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湖 南 科 技 大 學(xué) 英文文獻翻譯 學(xué) 生 姓 名： 王金思 學(xué) 院： 機電工程學(xué)院 專業(yè)及班級： 機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化三班 學(xué) 號： 1103010324 指 導(dǎo) 教 師： 萬林林 2015年 5月28日 - 7 - 湖南科技大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文） The Automatic Tool Changer’s main types,characteristics, and the scope of application 1、Auto Rotary Tool Rotary Tool automatically on the use of CNC machine tool is a simple installation of automatic tool change, the Quartet and 47.60 Turret Tool various forms, such as rotary turret were installed on four, six or more of the Tool , NC instructions by ATC. Rotary Tool has two vertical and horizontal, relatively simple structure, applicable to economic CNC lathe. Rotary Tool in the structure must have good strength and stiffness, resistance to bear rough Cutting Tool in the cutting force and reduce the role of deformation and improve processing accuracy. Rotating Tool to choose reliable positioning project structure and reasonable position, in order to ensure that each rotary turret to a higher position after 圖1 螺旋升降式四方刀架 repeated positioning accuracy (typically 0.001 to 0.005mm). Figure 2.1 shows the spiral movements of the Quartet Turret. Auto Rotary Tool in the simplest of ATC, is 180 o rotary ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2 ATC instructions received, the machine control system put ATC spindle control to the designated location at the same time, the tool movement to the appropriate location, ATC, with the rotary axis and at the same time, the knives matching tool; Draw bars from Spindle Cutting Tools rip, ATC, will be the tool from their position removed; ATC, 180 o rotary tool spindle and the tool and tool away; ATC, the Rotary At the same time, the tool refocusing its position to accept Spindle removed from the cutting tool; Next, ATC, will be replaced with the cutter knives were unloaded into the spindle and tool: Finally, back to the original ATC, "standby" position. At this point, ATC completed procedures to continue to run. This ATC, the main advantage of simple structure, the less movement, fast tool change. The main disadvantage is that knives must be kept in parallel with the axis of the plane, and after the home side compared to the tool, chip and liquid-cutting knife into the folder, it is necessary to the tool plus protection. Cone knife folder on the chip will cause ATC error, or even damage knife folders, and the possibility of spindle. Some processing center at the transfer, and the tool side. When the ATC command is called, the transfer-cutter knives will be removed, the machine go forward, and positioning with the ATC, in line with the position. 180 o "Rotary ATC devices can be used horizontal machine, can also be used for vertical machining centers. 圖2 180°回轉(zhuǎn)式換刀裝置 2 、ATC head-turret installed With rotating CNC machine tool often used such ATC devices, with a few turret head spindle, each with a spindle on both knives, the first tower interim process can be automatic tool change-realization. The advantage is simple structure, tool change time is short, only about 2 s. However, due to spatial constraints, the number of spindle can not be too much, usually only apply to processes less, not to high precision machine tools, such as the NC drill, such as CNC milling machine. In recent years there has been a mechanical hand and the turret head with a knife for the automatic tool change ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.3. It is in fact a turret head ATC, and the knife-ATC device combination. The principle is as follows: 圖3 機械手和轉(zhuǎn)塔頭配合刀庫換刀的自動換刀裝置 5 turret on the first two tool spindle 3 and 4, when using the tool spindle 4 processing tool, the manipulator 2 will be the next step to the need for the tool does not work on the tool spindle 3 until after the completion of this process , the first rotary turret 180 o, ATC completed. ATC most of their time and processing time coincidence, the only real tool change time turret transposition of the first time, this approach mainly used for ATC and NC NC drilling file bed. 3、 Automatic tool changer with tool