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專題 37 閱讀理解之主旨要義 關(guān)鍵詞：閱讀理解,主旨要義,上下文推理,語境 難度系數(shù)：???? 推薦指數(shù)：????? 【基礎(chǔ)回顧】 考點(diǎn)歸納： 理解主旨和要義 任何一篇文拿都會有一個(gè)主旨要義。有時(shí)從文章的第一個(gè)段落， 甚至第一個(gè)句子即可得出文章的主旨要義，從這一段或這個(gè)句子讀者會知道文章描述的是誰或什么（即文章的主題），亦會了解作者希望讀者了解主題方面的哪些內(nèi)容。有時(shí)，文章的主旨要義則需從文章的字里行間進(jìn)行推斷。這類試題主要考查考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會大意的能力， 它對考生的歸納、概括能力有一定的要求。 基礎(chǔ)必讀： 每篇文章都會有一個(gè)主旨要義。主旨要義型題范圍一般包括：短文標(biāo)題、主題大意或段落大意等。此題型要求考生在理解文章后歸納文章要點(diǎn)，概括中心思想?？忌枰治鑫恼碌钠陆Y(jié)構(gòu)，抓住文章的開頭或結(jié)尾，從而找出能概括文章的主題句。主題句的特點(diǎn)：（1）語言特點(diǎn)：歸納性、概括性、抽象性；（2）位置特點(diǎn)：主題句常出現(xiàn)在“總結(jié)性”語言的 “信號詞”后，如：in summary, in a word, as a result, finally, in short, in conclusion和in brief等；主題句常出現(xiàn)在“轉(zhuǎn)移話題式”語言的“信號詞”后，如：but, however, nevertheless,Hence等。標(biāo)題的語言特點(diǎn)：獨(dú)特新穎、概括性強(qiáng)、短小精煉。 主旨大意主要的設(shè)題方式有： （1）Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article? （2）The best headline for this newspaper article is ____. （3）What is the topic of the text? （4）The text is mainly about ______u （5）Whats the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph？ （6）What would be the best title for the text？ 【技能方法】 主旨大意主要的解題策略有： （1）標(biāo)題類。文章標(biāo)題可以是單詞，短語，也可以是句子，它的特點(diǎn)是：短小精悍，多為一短語；涵蓋性強(qiáng)，一般要求能覆蓋全文，其確定的范圍要恰當(dāng)，既不能太大，也不能太??；精確性強(qiáng)，不能隨意改變語言表意的程度及色彩。 （2）主旨類。概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段開頭再看全文找主題句，若無明顯主題句，就通過關(guān)鍵詞句來概括(如議論文中尋找表達(dá)作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞句，記敘文尋找概括情節(jié)和中心的動詞或反映人物特點(diǎn)的形容詞)。文中出現(xiàn)兩種或兩種以上的不同觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，務(wù)必牢記作者的觀點(diǎn)才是體現(xiàn)全文中心的。此時(shí)，要注意一些轉(zhuǎn)折詞，如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等。當(dāng)文章中表示相反的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，往往用到這些詞。答題時(shí)要弄清哪個(gè)是作者的觀點(diǎn)，排除迷惑性信息，準(zhǔn)確歸納主旨大意。 【基礎(chǔ)達(dá)標(biāo)】 Book: No Looking Backs Author: Shivani Gupta Shivani had thrown a party one evening and awoke the next morning in hospital because of a car crash. It took Shivani years of pain, struggle and determination to regain control of her life and her body. Then tragedy struck again. As the newly-married Shivani drove to Manali with her family, a truck crashed into her car. Shivani refused to give in-she wouldnt let her injury keep her from achieving her ambitions. Book: Courage Beyond Compare Author: Sanjay Sharma The 10 sportspersons in the book are champions in diverse fields like athletics, swimming, and badminton, who have brought glory to the country. They overcame their physical limitations to reach the top of their chosen fields. Book：Face to Face Author: Ved Mehta Blind since the age of four, the author led a lonely childhood in India until he was accepted to the Arkansas School for the Blind, to which he flew alone at 15. America and the school changed his life, leading him to degrees at Oxford and Harvard and a fruitful writing career. Book: This Star Won’t Go Out Author: Lori and Wayne Earl Diagnosed with cancer at 12, Esther Earl was a bright and talented, but very normal teenager. She lived a hope-filled and generous life. A cheerful, positive and encouraging daughter, sister and friend, Esther died in 2010, shortly after turning 16, but not before inspiring thousands through her growing online presence. 1. The book No Looking Back mainly talks about_________________. A. an unlucky girl who experienced two car accidents B. 10 disabled athletes who are champions in sports field C. a successful author who was blind during his childhood D. an inspiring teenager who died of cancer 2. When reading the book written by Sanjay Sharma, we will_______. A. find the author is a sports lover B. get inspired by the sportspersons spirits C. be proud to be a sportsperson D. find sportspersons are full of power 3. In which book does the author tell of himself? A. Face to Face. B. This Star Won’t Go Out. C. Courage Beyond Compare. D. No Looking Back. 4. Which word can best describe the characters of all the four books? A. Intelligent. B. Passionate. C. Inspiring D. Pessimistic 2.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Book: Courage Beyond Compare中The 10 sportspersons in the book are champions in diverse fields like athletics, swimming, and badminton, who have brought glory to the country. 書中的10名運(yùn)動員是不同領(lǐng)域的世界冠軍，他/她們給國家?guī)順s譽(yù)；They overcame their physical limitations to reach the top of their chosen fields. 他們克服了他們的身體上的限制，達(dá)到他們所選擇領(lǐng)域的頂端。可知我們讀后會受到這些運(yùn)動員的極大鼓舞。故選B。 3.A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Book：Face to Face中Blind since the age of four, the author led a lonely childhood in India until he was accepted to the Arkansas School for the Blind,作者在印度過著寂寞的生活直到被盲人學(xué)校接受。故選A。 