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機械設計
摘要： 機器是由機械裝置和其它組件組成的。它是一種用來轉換或傳遞能量的裝置，例如：發(fā)動機、渦輪機、車輛、起重機、印刷機、洗衣機、照相機和攝影機等。許多原則和設計方法不但適用于機器的設計，也適用于非機器的設計。術語中的“機械裝置設計” 的含義要比“機械設計”的含義更為廣泛一些，機械裝置設計包括機械設計。在分析運動及設計結構時，要把產(chǎn)品外型以及以后的保養(yǎng)也要考慮在機械設計中。在機械工程領域中，以及其它工程領域中，所有這些都需要機械設備，比如：開關、凸輪、閥門、船舶以及攪拌機等。
關鍵詞： 設計流程 設計規(guī)則 機械設計
設計流程
設計開始之前就要想到機器的實際性，現(xiàn)存的機器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的機器必需具有以前機器所能執(zhí)行的功能。
在設計的初始階段，應該允許設計人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性，不要受到任何約束。即使產(chǎn)生了許多不切實際的想法，也會在設計的早期，即在繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不致于阻斷創(chuàng)新的思路。通常,還要提出幾套設計方案，然后加以比較。很有可能在這個計劃最后決定中,使用了某些不在計劃之內(nèi)的一些設想。
一般的當外型特點和組件部分的尺寸特點分析得透徹時，就可以全面的設計和分析。接著還要客觀的分析機器性能的優(yōu)越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且競爭力的成本也要考慮在分析結果之內(nèi)。每一個至關重要的部分要優(yōu)化它的比例和尺寸，同時也要保持與其它組成部分相協(xié)調(diào)。
也要選擇原材料和處理原材料的方法。通過力學原理來分析和實現(xiàn)這些重要的特性，如那些靜態(tài)反應的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像動力慣性、加速動力和能量；包括彈性材料的強度、應力和剛度等材料的物理特性，以及流體潤滑和驅動器的流體力學。設計的過程是重復和合作的過程，無論是正式或非正式的進行，對設計者來說每個階段都很重要。
最后，以圖樣為設計的標準，并建立將來的模型。如果它的測試是符合事先要求的，則再將對初步設計進行某些修改，使它能夠在制造成本上有所降低。產(chǎn)品的設計需要不斷探索和發(fā)展。許多方案必須被研究、試驗、完善，然后決定使用還是放棄。雖然每個工程學問題的內(nèi)容是獨特的，但是設計師可以按照類似的步驟來解決問題。
產(chǎn)品的責任訴訟迫使設計人員和公司在選擇材料時，采用最好的程序。在材料過程中，五個最常見的問題為：（a）不了解或者不會使用關于材料應用方面的最新最好的信息資料；(b)未能預見和考慮材料的合理用途（如有可能，設計人員還應進一步預測和考慮由于產(chǎn)品使用方法不當造成的后果。在近年來的許多產(chǎn)品責任訴訟案件中，由于錯誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠家，并且贏得判決）；(c)所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定，尤其是當其性能數(shù)據(jù)長期不更新；(d)質量控制方法不適當和未經(jīng)驗證；(e)由一些完全不稱職的人員選擇材料。
通過對上述五個問題的分析，可以得出這些問題是沒有充分理由而存在的結論。對這些問題的研究分析可以為避免這些問題的出現(xiàn)而指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產(chǎn)品責任訴訟，設計人員和工業(yè)界按照適當?shù)某绦蜻M行材料選擇，可以大大減少訴訟的數(shù)量。
從以上的討論可以看出，選擇材料的人們應該對材料的性質，特點和加工方法有一個全面而基本的了解。
在隨后生產(chǎn)和售后服務的幾年中，要接受新觀念的變化，或者由試驗和經(jīng)驗為基礎，進一步分析并改進。
一些設計規(guī)則
在本節(jié)中，建議要運用創(chuàng)造性的態(tài)度來替代和改進。也許會創(chuàng)造出更實用、更經(jīng)濟、更耐用的產(chǎn)品。
為了激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維，下列是設計和分析的建議規(guī)則。前六個規(guī)則對設計者來說特別適用。
1. 要有創(chuàng)造性的利用所需要的物理性質和控制過程。
2. 認識負載產(chǎn)生的影響及其意義。
3. 預測沒有想到的負載。
4. 創(chuàng)造出對載荷更為有利的條件。
5. 提供良好的應力分布和最小的剛度條件。
6. 運用最簡單的方程來優(yōu)化體積和面積。
7. 選擇組合材料。
8. 仔細選擇所備的原料和不可缺少的組件。
9. 調(diào)整有效的設計方案，以適應生產(chǎn)過程和降低成本。
10. 規(guī)定好準確的位置條件為了使組件安裝時不干涉。
機械設計包括一下內(nèi)容：
1. 對設計過程、設計所需要公式以及安全系數(shù)進行介紹。
2. 回顧材料特性、靜態(tài)和動態(tài)載荷分析，包括梁、振動和沖擊載荷。
3. 回顧應力的基本規(guī)律和失效分析。
4. 介紹靜態(tài)失效理論和靜態(tài)載荷下機械斷裂分析。
5. 介紹疲勞失效理論并強調(diào)在壓力條件下接近高循環(huán)的疲勞設計，這通常用在旋轉機械的設計中。
6. 深入探討機械磨損機理、表面接觸應力和表面疲勞現(xiàn)象。
7. 使用疲勞分析技術校核軸的設計。
8. 討論潤滑油膜與滾動軸承的理論和應用。
9. 深入介紹直齒圓柱齒輪的動力學、設計和應力分析，并簡單介紹斜齒輪、錐齒輪和渦輪有關方面的問題。
10. 討論彈簧設計、螺桿等緊固件的設計，包括傳動螺桿和預緊固件。
11. 介紹盤式和鼓式離合器以及制動器的設計和技術說明。
機械設計
一臺完整機器的設計是一個復雜的過程。機械設計是一項創(chuàng)造性的工作。設計工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性，還必須在機械制圖、運動學、工程材料、材料力學和機械制造工藝學等方面具有深厚的基礎知識。
任何產(chǎn)品在設計時第一步就是選擇產(chǎn)品每個部分的構成材料。許多的材料被今天的設計師所使用。對產(chǎn)品的功能，它的外觀、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必要的選擇是十分重要的。對材料的特性必須事先作出仔細的評估。
仔細精確的計算是必要的，以確保設計的有效性。在任何失敗的情況下，最好知道在最初設計中有有缺陷的部件。計算（圖紙尺寸）檢查是非常重要的。一個小數(shù)點的位置放錯，就可以導致一個本可以完成的項目失敗。設計工作的各個方面都應該檢查和復查。
計算機是一種工具，它能夠幫助機械設計師減輕繁瑣的計算，并對現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)提供進一步的分析?；酉到y(tǒng)基于計算機的能力，已經(jīng)使計算機輔助設計（CAD）和計算機輔助制造（CAM）成為了可能。心理學家經(jīng)常談論如何使人們適應他們所操作的機器。設計人員的基本職責是努力使機器來適應人們。這并不是一項容易的工作，因為實際上并不存在著一個對所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程。另一個重要問題，設計工程師必須能夠同其他有關人員進行交流和磋商。在開始階段，設計人員必須就初步設計同管理人員進行交流和磋商，并得到批準。這一般是通過口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進行的。