magazine Figure 4 shows?the knife and split-type machine to the appearance of CNC machine tool plans. Figure 5 shows the knife and the whole machine tool CNC machine tools for the appearance of Fig. At this point, knife storage capacity, a heavier tool can, and often additional transport unit to complete the knife between the spindle and cutting tool transport. The ATC with tool magazine , the election knives, automatic loading and unloading machine tool and tool exchange institutions (manipulator), composed of four parts, used widely. Tool Automatic Tool Change the manipulator system, the whole process more complicated ATC. We must first used in the processing of all installed in the standard tool on the knife handle in the machine outside the pre-size, according to a certain way Add to the knife. ATC, selected first in the knife knife, and then from ATC, from the knife from the knife or spindle, exchange, the new knife into the spindle, the old knife back into the knife. ? ATC, as the former two knives to accommodate a limited number can not be too many, can not meet the needs of complex parts machining, CNC machine tool Automatic Tool Changer with tool magazine the use of the automatic tool change devices. The knife has more capacity, both installed in the spindle box side or above. As for the automatic tool change with tool magazine device CNC machine tool spindle box only a spindle, spindle components to high stiffness to meet the machining requirements. The number of establishments in larger knife, which can meet the more complex parts of the machining processes, significantly improving productivity. the automatic tool changer with tool magazine applied to drilling centers and CNC machining centers. The comparison drawn automatic tool changer with tool magazine system is the most promising. 圖4 刀庫與機床為分體式數(shù)控機床 圖5 刀庫與機床為整體式數(shù)控機床 自動換刀裝置的主要類型、特點和適用范圍 1、自動回轉(zhuǎn)刀架 自動回轉(zhuǎn)刀架是數(shù)控機床上使用的一種簡單的自動換刀裝置，有四方刀架和六角刀架等多種形式，回轉(zhuǎn)刀架上分別安裝有四把、六把或更多的刀具，并按數(shù)控指令進行換刀?；剞D(zhuǎn)刀架又有立式和臥式兩種，結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡單，適用于經(jīng)濟數(shù)控車床。 回轉(zhuǎn)刀架在結(jié)構(gòu)上必須具有良好的強度和剛度，以承受粗加工時切削抗力和減少刀架在切削力作用下的變形，提高加工精度?；剞D(zhuǎn)刀架還要選擇可靠的定位方案和合理的定位結(jié)構(gòu)，以保證回轉(zhuǎn)刀架在每次轉(zhuǎn)位之后具有較高的重復(fù)定位精度(一般為0.001 ~0.005mm )。圖1所示為螺旋升降式四方刀架。 圖1 螺旋升降式四方刀架 在自動回轉(zhuǎn)刀架中最簡單的換刀裝置是180o回轉(zhuǎn)式換刀裝置，如圖2.2所示。接到換刀指令后，機床控制系統(tǒng)便將主軸控制到指定換刀位置;與此同時，刀具庫運動到適當(dāng)位置，換刀裝置回轉(zhuǎn)并同時與主軸、刀具庫的刀具相配合;拉桿從主軸刀具上卸掉，換刀裝置將刀具從各自的位置上取下;換刀裝置回轉(zhuǎn)180o并將主軸刀具與刀具庫刀具帶走;換刀裝置回轉(zhuǎn)的同時，刀具庫重新調(diào)整其位置，以接受從主軸取下的刀具;接下來，換刀裝置將要換上的刀具與卸下的刀具分別裝入主軸和刀具庫:最后，換刀裝置轉(zhuǎn)回原“待命”位置。至此，換刀完成，程序繼續(xù)運行。這種換刀裝置的主要優(yōu)點是結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、涉及的運動少、換刀快。主要缺點是刀具必須存放在與主軸平行的平面內(nèi)，與側(cè)置后置刀具庫相比，切屑及切削液易進入刀夾，因此必須對刀具另加防護。刀夾錐面上有切屑會造成換刀誤差，甚至有損壞刀夾與主軸的可能。有些加工中心使用了傳遞桿，并將刀具庫側(cè)置。當(dāng)換刀指令被調(diào)用時，傳遞桿將刀具庫的刀具取下，轉(zhuǎn)到機床前方，并定位于與換刀裝置配合的位置。180o“回轉(zhuǎn)式換刀裝置既可用于臥式機床，也可用于立式機床。 圖2 180°回轉(zhuǎn)式換刀裝置 2、轉(zhuǎn)塔頭式換刀裝 帶有旋轉(zhuǎn)刀具的數(shù)控機床常采用此種換刀裝置，轉(zhuǎn)塔頭上裝有幾個主軸，每個主軸上均裝一把刀具，加工過程中轉(zhuǎn)塔頭可自動轉(zhuǎn)位實現(xiàn)換刀。其優(yōu)點是結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，換刀時間短，僅為2s左右。但由于受空間位置的限制，主軸數(shù)目不能太多，通常只適用于工序較少、精度要就不高的機床，如數(shù)控鉆床、數(shù)控銑床等。近年來出現(xiàn)了一種用機械手和轉(zhuǎn)塔頭配合刀庫進行換刀的自動換刀裝置，如圖3所示。它實際上是轉(zhuǎn)塔頭換刀裝置和刀庫式換刀裝置的結(jié)合。其原理如下: 圖3 機械手和轉(zhuǎn)塔頭配合刀客換刀的自動換刀裝置 轉(zhuǎn)塔頭5上有兩個刀具主軸3和4，當(dāng)用刀具主軸4上的刀具進行加工時，可由機械手2將下一步需要的刀具換至不工作的刀具主軸3上，待本工序完成后，轉(zhuǎn)塔頭回轉(zhuǎn)180o，完成換刀。因其換刀時間大部分和加工時間重合，真正換刀時間只需轉(zhuǎn)塔頭轉(zhuǎn)位的時間，這種換刀方式主要用于數(shù)控鉆床和數(shù)控銼床等。 3、帶刀庫的自動換刀系統(tǒng) 圖4所示為刀庫與機床為分體式數(shù)控機床的外觀圖。 圖5所示為刀庫與機床為整體式數(shù)控機床的外觀圖。 此時，刀庫容量大，刀具可以較重，常常附加運輸裝置來完成刀庫與主軸之間刀具的運輸。 帶刀庫的換刀裝置由刀庫、選刀機構(gòu)、刀具自動裝卸機械及刀具交換機構(gòu)(機械手)等四部分組成，應(yīng)用廣泛。 刀庫機械手自動換刀系統(tǒng)，整個換刀過程比較復(fù)雜。首先要把加工過程中使用的全部刀具安裝在標準刀柄上，在機外進行尺寸預(yù)調(diào)后，按一定的方式放入刀庫。換刀時，先在刀庫中選刀，再由換刀裝置從刀庫或主軸上取刀，進行交換，將新刀裝入主軸，舊刀放回刀庫。 由于前兩種換刀裝置容納的刀具數(shù)量有限不能太多，不能滿足復(fù)雜零件的加工需要，所以自動換刀數(shù)控機床多采用帶刀庫的自動換刀裝置。刀庫具有較大容量，既可安裝在主軸箱的側(cè)面或上方。由于帶刀庫的自動換刀裝置的數(shù)控機床的主軸箱內(nèi)只有一根主軸，主軸部件的剛度要高，以滿足精密加工要求。刀庫內(nèi)數(shù)量較大，因而能滿足復(fù)雜零件的多工序加工，大大提高生產(chǎn)率。帶刀庫的自動換刀系統(tǒng)適用于數(shù)控鉆削中心和加工中心。進行比較得出帶刀庫的自動換刀系統(tǒng)是最有發(fā)展前景的。 圖4 刀庫與機床為分體式數(shù)控機床 圖5 刀庫與機床為整體式數(shù)控機床