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解題方法與技巧 一、整體瀏覽抓住主題 在做完形填空題前，首先要整體瀏覽，對(duì)全文快速閱讀一遍，了解文章的大意，掌握文章的主題，并留心文中的關(guān)鍵詞，了解這篇短文說什么，發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、文章的目的、作者的觀點(diǎn)與態(tài)度等，這對(duì)于做好完形填空題能起到事半功倍的效果。因此，了解文章的主題和大意就顯得十分重要。人們常說‘看書先看皮，看報(bào)先看題’，這是因?yàn)闀姆饷婧蛨?bào)紙的標(biāo)題都能傳達(dá)一本書和一篇文章的主題。但是完形填空題所選短文一般都是沒有標(biāo)題的，那么要掌握文章的主題怎么辦。要找到文章的主題，首先要找到文章的主題句，因?yàn)橹黝}句就能反映文章的主題。文章總是圍繞一定的主題展開的，而每一個(gè)段落則是說明主題的一個(gè)方面，概括了一個(gè)段落的中心思想的句子就是主題句。主題句常常出現(xiàn)在段首與段尾，在段首就是一段文章開頭的一兩句，在段尾就是文章的最后一句；因此瀏覽短文時(shí)，首先要細(xì)讀段首與段尾；比較起來，主題句位于段首的比例更高一些，所以，首段的第一句或最后一句往往是主題句，它就是引領(lǐng)整篇文章的主旨，是文章的靈魂，因此要抓住不放。作者要支持自己的觀點(diǎn)，那么第二段就是作者圍繞主題展開的正文。以2000年上海市秋季高考英語試卷完形填空為例： 例 1 Bedtime stories are one of the delights of early childhood. But according to Dr. Julie Spreadbury from Queensland University, parents should not 61(give)up reading to their children 62(after)they enter primary school. She says listening to, reading and discussing the stories help children’s 63(development). “My 64(research) indicates that once children can read themselves, most parents stop reading 65(to) them,” Dr. Spreadbury says. “ 66(That) may be at the end of the Year 1,which is far too 67(early).” Dr. Spreadbury says 68(bedtime)reading not only gives children a good start at school, but brings parents and their children closer. “This makes it 69(easier) for them to open up and talk to parents about things that are worrying them, or things they are 70(celebrating) in their everyday life. 從上述短文我們可以看出，‘She says listening to, reading and discussing the stories help children’s 63(development).’是該短文的主題句，這是因?yàn)橄旅娴娜味际菄@著這個(gè)主題展開的。 二、再讀全篇試填答案 許多考生都有這樣的經(jīng)歷，做完形填空題時(shí)，一看到題目就做，結(jié)果自己感到很有把握的答案錯(cuò)了，問題就是對(duì)短文的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)沒有完整、清晰的了解和把握。因此讀第二遍就顯得很有必要，這樣就可以使考生對(duì)短文有更好的把握。在讀第二遍時(shí)，對(duì)于一眼就能看出的答案，不必糾纏，馬上就填入，對(duì)于那些看看有點(diǎn)像，但沒有把握的答案，可以開始試填，待看完第二遍時(shí)，再來看看試填的答案，如發(fā)現(xiàn)先前填得不對(duì)，這時(shí)應(yīng)該及時(shí)更正，這時(shí)你就會(huì)比較有把握，也比較有信心了。以2000年上海市秋季高考英語試卷完形填空為例： 例 2 Chinese scientists are again becoming excited about the fact that a large hairy animal may live in central China. Now they hope it won’t be too long before they are able to 71(prove) its existence. Their confidence is the 72(result) of a new discovery of the mystery animal in Hubei Province. Ten Chinese 73(engineers), enjoying a holiday in a National Forest Park, were driving down a road. As their bus turned a corner, the men were suddenly 74(amazed) by what they saw. Three 75(tall) animals, covered with long dark hair , were crossing the road. On seeing the animals, the engineers immediately stopped and 76(ran after) them. 77(However), when they saw how the animals moved through the forest with great 78(speed) and strength, they did not dare to follow any further. The men did not take any 79(photographs). However, scientists are 80(delighted) by the discovery, because the engineers were all very well educated people and scientists feel they can 81(rely on) what they described. After the discovery, scientists returned to the forest and 82(collected) some hair and measured footprints. About 20 inches appears to be the length of the animal’s foot! Chinese scientists have now set up a special group to exchange information and make a 83(study) of the forest. But in the meantime, some people 84(refuse) to believe that this half-man, half-monkey exists. They will not believe that it is 85(real) until one of the animals has been caught. 