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專(zhuān)題十　完形填空之說(shuō)明文 [限時(shí)15分鐘] A American culture is unique because it is formed and developed under certain conditions.The major factors__1__to the forming of American culture are the hard environment, ethnic diversity and plural(多元的)religion, __2__is quite different from other nations in the world.What is more, these elements are__3__influencing American culture. The early immigrants who were English Puritans__4__in northeast part of America.From 1607 to 1892, frontiers were pushed further west.The frontiersmen__5__for a land of rich resources and a land of promise，__6__and freedom.__7__they looked for a better life.So individualism(個(gè)人主義), selfreliance, and equality of opportunity have been perhaps the values most closely__8__with the frontier heritage of America. In history, people from different__9__in the world rushed to America three times.They brought their own culture to America and__10__， different cultures were__11__together.Thus the__12__American culture is formed.The fundamental American belief__13__individual freedom and the right of individuals to practice their own religion are at the center of religious experience in the United States.The great__14__of ethnic backgrounds has produced religious pluralism, and almost__15__of the religions of the world are now practiced in the United States. Nowadays, we can see the continual__16__of these elements on the current American society.American family is typically parents and their__17__children.Middleaged and elderly people__18__do not live with their married children.The people in America have a very strong desire to start a new life in a__19__place.A number of people change residences every year.An American moves fourteen times in his lifetime__20__. [語(yǔ)篇解讀]　美國(guó)是一個(gè)多元文化的國(guó)家，本文講述了美國(guó)多元文化形成的原因以及對(duì)美國(guó)社會(huì)的影響。 1．A.contributing　　　　　　B．introducing C．a(chǎn)pplying D．offering 解析　考查對(duì)上下文的理解。文章首句告訴我們，因?yàn)樵谝欢ǖ臈l件下形成與發(fā)展，所以美國(guó)文化是獨(dú)一無(wú)二的。下面一句話(huà)解釋了形成這一事實(shí)的主要因素。contribute to“有助于，導(dǎo)致”；introduce...to...“把……介紹給……”；apply to“向……申請(qǐng)”；offer to do “主動(dòng)提出做”。故選A。 答案　A 2．A.which　　　B．that　 　　C．a(chǎn)s　　　　D．what 解析　考查定語(yǔ)從句。在本句中，關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句并指代主句的整個(gè)內(nèi)容。形成美國(guó)文化的主要因素是困難的環(huán)境、多民族和多元宗教，這一點(diǎn)與世界上其他國(guó)家有很大不同。 答案　A 3．A.even B．still C．ever D．yet 解析　考查副詞辨析。句中的“What is more”意為“而且”，是對(duì)上一句話(huà)的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明，再由句中的are和influencing可知此處應(yīng)選B.still“仍然”。句意：而且，這些因素仍然在影響著美國(guó)文化。 答案　B 4．A.set down B．calmed down C．got down D．settled down 解析　考查固定短語(yǔ)。set down“寫(xiě)下”；calm down“鎮(zhèn)靜”；get down“記下，寫(xiě)下”；settle down“定居下來(lái)”。此處表示早期的英國(guó)清教徒移民定居在了美國(guó)的東北部，故選D。 答案　D 5．A.hoped B．watched C．waited D．searched 解析　考查固定搭配。hope for“希望”；watch for“觀(guān)察，等待”；wait for“等候”；search for“尋找”。此處表示開(kāi)拓者尋找資源豐富的土地，故選D。 答案　D 6．A.opportunity B．competition C．challenge D．difficulty 解析　考查語(yǔ)境選詞。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，空格前后為并列關(guān)系，且promise, freedom均為褒義詞，故選A。開(kāi)拓者尋找一塊資源豐富之地，和一塊有前途、充滿(mǎn)機(jī)會(huì)和自由之地。 答案　A 7．A.Actually B．Oppositely C．Eventually D．However 解析　考查語(yǔ)境理解。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，空格處所在句進(jìn)一步解釋前一句的內(nèi)容，故選A.Actually“實(shí)際上”。 答案　A 8．A.occupied B．a(chǎn)ssociated C．equipped D．covered 解析　考查語(yǔ)境選詞。結(jié)合語(yǔ)境和句中的with可知，此處應(yīng)選B.be associated with表示“和……有聯(lián)系”。 答案　B 9．A.areas B．cities C．regions D．countries 解析　考查歷史常識(shí)。根據(jù)常識(shí)可知，歷史上，全世界不同國(guó)家的人涌向美國(guó)三次。