【能力提升】 After studying the daily habits of 177 self-made millionaires over the course of five years, Thomas C. Corley found that they avoid one costly habit: procrastination (拖延癥). “It prevents even the most talented individuals from realizing success in life,” he writes in his upcoming book, “Change Your Habits, Change Your Life.” This goes hand-in-hand with author Napoleon Hill’s claim that the wealthiest people are also the most decisive people. Out of the 500 millionaires Hill studied in the early 20th century, “Every one of them had the habit of reaching decisions quickly,” Hill wrote in his 1937 classic, “Think and Grow Rich.” One of the major causes of procrastination is lack of passion, Corley emphasizes: “We simply like to do the things we like to do and we put off the things we do not like to do.” “According to Gallup, only 13% of employees are ‘engaged’ in their jobs, or emotionally invested in their work,” Corley writes. “Whether you realize it or not, procrastination is a big reason why you are struggling financially in life. It damages your credibility with employers and fellow colleagues at work. It also affects the quality of your work and this affects the business you or your employer receive from customers, clients, and business ]relationships.” The good news is that anyone can overcome procrastination – and it’s simpler than you may think. He also notes that “the voice of procrastination screams just as loud and clear in the minds of those who excel in life as it does in the minds of those who do not.” How do they silence it? They rely on “to-do” lists to get things done. They create firm deadlines, and they meet with “accountability partners” to ensure they’re sticking to their goals and deadlines, Corley says. Nearly everyone is susceptible to procrastination – but fighting against it can make all the difference.] 1. According to the passage, millionaires______. A. usually succeed through their own efforts B. are only passionate about making money C. don’t hesitate when making decisions D. create both long-term and short-term goals 2. What can people do to overcome procrastination? A. Do whatever they like to do. B. Avoid things they are unwilling to do. C. Be fully prepared for emergencies. D. Accomplish things on schedule. 3. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “excel”? A. struggle B. stand out C. think D. work hard 4. What might be the best title for the passage? A. Fighting procrastination. B. How to become a millionaire. C. Research on a bad habit D. The importance of making “to-do” lists. 3.B詞義猜測題.本句意為：生活中杰出的人能清醒地認(rèn)識到拖延癥故可知excel意為“杰出的”。故答案B正確。 4.A主旨大意題.幾乎每個(gè)人都易受拖延癥的影響，這個(gè)生活習(xí)慣讓你沒辦法富起來。故本文主要是告訴我們要與拖延癥作斗爭。故答案A正確。 【名師點(diǎn)撥】 找主題句的四個(gè)小竅門： 1.段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however, but, in fact, actually, while, on the contrary, in contrast等)時(shí)，其后的句子很可能是主題句。 2.首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時(shí)，對該問題的回答很可能就是主題句。 3.作者有意識地反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨;反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。 4.表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的話常有therefore，thus， in short，conclude， conclusion等。 A主旨大意題.幾乎每個(gè)人都易受拖延癥的影響，這個(gè)生活習(xí)慣讓你沒辦法富起來。故本文主要是告訴我們要與拖延癥作斗爭。故答案A正確。 考點(diǎn)：考查日常生活類閱讀 【終極闖關(guān)】 【安徽省“皖南八校”2017屆高三第二次聯(lián)考（12月）】 Back in the 1860s, a British scientist named Henry Walter Bates noticed something interesting in the animal world: a kind of butterfly, Common Mormon, can change the pattern on its wings so that it looks like another butterfly species, the Common Rose, which is poisonous for birds to eat. Bates argued that animals develop this ability to protect themselves from being eaten. This theory had been widely accepted by scientists. But one question remains: how do these animals manage to do that? After more than 150 years, scientists are finally able to answer that question-it is all down to a gene (基因) called “doublesex", according to a study published on March 6 in the journal Nature. In fact, scientists have long known that genes are responsible for this useful ability. But until the new study, scientists hadnt been able to find out which genes in particular were responsible. Scientists at the University of Chicago compared the genetic structures of the Common Mormons that changed their wing patterns with those of ones that did not. And all the results pointed to a single gene, “doublesex”. This was much to the scientists surprise. They used to expect that something as complex as this would be controlled by many different genes. For example, one gene would control the color of the upper part of the wing, one would do so for the lower part. However, the “doublesex” gene doesnt quite do everything by itself. Instead, it acts like a switch-it “tells” other genes to change the wing patterns. Isnt that clever? Scientists believe that this special ability of the “doublesex” gene on Common Mormon was developed throughout the long history of evolution. “The harmless species gains an advantage by resembling something predators (捕食者) avoid,” Sean Carroll, a scientist told Nature. “it was obvious evidence for natural selection. ” 1.How do scientists find the truth of butterfly changing wing patterns? A. By doing experiment on butterflies. B. By comparing genetic structures. C. By observing the butterflies. D. By analyzing the result. 2.Which of the following ideas is accepted by scientists? A. The‘ doublesex’ gene does do everything by itself. B. The ‘doublesex’ gene is poisonous. C. The ‘doublesex’ gene ‘tells’ other genes to change the wing patterns. D. The ‘doublesex’ gene could only control the color of the upper part of the wing. 3.What is the best title of this passage? A. How Common Mormons stay safe B. How butterflies changed wings pattern C. What American scientists discovered D. What genetic structures of butterflies have 3.A標(biāo)題判斷題。本文主要是通過Common Mormons這種蝴蝶展開討論，研究這種蝴蝶是如何來保護(hù)自己的。故選A。