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機械設(shè)計
摘要
機器是機構(gòu)與其他零件的組合，為了有益的用途而轉(zhuǎn)換、傳遞或利用能量、力或者運動實例有發(fā)動機、渦輪、車輛、卷揚機、印刷機、洗衣機和電影攝影機.許多適用于機器設(shè)計的原理和力法也適用于不是真正機器的制成品，從輪轂蓋和檔案櫥柜到儀表和核壓力容器。“機械設(shè)計”這一術(shù)語比“機器設(shè)計”更為廣義，它包括機器設(shè)計。而對于某些儀器，如用以確定熱、流動線路和體積的熱力以及流體方面的問題要單獨考慮。但是，在機械設(shè)計時要考慮運動和結(jié)構(gòu)方面的問題以及保存和封裝的規(guī)定。在機械工程領(lǐng)域以及其他工程領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用機械設(shè)計，都需要諸如開關(guān)、凸輪、閥門、容器和攪拌器等機械裝置。
關(guān)鍵詞：機械設(shè)計機構(gòu)設(shè)計過程工差
設(shè)計過程
設(shè)計始于真正的或想象的需要?，F(xiàn)有的儀器可能需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度或成本上加以改進。可能需要新的儀器來完成以前由人做的功能，如裝配或保養(yǎng)。目標全部或部分地確定后，設(shè)計的下一步就是構(gòu)思能夠完成所需功能的機構(gòu)及其布置為此，徒手畫草圖價值極大，它不但作為一個人想法的記錄和與其他人討論的輔助手段，而且尤其適于與自己的想法交流，作為創(chuàng)造性思路的興奮劑還需要有關(guān)于部件的廣泛知識，因為一臺新機器常常由熟知的各類零件重新安排或替換而成，也許改變了尺寸和材料。無論在構(gòu)思過程中還是之后，一個設(shè)計者都會進行快速或粗略的計算或分析以確定一般尺寸和可行性。當(dāng)些關(guān)于所需或可用空間量的想法確定后，可以開始按比例畫草圖。
最后，一項基于功能和可靠性的設(shè)計完成了，就可以制造樣機了。如果測試滿意，而且如果裝置要大量生產(chǎn)，就要對最初的設(shè)計進行一定的修改以確保以較低成本大量生產(chǎn)。在隨后幾年的制造和使用期間，設(shè)計有可能因構(gòu)思了新想法或者基于測試和經(jīng)驗基礎(chǔ)上的進一步分析所顯示的改變而改變。銷售吸引力、客戶滿意度和制造成本都與設(shè)計有關(guān)，設(shè)計能力與工程投資的成功密切相關(guān)。
一些設(shè)計準則
在這一部分，有人建議運用創(chuàng)造性的態(tài)度進行的分析，這種分析可以引起重大改進以及對備用產(chǎn)品的構(gòu)思和完善，也許產(chǎn)品功能更多、更經(jīng)濟、更耐用。創(chuàng)造階段無須是最初和獨立的階段。雖然分析人員可能并不負責(zé)整個設(shè)計，但是他不僅僅是能從數(shù)字上提出要他解決的問題的正確答案，不僅僅是給出應(yīng)力值、尺寸或者工作限制。他可以提出更廣泛的見解，以便改進規(guī)范或方案。由于在分析前或分析過程中，他會熟悉裝置及其工作條件，他就處于一個構(gòu)思備選方案的有利位置。最好他能提出建議改變形狀來消除力矩或應(yīng)力集中，而不是允許構(gòu)建具有大截面和過多動態(tài)載荷的機構(gòu)最好是他報廢他的細致的設(shè)計而不是后來看到機械報廢。
為了激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維，建議設(shè)計人員和分析人員使用以下準則。前6條準則尤其適用于分析人員，雖然他可能涉及到所有這10項。
1.創(chuàng)造性地利用所需的物理性能并控制不需要的。
2.認識實用載荷及其重要性。
3.預(yù)先考慮沒有作用的載荷。
4.發(fā)明更有利的加載條件。
5.提供最小重量的最有利的應(yīng)力分布和剛性。
6.用基本方程計算比例并使尺寸最優(yōu)化。
7.選取材料以獲得性能組合。
8.在備件和集成零件間仔細選擇。
9.修改功能設(shè)計以適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)過程和降低成本。
10.考慮裝配中使部件精確定位和互不干擾。
機械設(shè)計
整個機械設(shè)計是一個復(fù)雜的過程。設(shè)計人員必須在這樣的領(lǐng)域，如靜力學(xué)、運動學(xué)、動力學(xué)和材料力學(xué)具有良好的素養(yǎng)，此外，還必須熟悉制造材料和制造工藝。設(shè)計人員必須能夠組合所有相關(guān)的事實，進行訓(xùn)渭、制作草圖和制圖來把制造要求傳遞到車間。
任何產(chǎn)品設(shè)計的第一步工作之一是選擇用于制造每個部件的材料。今天的設(shè)計人員可得到無數(shù)的。在選擇時，產(chǎn)品的功能、外觀、材料成本和制造成本都很重要。在任何計算之前必須仔細評估材料的性能。