故選D。 答案　D 10．A.later on B．a(chǎn)t once C．so far D．until then 解析　考查固定短語(yǔ)。移民者把自己的文化帶到了美國(guó)，后來(lái)，不同的文化混合在一起。later on“后來(lái)”；at once“立刻，馬上”；so far“迄今為止”；until then“直到那時(shí)”。故選A。 答案　A 11．A.united B．gathered C．collected D．mixed 解析　考查動(dòng)詞。結(jié)合語(yǔ)境和選項(xiàng)可知此處應(yīng)選D。unite“聯(lián)合，聯(lián)手”；gather“集合，聚集”；collect“收集，采集”；mix“混合”。 答案　D 12．A.only B．unique C．complicated D．single 解析　考查上下文暗示。此處與第一段第一句中的“American culture is unique”相呼應(yīng)，故選B。 答案　B 13．A.in B．on C．to D．of 解析　考查固定搭配中的介詞。名詞belief后常接介詞in，此處指對(duì)個(gè)人自由的篤信，故選A。 答案　A 14．A.diversity B．similarity C．equality D．existence 解析　考查名詞辨析。種族背景的多樣化產(chǎn)生了宗教的多樣化。diversity“多樣化”；similarity“相似點(diǎn)”；equality“平等”；existence“存在”。結(jié)合語(yǔ)境特別是文中的“pluralism”可知選 A。 答案　A 15．A.all B．none C．some D．most 解析　考查語(yǔ)境理解。almost常與all搭配，意為“幾乎所有”。此處表示現(xiàn)在世界上幾乎所有的宗教在美國(guó)都有所體現(xiàn)。 答案　A 16．A.influence B．effort C．improvement D．practice 解析　考查名詞。此處表示如今，我們可以看到這些因素對(duì)美國(guó)目前社會(huì)的持續(xù)影響。故選A。 答案　A 17．A.intelligent B．unmarried C．delicate D．unhappy 解析　考查對(duì)文章的理解。結(jié)合下文中的“do not live with their married children”和生活常識(shí)可知，此處應(yīng)選B。 答案　B 18．A.strictly B．a(chǎn)bsolutely C．generally D．exactly 解析　考查副詞辨析。美國(guó)的中年人以及上了年紀(jì)的人一般是不會(huì)和他們已婚的孩子們住在一起的。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有g(shù)enerally“一般地”符合語(yǔ)境。strictly“嚴(yán)格地”；absolutely“絕對(duì)地”；exactly“準(zhǔn)確地”。 答案　C 19．A.new B．good C．developed D．rich 解析　考查上下文暗示。下文提到“change residences every year”，所以此處表示在新的地方開(kāi)始新的生活。故選A。 答案　A 20．A.normally B．mainly C．usually D．a(chǎn)veragely 解析　考查副詞辨析。此處表示在美國(guó)人的一生中，平均搬遷十四次。normally“正常地”；mainly“主要地”；usually“經(jīng)常的”；averagely“平均地，一般地”。故選D。 答案　D B Trekking poles(登山杖)help hikers and walkers by improving their strength and stability, especially in rough and hilly terrain(地帶)． Trekking poles minimise the__1__on walkers’ knees，especially when going down hills.They also provide__2__for the back, legs, and feet.In addition, trekking poles improve balance and help to__3__speed.Trekking poles have two main parts: the pole and wrist strap(腕帶)．Users should know how to make the__4__adjustments to these parts in order to have a__5__walk. It is important to use the wrist strap correctly to__6__making hands ache and spraining(扭傷)wrists.To check the__7__of the strap, open it so that the hand can slip through the loop(環(huán))easily from below.The loop should be__8__around the wrist so that__9__the user opens the palm it is easy to grab the__10__of the pole.The user should be able to__11__the hand so that the strap does most of the work.__12__of trekking poles claim that they__13__the pressure on body parts by up to 20 percent.If the strap is set__14__， it should be a firm but comfortable__15__.If the strap is too tight, then it is too short, and if there is little or no support, then the strap is too long.To__16__the length of the strap, pull the side that has a small plastic wedge at the end.This adjusts the strap so that the user can make the loop longer or shorter to__17__the wrist. Hikers in hilly terrain should bear in mind that they need to adjust their__18__during the walk.Users should shorten the pole when ascending hills and lengthen it when going down.__19__， when following a slope that zigzags(曲折前進(jìn)), it is best to use more than one pole－one longer and one shorter, and then alternate them at each turn.Hikers should test different pole lengths to find the most__20__measurement for the terrain. [語(yǔ)篇解讀]　本文為說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了如何使用登山杖。文章分為三段：第一段介紹了登山杖的好處，第二段介紹了如何正確使用登山杖，第三段介紹了使用登山杖時(shí)的注意事項(xiàng)。 