71. A. prove B. analyze C. protect D. check 72. A. basis B. requirement C. result D. preparation 73. A. travelers B. engineers C. scientists D. explorers 74.A. frightened B. amazed C. upset D. inspired 75. A. trained B. rejected C. tall D. violent 76. A. shot at B. looked at C. fought with D. ran after 77. A. However B. Indeed C. Meanwhile D. Anyway 78. A. difficulty B. speed C. care D. pleasure 79. A. bullets B. tools C medicines D. photographs 80. A. surprised B. delighted C. disturbed D. supported 81. A. rely on B. deal with C. write down D. pass on 82. A. cut B. pulled C. collected D. tore 83. A. film B. tour C. choice D. study 84. A. come B. refuse C. prefer D. have 85. A. wrong B. alive C. real D. correct 在做73題時(shí)，我們可以試選a. travelers , 因?yàn)楹竺嬗小甧njoying a holiday in a National Forest Park, were driving down a road.’ 但我們?cè)偻伦x時(shí)，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)travelers 不對(duì)，而應(yīng)該選b. engineers , 因?yàn)樵诘诙挝覀儠?huì)看到‘On seeing the animals, the engineers immediately stopped…’ ，這里的the engineers顯然是指the men 和ten Chinese engineers。再如74題，很多學(xué)生一開始會(huì)選a. frightened, 因?yàn)槭芰撕竺婢渥拥挠绊懀骸甌hree __75____ animals, covered with long dark hair , were crossing the road.’ 特別是受到‘covered with long dark hair’的影響。當(dāng)下文的空格完成以后，我們就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)選frightened不對(duì)，而應(yīng)選b. amazed, 因?yàn)橄挛挠?‘On seeing the animals, the engineers immediately stopped and 76(ran after) them.’如果中國(guó)工程師們 were frightened(frighten: vt. to fill with fear; alarm充滿恐懼；驚恐), 他們就不會(huì)stopped and ran after them. 所以要選amazed(astonished).這是一個(gè)非常典型的關(guān)于‘再讀全篇試填答案’的例子。當(dāng)你做題目沒有把握時(shí)，就先試填，待文章看完時(shí)再回過頭來檢查你試填的答案，這不失為做完形填空題的好方法之一。 三、瞻前顧后尋找關(guān)聯(lián) 我們?cè)凇僮x全篇，試填答案’一節(jié)中所談的已涉及到‘瞻前顧后尋找關(guān)聯(lián)’的某些含義，但側(cè)重‘試填’；而我們將在這里側(cè)重談‘瞻前顧后尋找關(guān)聯(lián)’。完形填空題的特點(diǎn)基于整個(gè)語篇的理解，不從單句入手，有時(shí)如果從某一個(gè)單句來理解，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都可以填入，但從整個(gè)語篇來看，答案只有一個(gè)。一般來講，一個(gè)學(xué)生如果具有較高語言水平，較好的文化背景知識(shí)，史地及其他知識(shí)比較豐富的話，做該題型的困難就會(huì)比較少；可容忍被挖掉的詞就會(huì)多一些，反之亦然。但對(duì)于相同知識(shí)水平的學(xué)生來講，講究方法就尤其重要了。在做題目的時(shí)候，首先要對(duì)空格前后句子，然后對(duì)該空格相應(yīng)的選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行全面分析。通過‘瞻前顧后，尋找關(guān)聯(lián)’來確定空格中的詞的詞性、意思、和功能。如果是功能性的空格，則要求學(xué)生填入虛詞即連詞、介詞、冠詞等，那么就應(yīng)根據(jù)功能來選答案。如果是語法問題，那么就要考慮時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)是否符合上下文、主謂是否一致；如果是語義空格，那么則要求考生填入實(shí)詞即動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞、代詞等，那么就要通過上下文進(jìn)行分析，根據(jù)文章的語義環(huán)境，做到‘瞻前顧后，尋找關(guān)聯(lián)’，然后作出合理的判斷。