)境腐蝕。大大降低了工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和提高工作效率。機(jī)械手是工業(yè)機(jī)器人的一個(gè)重要組成部分，它可以稱為工業(yè)機(jī)器人在許多場合。工業(yè)機(jī)器人是集機(jī)械，電子，控制，計(jì)算機(jī)，傳感器，在多學(xué)科的重要的現(xiàn)代制造設(shè)備集成人工智能等先進(jìn)技術(shù)。廣泛采用工業(yè)機(jī)器人，不僅可以提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)量，而且具有重要意義的物理安全的保護(hù)，改善勞動(dòng)環(huán)境，減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率，節(jié)約原材料消耗以及降低生產(chǎn)成本。 有滾珠絲杠等機(jī)械部件，幻燈片，氣控機(jī)械手等的設(shè)計(jì)。可編程控制器，可編程裝置，步進(jìn)電機(jī)，步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)器，直流電機(jī)，傳感器，開關(guān)電源，電磁閥和控制臺(tái)用于電氣連接。 - 4 -