有必要仔細計算以確保設(shè)計的有效性.計算從不出現(xiàn)在圖上,而是由十各種原因被存起來。一旦任何一個部件失效，就要弄清楚在最初設(shè)計這個有缺陷的零件時做了什么；而且，從對過去的項目的計算中可以獲得一份經(jīng)驗文件。當(dāng)需要類似的設(shè)計時，過去的記錄會有極大的幫助。
計算（和圖上尺寸）的檢查最為重要。一個小數(shù)點放錯位置可以毀掉一個本來可以接受的項目。例如，如果一個人要設(shè)計一個能支撐100磅的托架，而它本應(yīng)該能支撐1000磅，結(jié)果肯定會失敗。必須檢查再檢查設(shè)計工作的方方面面。
計算機對于工作人員來講是一個很有用的工具，可以減輕乏味的計算并且對現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)提供擴展分析?；谟嬎銠C性能的交互系統(tǒng)使計算機輔助設(shè)計（CAD）和計算機輔助制造（CAM)成為可能。通過這樣的系統(tǒng)，就可能把一個初步構(gòu)思傳送到打孔紙帶用于數(shù)字加工控制而無須繪制正式的施工圖。
實驗室測試、模型和樣機對于機械設(shè)計很有幫助。實驗室提供了很多建立基本概念所需的信息，然而，還可用它們獲得一些關(guān)于產(chǎn)品在現(xiàn)場會如何工作的認識
最后，一個成功的設(shè)計人員應(yīng)盡最大努力跟上時代步伐。每天都會出現(xiàn)新材料和生產(chǎn)方法。繪圖和設(shè)計人員如果不熟悉現(xiàn)代方法和材料就可能失去作用。一個好的設(shè)計人員應(yīng)經(jīng)常閱讀技術(shù)期刊以跟上新的發(fā)展
工程工差
固體由其表面邊界確定界限。典型地，設(shè)計人員給一個零件指定公稱尺寸以使其滿足其需要。實際上由于表面不規(guī)則以及固有的表面粗糙度，各個零件不能重復(fù)地做成公稱尺寸必須允許尺寸有一些變化以確保能夠制造。但是，所允許的變化一定不能太大以至于使裝配件的性能變差。單個零件所允許的變化稱為公差。
公差這一術(shù)語不僅適用于由制造工藝產(chǎn)生的部件尺寸的可以接受的范圍，而且適用于機械或加工的輸出。例如，一個給定型號的內(nèi)燃機的功率每臺都有所變化。實際上，我們常常發(fā)現(xiàn)這種變化模型會是頻率分布曲線，例如t.態(tài)分布（又叫高斯分布）。設(shè)計人員的工作之一就是給一個零件指定尺寸和允許的變化，這個值能夠產(chǎn)生可以接受的性能。
零件公差
當(dāng)圖中沒有指定確切尺寸時，大多數(shù)組織都有適用于尺寸的通用公差。對于加工尺寸，通用公差可能是±0.5毫米。因此，被指定為15.0毫米的尺寸的范圍可以是14.5毫米到15.5毫米之間。其他通用公差可以適用于如角度、鉆孔和沖孔，鑄件、鍛件、焊縫和焊角等情形。
在給一個零件指定公差時，可以參考以前的圖或一般的工程實踐。典型的公差被指定為英武成JSO標準所定義的幅度。對于一個給定公差，比如H7/s6，對于正在研究的零件尺寸就有一組與圖表對應(yīng)的數(shù)值可用。下面這段將給出關(guān)于裝入孔內(nèi)的軸或柱形配合的具體例子。
孔和軸的標準配合
一項標準的工程工作是確定一個柱形零件的公差，比如安裝在一個相應(yīng)的筒形零件或孔內(nèi)的．或者是在其內(nèi)部旋轉(zhuǎn)的軸配合的松緊取決于應(yīng)用例如，一個定位在軸上的齒輪就需要“緊”的靜配合，這里軸的直徑實際上比齒輪毅的內(nèi)徑稍微大一些以便能傳遞所需的扭矩。再者，滑動軸承的直徑必須大于軸的直徑以使其旋轉(zhuǎn)。假定從經(jīng)濟上講不能把部件制造成精確的尺寸，軸和孔尺寸上的大小變化就必須確定。但是，變化的范圍不應(yīng)太大以免裝配時受損
為了不至于有無窮無盡的被指定的公差尺寸，已經(jīng)制定了國家和國際標準確定了公差帶，比如hll/cll。為了使用這一資料，給出了傳統(tǒng)公差使用中的定義。通常使用的是基孔制，因為這會使公司內(nèi)部所需的鉆頭、絞刀、拉刀和計量工具種類的減少。
尺寸：以專用單位表示尺寸數(shù)字值的數(shù)。
實際尺寸：通過測量得到的部件尺寸。
尺寸極限：零件允許的最大和最小尺寸。
最大尺寸極限：兩個尺寸極限中較大的。
最小尺寸極限：兩個尺寸極限中較小的
基本尺寸：用以固定尺寸極限的參考尺寸
偏差：一個尺寸與其對應(yīng)的基本尺寸的代數(shù)差
實際偏差：實際尺寸與其對應(yīng)的基本尺寸的代數(shù)差。
上偏差：最大尺寸極限與其對應(yīng)的基本尺寸的代數(shù)差
下偏差：最小尺寸極限與其對應(yīng)的基本尺寸的代數(shù)差
公差：最大尺寸極限與最小尺寸極限的差值。
軸：指定一個部件所有外部特征的慣用術(shù)語
孔：指定一個部件所有內(nèi)部特征的慣用術(shù)語。
初步設(shè)計產(chǎn)生滿足指定需求的解決方案。初步設(shè)計可以代表組成整個系統(tǒng)的所有子系統(tǒng)和零部件的總和。Ion和Smith把初步設(shè)計描述為由一系列形成和評估階段組成的一個反復(fù)的過程，各階段合在一起形成好的解決方案。在反復(fù)的每一階段，構(gòu)思更加詳細，可以更全面的評估。