1．A.height B．pressure C．strength D．weight 解析　考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境和句中的minimise再結(jié)合選項(xiàng)可知，此處講的是登山杖的作用。另外結(jié)合生活常識(shí)也可推斷出，登山杖可以減輕膝蓋的壓力。故選B。 答案　B 2．A.spirit B．energy C．rest D．support 解析　考查名詞辨析。此句與上一句都是在講登山杖的作用，結(jié)合選項(xiàng)并聯(lián)系上一句可知，此處表示登山杖也可為背、腿和腳提供支撐，故選D。 答案　D 3．A.control B．increase C．reduce D．manage 解析　考查動(dòng)詞辨析。此句介紹登山杖的另一種用途。因?yàn)榈巧秸燃瓤梢栽鏊俣扔挚梢詼p速度，結(jié)合選項(xiàng)可知此處表示登山杖可以控制速度，故選A。 答案　A 4．A.quick B．good C．necessary D．careful 解析　考查形容詞辨析。從句中的adjustments可知，此處指對(duì)登山杖的桿和腕帶的調(diào)節(jié)，結(jié)合選項(xiàng)可以看出，此處表示根據(jù)自己的需要對(duì)桿和腕帶進(jìn)行必要的調(diào)節(jié)，故選C。 答案　C 5．A.comfortable B．slow C．fast D．long 解析　考查形容詞辨析。結(jié)合常識(shí)可知，對(duì)桿和腕帶進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)的目的是使步行舒適，故選A。 答案　A 6．A.cause B．stop C．cure D．prevent 解析　考查動(dòng)詞辨析。從句中的“to use the wrist strap correctly”和important可知，此處是指正確使用登山杖的重要性，再結(jié)合后面的“making hands ache and spraining(扭傷)wrists”及選項(xiàng)可知，此處表示預(yù)防弄疼手和扭傷手腕，故選D。 答案　D 7．A.weight B．height C．width D．length 解析　考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)后面的“open it so that the hand can slip through the loop(環(huán))easily from below”可知，此處表示檢查腕帶的長(zhǎng)度，故選D。 答案　D 8．A.moved B．tied C．supported D．stood 解析　考查動(dòng)詞辨析。根據(jù)上一句中的“slip through the loop(環(huán))easily from below”并結(jié)合語(yǔ)境可知，此處應(yīng)選B，表示把環(huán)系在手腕上。 答案　B 9．A.if B．because C．when D．since 解析　考查連詞辨析。分析句子邏輯關(guān)系并結(jié)合選項(xiàng)可知，此處應(yīng)選C，表示當(dāng)使用者攤開(kāi)手時(shí)。 答案　C 10．A.top B．trunk C．handle D．body 解析　考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)前面的“the user opens the palm it is easy to grab”并結(jié)合選項(xiàng)可知，此處表示抓住桿的手柄，故選C。 答案　C 11．A.use B．relax C．fix D．rise 解析　考查動(dòng)詞辨析。根據(jù)后面的“so that the strap does most of the work”并結(jié)合選項(xiàng)可知，使用者應(yīng)該使手放松，這樣腕帶就承擔(dān)了大部分工作，故選B。 答案　B 12．A.Users B．Makers C．Inventors D．Buyers 解析　考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)文章意思并結(jié)合常識(shí)可知，對(duì)登山杖的客觀(guān)評(píng)價(jià)應(yīng)該來(lái)自其使用者，故選A。 答案　A 13．A.reduce B．provide C．supply D．increase 解析　考查動(dòng)詞辨析。根據(jù)文章第一段第二句中的“Trekking poles minimise the 1(pressure) on walkers’ knees”并結(jié)合選項(xiàng)可知，此處表示減少對(duì)身體的壓力，故選A。 答案　A 14．A.carefully B．quickly C．correctly D．tightly 解析　考查副詞辨析。根據(jù)下文中的“it should be a firm but comfortable”并結(jié)合常識(shí)可知，只有正確使用，才可能舒服，故選C。 答案　C 15．A.seat B．fit C．chair D．place 解析　考查名詞辨析。此處講述的是登山杖，故排除A項(xiàng)、C項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)。由上文中的“If the strap is set 14(correctly)”可知，腕帶系得正確，它就是一個(gè)牢固但舒適的搭配，故應(yīng)選B。 答案　B 16．A.increase B．shorten C．reduce D．a(chǎn)djust 解析　考查動(dòng)詞辨析。根據(jù)上文中的“If the strap is too tight, then it is too short, and if there is little or no support, then the strap is too long.”可知，此處指對(duì)腕帶的調(diào)節(jié)，故選D。 答案　D 17．A.relax B．suit C．stress D．meet 解析　考查動(dòng)詞辨析。根據(jù)上文中的“This adjusts the strap”和“make the loop longer or shorter”及后面的“the wrist”可知，調(diào)節(jié)腕帶的長(zhǎng)短，使它適合手腕，故選B。 答案　B 18．A.hands B．feet C．poles D．straps 解析　考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)文中的adjust及“during the walk”，再結(jié)合下文中的“Users should shorten the pole when ascending hills and lengthen it when going down.”可知，此處指對(duì)桿的調(diào)節(jié)，故選C。 答案　C 19．A.However B．Therefore C．Otherwise D．But 解析　考查副詞辨析。根據(jù)下文中的“it is best to use more than one pole”與上文的內(nèi)容，并結(jié)合選項(xiàng)分析可知，此處的邏輯關(guān)系為轉(zhuǎn)折，故選A。 答案　A 20．A.comfortable B．careful C．necessary D．suitable 解析　考查形容詞辨析。根據(jù)“Hikers should test different pole lengths”可知，登山人員調(diào)節(jié)桿子的長(zhǎng)度就是為了找到合適的長(zhǎng)度，故選D。 答案　D