如前所訴，機械設計的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識本身并不一定能給人類帶來好處，只有當它們被應用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而，應該認識到在一個特定的產(chǎn)品進行設計之前，必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。
應當把機械設計看成是機械設計人員運用創(chuàng)造性的才能進行產(chǎn)品設計、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學的一個良機。掌握工程基礎知識要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個好的設計中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面，應該認真精確的進行所有運算。例如，即使將一個小數(shù)點的位置放錯，也會使正確的設計變成錯誤的。
一個好的設計人員應該勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔一定的風險，當新的方法不適用時，就使用原來的方法。因此，設計人員必須要有耐心，因為 所花費的時間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個全新的設計，要求屏棄許多陳舊的，為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機械設計師應該不斷地探索改進現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品的方法，在此過程中應該認真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過驗證的設計原理，將其與未經(jīng)過驗證的新觀念結合起來。
新設計本身會有許多缺陷和未能預料的問題發(fā)生，只有當這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時，也伴隨著較高的風險。應該強調(diào)的是，如果設計本身不要求采用全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。
Mechanical Design
Abstract: A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.
Keywords: Mechanical Design mechanisms Design Process
The Design Process
Designing starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously
done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly
In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.
When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems.
Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.
Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.
May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.
Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.
Some Rules for Design
In this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,
and durable products.
To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.
1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.
2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.
3. Anticipate unintentional loads.
4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.
5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.
6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.
7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.
8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.
9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.
10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.
Machinery design covers the following contents.
1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.
2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,
Including beam , vibration and impact loading.
3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.
4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.
5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.
6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.
7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application
8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.
9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.
10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.
11. Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.
Machine Design
The complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.
One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.
Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked.
The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on.
If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product
Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.
A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.