產(chǎn)生盡可能多的或經(jīng)濟便利的構(gòu)思和想法是重要的。有一種誘惑，讓你接受第一個有希望的構(gòu)思并進行詳細的設(shè)計直到最終產(chǎn)品。應(yīng)該抵抗這種誘惑，因為這樣結(jié)果總會更好些。值得一提的是，或早或晚你的設(shè)計會不得不與那些來自其他制造商的設(shè)計競爭，因此產(chǎn)生研制的思想應(yīng)謹慎。
產(chǎn)生了想法和構(gòu)思后，下一步就是對它們進行評估并選擇最佳構(gòu)思．一種評估方法是使用列表矩陣。矩陣由一系列準則組成．構(gòu)思必須借助它們打分。如果合適，準則的重要性可以加權(quán)，最適合的構(gòu)思會具有最高總分。這一方法提供了組織的評估技術(shù)．而且使團隊內(nèi)的個人很難推行他們自己的不合理的想法。
產(chǎn)生了初步的解決方案，下一步就是表達它們，以便它們能與所有涉及總體設(shè)計過程的人交流實際上，這一步可以采用繪制草圖或三維模型的形式，既可是物理模型也可是計算機生成的模型。到總草圖己經(jīng)完成并進行計算來確定解決方案對于產(chǎn)品設(shè)計規(guī)范的兼容性時，細節(jié)設(shè)計階段的基礎(chǔ)就已建立起來了。
Mechanical Design
Abstract:
A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits, or utilizes energy, force, or motion for a useful purpose. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines, from hub caps and filing cabinets to instruments and nuclear pressure vessels. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. For some apparatus, the thermal and fluid aspects that determine the requirements of heat, flow path, and volume are separately considered. However, the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.
Keywords: Mechanical Designmechanisms Design Process Tolerance
Design process
The design begins from real of or the demand of imagination.The existing instrument may need to take in to improve on the enduring, efficiency, weight, speed or the cost.May need new instrument to complete before function done by person, such as Assemble or maintain.The target is all or partly after making sure, design of the next move is to conceive outline the organization that can complete the function needed and it arranges for this, drawing grass diagram to be worth barehanded biggest, it isn't only one personal record of viewpoint with with others discussion of assistance means, and be suitable for to communicate with own viewpoint particularly, is the stimulant which creates sex way of thinking to still need extensive knowledge concerning parts, because a the set new machine usually from be familiar with of each kind of spare parts reschedule or substitute but become, changed size and material perhaps.Regardless at conceive outline process in still after, a design will carry on a fast or rough calculation or analyze to make sure regulation size and possibility.When some concerning need or can use amount of space of viewpoint assurance after, can start pro rata painting grass diagram.