以2002年上海市秋季高考英語試卷完形填空為例： 例 3 Have you ever regretted doing something you shouldn’t have done or something you didn’t do which you should have? At one time or another we probably all have. There’s no 51( point) in getting depressed about it now—it’s no 52( use) crying over spilt milk. However, there may be some gain in thinking about exactly what happened and why 53(because) we might be able to draw some conclusions for the future. One thing we all do now and again is to lose our 54(temper) with a friend or close relative. The odd thing is that we more often display great 55(anger) towards someone we are fond of than towards 56(strangers) . The explanation may be that we see friends and relatives as a kind of safety net, an opportunity to 57 (let off) a bit of steam in a safe environment, while the consequences of 58(insulting) a stranger could be far more serious. Being honest is usually thought of as a virtue and undoubtedly this is the 59(case). On the other hand, we have all experienced occasions when we have spoken our minds to someone, telling them exactly what we feel, and then have found ourselves filled with feelings of 60(guilt) . Perhaps we should have kept our mouths shut? 51. A. reason B. purpose C. point D. result 52. A. use B. help C. value D. benefit 53. A. so B. because C. but D. though 54.A. mind B. memory C. manner D. temper 55. A. anger B. interest C. love D. respect 56. A. strangers B. friends C. relatives D. colleagues 57. A run through B. throw away C. give up D. let off 58.A. inviting B. insulting C. speaking to D. believing in 59. A. issue B. case C. event D. factor 60. A excitement B. happiness C. pride D. guilt 以做55題為例，單從這一句來看，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)a. anger b. interest c. love d. respect都可以填進(jìn)去, 但從下文的‘we see friends and relatives as a kind of safety net,’(我們把朋友和親戚看作一種安全網(wǎng)。) ‘a(chǎn)n opportunity to let off a bit of steam in safe environment’ (一種在安全環(huán)境中可以宣泄怨氣的機(jī)會(huì))。再從前文的‘The odd thing is that …(奇怪的事是…), 因此第55題可以判斷選anger, 這樣才能符合題義：‘奇怪的事是我們更經(jīng)常地對(duì)我們喜歡的某些人發(fā)泄憤怒?！谧鲞@個(gè)題目的時(shí)候，我們‘瞻前’又‘顧后’，所以就比較順利。再比如做54 題，我們也可以從下文的‘we see friends and relatives as a kind of safety net,’(我們把朋友和親戚看作一種安全網(wǎng)。)和‘a(chǎn)n opportunity to let off a bit of steam in safe environment’得到啟示,很容易看出要選d, 以構(gòu)成lose our temper的結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)這一原則，我們就能順利地選出56題的答案是a, strangers, 這是因?yàn)樯衔奶岬降摹覀儼雅笥押陀H戚看作一種安全網(wǎng)’，也就是說我們經(jīng)常對(duì)朋友和親戚發(fā)脾氣比較安全，而對(duì)strangers發(fā)脾氣的后果就比較嚴(yán)重，據(jù)此我們也就能夠很容易得出結(jié)論58題應(yīng)該選b, insulting。我們?cè)谧鐾晷翁羁疹}時(shí)，做到瞻前顧后，尋找關(guān)聯(lián)，這樣就能做到在高考中得高分。 四、完形完義立足全局 做完形填空有兩個(gè)程序：一是完形（選擇選項(xiàng)，然后填補(bǔ)空白）；二是完義（閱讀短文，然后理解短文）。但是完形必須在完義的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行，也就是說首先要在閱讀理解短文的基礎(chǔ)上做好完形。完形必須服從完義，單句必須服從段落，段落必須服從全文，局部必須服從全局。因此，我們?cè)谧鐾晷翁羁疹}時(shí)，不能讀一句做一句，更不能看到就填，這樣往往要出差錯(cuò)。先從整體到局部完義，再從局部到整體完形，完形完義，立足全局。以2001年上海市秋季高考英語試卷完形填空為例： 例4 Many people find that regular physical activity gives them an unexpected benefit. They sleep better and wake up feeling more 61(refreshed) , in part due to increased amounts of deep sleep. Deep sleep may play a role in the body restoring itself 62(physically) , as opposed to REM(rapid eye movement) or dreaming sleep. Researchers have found that physical exercise, especially 63(done) in the afternoon or early evening, produces more 64(deep sleep) early in the night. 65(Exercise)can also help you get a better night’s sleep in a number of indirect ways. The relaxation and tiredness 66(caused) by exercise can improve sleep. Exercise encourages weight loss and also may 67(relieve) depression. Exercising later in the day can also help delay the 68(nighttime) drop in your body’s temperature. The 69(benefits) of exercise are especially important for older people, 70(since) exercise has been shown to increase the amount of sleep senior adults get in a night and reduce the time it takes to fall asleep. But be sure you finish exercising at least 4 hours before bedtime---working out later than that could leave you too excited to fall asleep easily. 61. a. conscious b. peaceful c. effective d. refreshed 62. a. physically b. mentally c. emotionally d. regularly 63. a. made b. done c. functioned d. conducted 64. a. night’s sleep b. dreaming sleep c. deep sleep d. REM 65. a. Exercise b. Dreams c. Researchers d. Doctors 66. a. recovered b. strengthened c. caused d. reduced 67. a. increase b. relieve c. release d. arouse 68. a. nighttime b. daytime c. dinnertime d. lifetime 69. a. disadvantages b. benefits c. ways d. places 70. a. yet b. if c. when d. since 在做完形填空題時(shí)，我們首先要找到主題句（topic sentence），以便抓住中心，了解文章的大意，這樣做有利于我們做后面的填空。瀏覽一下本篇短文，我們就知道這篇短文的主題句就是：Many people find that regular physical activity gives them an unexpected benefit. 因此我們就知道這篇文章是談?wù)撳憻捝眢w方面的。下文的填空就是關(guān)于這一方面的。我們?cè)谏衔囊呀?jīng)談到“完形必須服從完義，單句必須服從段落，段落必須服從全文，局部必須服從全局”的解題原則。在這一篇短文的第一段，我們從physical activity和in the body得到啟示，62題應(yīng)該填a. physically；從第二句和第三句的deep sleep得到啟示，64題應(yīng)填c. deep sleep; 62與64題的做法很典型地體現(xiàn)了“完形必須服從完義”，“單句必須服從段落”的原則。而61與63題則根據(jù)“瞻前顧后，尋找關(guān)聯(lián)”的原則就可以解出,一個(gè)人如果sleep better，那么醒過來就會(huì)感到refreshed, 我們do exercise而不是made, functioned,或conducted exercise。我們?cè)谧?5題時(shí)，可以從第一段和第三段得到啟示，第一段提到兩處‘physical activity’ 和‘physical exercise’, 而第三段有5處exercise或exercising, 結(jié)合第二段的意義，就不難看出65題應(yīng)填a. Exercise. 再看69題，從單句的語法上看，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都可以填進(jìn)去，從單句的意義上看，benefits, ways, places三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都可以填進(jìn)去，但從全文來看，特別是文章第一句的‘regular physical activity gives them an unexpected benefit’，就只有b. benefits填進(jìn)去才對(duì)，而且是唯一的答案。65題和69題的做法體現(xiàn)了“完形必須服從完義”，“段落必須服從全文，局部必須服從全局”的原則。 五、復(fù)讀全文驗(yàn)證答案 我們做完形填空題的最后一道工序就是“復(fù)讀全文驗(yàn)證答案”。題目做完以后，我們要把‘完形’后的全文再讀一遍，看看是否‘完義’，檢查自己對(duì)全文的理解是否準(zhǔn)確，情節(jié)發(fā)展是否合理，全文前后上下是否符合邏輯，驗(yàn)證自己完形的答案是否能使全文貫通流暢，如果讀起來流暢而通順，說明既完形又完義；反之，則說明我們對(duì)文章還沒有完全理解，也就是說雖然‘完形’了，但還沒有‘完義’，必須重新推敲已填答案。此外，還要從語法上看句子是否主謂一致，特別要注意非謂語動(dòng)詞是否與主語一致，時(shí)態(tài)是否前后呼應(yīng)，檢查動(dòng)賓搭配，動(dòng)詞、形容詞、名詞與介詞的搭配是否合理，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，則要根據(jù)文章的主題思想、本句、本段和全文的上下文與邏輯關(guān)系，重新選擇選項(xiàng)；如果個(gè)別選項(xiàng)實(shí)在沒有把握，那就根據(jù)感覺猜一個(gè)，但決不能放棄?？傊?，我們要從完形和完義、語法和語義等方面進(jìn)行推敲，修正錯(cuò)誤，彌補(bǔ)疏漏，從而使自己的答案盡可能地接近或達(dá)到完美。