Finally, 1 completed according to the design of the function and the credibility, can make kind machine.If test satisfied, and if the device wants mass production, will to the first design carry on a certain modification to insure with lower cost mass-produce.Later on several years of make and use a period, design probably because of conceive outline new viewpoint perhaps according to test and experience foundation of further analytical the change shown but change.Sell attraction, customer's satisfaction and manufacturing costs to all have something to do with design, the success which designs ability and engineering investment is closely related.
Some design standards
At this part, someone suggests the attitude of the usage creation carries on of analysis, this kind of analysis can cause a graveness improvement and to back up the product conceive outline with perfect, perhaps the product function is more, more economic and more enduring.Creating the stage's needing not is first with independent stage.Although analyze personnel the whole probably irresponsible design, he isn't only the right answer of[with] problem that can be from the numeral put forward wanting him to resolve only, not only only is give should dint value, the size works to limit perhaps.He can put forward more extensive views, for the purpose of improvement norm or project.Because in the analysis the front or the analysis the process, he will acquaint with to equip and its work condition, he is fully placed in a beneficial position which conceives outline to choose a project.Best he can put forward a suggestion change shape to Elimination moment of force or should dint concentration, not allow to set up to have to cut the organization that noodles and excessive dynamic state carry a lotus greatly best is he discards his meticulous of design but is not see a machine discard afterwards.
For stiring up to create sex thinking, the suggestion designs a personnel and analytical the personnel use following standard.6 ex- standards are particularly applicable to an analysis personnel, although he may involve to all this 10.
1.Create the physical function that sex land utilization need when using combine the control don't need.
2.Know practical carry lotus and its importance.
3.Consider in advance there is no function carrying a lotus.
4.Invent to add to carry a condition more beneficially.
5.Provide minimum weight the most beneficial of distribute in response to the dint with rigid.
6.Use a basic and square distance calculation a comparison and make size superior to turn.
7.Select by examinations material to acquire a function combination.
8.At spare parts and integrated spare parts careful choice.
9.Modify a function design with the orientation production line and decline low cost.
10.Consider to make parts accurate to position in the assemble with with each other not interference
Mechanical Design
The whole machine design is a complicated process.Designing the personnel have to at thus of realm, such as calm down mechanics, kinetics, dynamics and material mechanics have good cultivated manners, have to also acquaint with manufacturing material and make a craft in addition.Designing the personnel has to can combine all related facts, carrying on Teaches Wei and creating grass diagram and graphics to come to deliver the manufacturing request to the car.
The square one that any product designs works it an is the material that the choice useds for making each parts.The design personnel of today can get an innumerable.While choosing, function, external appearance, material cost and manufacturing costs of product are all very important.Had to be careful to evaluate the function of material before any calculation.
It is necessary a careful calculation with the usefulness of insuring the design.Compute to never appear on the diagram, but from ten various reason be saved.Once the whichever parts loses efficacy, will clear up to do what while designing this defective spare parts at the beginning;And, can acquire an experience document from compute past item.While needing the design for ising similar to, the past record will have a tremendous help.
The check of computing(with diagram top size) is the most important.A decimal point's mislaying position can ruin an original and acceptable item.For example, if a person wants to design a bracket that can prop up 100 pounds, but it should can prop up 1000 pounds originally, the result affirmation will fail.The square aspect noodles had to check a check to design again a work.
The calculator speaks to is an of great use tool for the staff member, can ease a dull calculation and provide to expand analysis to the existing data. Hand over system to make the calculator assistance design(CAD) with each other according to the calculator function and the calculator lend support to a manufacturing(CAM) to make possible.Pass thus of system, may conceive outline a first step to deliver to beat bore paper to take to used for numeral to process control but need not to draw formal construction diagram.
The machine design for the laboratory test, model and kind machine is very helpful.The laboratory provided a lot of build up basic concept need of information, however, can also acquire with them some concerning product how on the spot would the understanding for working.
Finally, a design personnel of success should offer the step that the utmost effort keeps up with ages.Will appear new material and produce a method everyday.If painting and design personnel's don't acquainting with modern method and material may put out action.A good design personnel should usually read technique periodical to keep up with a new development
The engineering work is bad
The solid is made sure boundary by its surface boundary.Typical model ground, design a personnel to specify Mr. to call size to a spare parts to make it contented its demand.Actually because of the surface irregular and proper surface rough degree, each spare parts can't make into Mr. to call size's hasing to allow size to have some varieties can make with insuring repeatedly.But, the variety allowed can't certainly too big with as for make to assemble the function of the piece to become bad.Single the variety allowed by spare parts is called business trip.
Business trip this technical term not only is applicable to from the acceptable scope of the parts size of[with] manufacturing craft creation, but also is applicable to a machine or processes of exportation.For example, a give already set number of thepower each pedestals of I.C. engine have variety.Actually, we usually discover this kind of variety model will be a frequency to distribute curve, for example t.The distributes.(call the Gauss distribute again)One of the work which designs a personnel is the variety which specifies size for a spare parts and allows, this value canproduce acceptable function.
Spare parts business trip
When there is no appointed accurate size in the diagram, most organizations all have in general use business trip of being applicable to the size.For process size, in general use business trip's maying be a ± is 0.5 millimeters.Therefore being specified to 15.0 millimeter scopes of sizes can be of 14.5-15.5 millimeters.Other in general use business trips can be applicable to such as the angle and drill a hole with blunt bore, The casting, the forging, the welded joint and weld the angle） etc. situation.
Can make reference to the diagram of past or general engineering to practice while giving the appointed business trip of a spare parts.The business trip of typical model's ising specified is martial become JSO standard define of range.Give to settle business trip to 1, for example H7/s 6, can use for being studying of spare parts size having 1 set and chart to shoulding of number.Underneath this will give concerning pack into inside bore of the concrete example with the stalk or the pillar form match.
The standard match of bore and stalk
A standard of the engineering work is the business trip which makes sure a pillar form spare parts, installing for example in a tube form spare parts or bore for corresponding of.perhaps is the stalk which revolves in its inner part to match with of loose be decided by application tightly for example, a wheel gear which positions on the stalk needs to be"tight" of quiet match, here stalk of the diameter compares wheel gear actually of inside path a little bit a little bit big in order to can deliver need of Torque .Furthermore, the diameter of glide bearings has to be big in the diameter of the stalk to make it revolve.On the supposition that speak to can't become the accurate size to the parts manufacturing from the economy, all of the variety of stalk and bore size have to make sure.But, variety of scope shouldn't the too big in order to prevent assemble hour damaged
For being unlikely to there is everlasting drive appointed business trip size endlessly, have already drawn up national and international standard to make sure business trip to take, for example hll/cll.For using this data, gave the definition in the traditional business trip usage.Usually what to use is the Basic hole system, because this meeting makes company internal auger needed, wring knife and pull knife and calculate the decrease of tool category.
Size:Mean the number of the size numerical value by appropriation unit.
Actual size:The parts size got through a diagraph
Size extreme limit:The spare parts allows of biggest with most baby size.
The biggest size extreme limit:Bigger in two size extreme limits
Most baby size extreme limit:Smaller in two size extreme limits of
Basic size:Fix the reference size of size extreme limit in order to
Deviation:A size with it to should of the algebra of basic size bad
Actual deviation:Actual size with it to should of the algebra of basic size bad.
Last deviation:The biggest size extreme limit with it to should of the algebra of basic size bad
Descend deviation:Most baby size extreme limit with it to should of the algebra of basic size bad
Business trip:The biggest size extreme limit with most the bad value of baby size extreme limit.
Stalk:Specifying an exterior characteristics with all parts consistently uses technical term
Bore:Specify a parts all internal characteristics to consistently use technical term.
The initial design creation satisfies appointed demanding solution.The initial design can represent all sub- systems of constituting the whole system with the total of zero partses.Ion and Smith describe an initial design for is become by a series and evaluate a stage to constitute of an iterative process, each stage matches together to become a good solution.At each iterative stage conceive outline more in detail, can more overall valuation.
Produce possibly many of or the economy is convenient of conceive outline and the viewpoint is important.There is 1 kind to lure, let you accept the first hopeful conceive outline and carry on a detailed design until end product.Should resist this kind of come-on, because of so as a result the head quarter is more quite a few.Well worth mentioning BE, or early or late your design would have to with those designs competitions which come from other manufactories, so the creation develop of the thoughts should be careful.
Is to them to carry on valuation to combine choice next move after producing viewpoint and conceiving outline the best conceive outline.a kind of valuation method is to use row watch matrix.The matrix constitutes to°from a series of standard. conceive outline have to ask for help them to beat a cent.If suitable, the importance of the standard can add power, conceiving outline most in keeping withly will have a tallest total cent.This method provided a built-up valuation technique. and make personal viewpoint that can hardly promote their own absurdity in the team.
Produced the solution of first step, the next move was to express them, in order to they ability and all involve total design process of the persons communicate actually, this one step can adopt forms of drawing the grass diagram or 3D models, since but physical model also but the calculator born model. Of the total plan has been completed and calculated to determine solutions for product design compatibi-
Lity, details of the design phase had been created.