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Period 6 Reading and Writing Teaching goals 教學(xué)目標 1. Target language 目標語言 重點詞匯與短語 suggest, persuade, observation, contributions, achieve, devote ... to 2. Ability goals 能力目標 Enable the students to learn the way of persuasive writing and descriptive writing. 3. Learning ability goals 學(xué)能目標 Learn how to write a persuasive writing and a descriptive writing. Teaching important points教學(xué)重點 Help the students to learn to write a persuasive writing and a report. Teaching difficult points教學(xué)難點 How to write a report about a scientist and his / her job. Teaching methods 教學(xué)方法 Task-based activities. Teaching aids 教具準備 A computer and a projector. Teaching procedures & ways 教學(xué)過程與方式 Step Ⅰ Presentation Task 1: Summarize the way of writing a report. T: Now class, if we want to write a report about a scientist, what contents should we include? S1: The life of the scientist, such as his birth and death dates, his family, his education, his personality, his achievements and contributions, his key factors to his success. T: Yes. You are right. And how do we make an outline about it? S2: We should put the collected information under three headlines: life, achievements and key to success. Task 2: Remind the students of the writing techniques and writing features of a report. Show the following to the students. Report Formal language with few adjectives No speech except quotations Not emotional Only one main character Factual structured according to experimental method Past tense and passive voice Task 3: Summarize the way of persuasive writing. T: You know if we want to persuade sb, we always want to reason with him or her. We must develop our own ideas and provide some evidence to support our ideas so there are always three steps to persuade somebody else to change his or her point of view. Can you point out what the three steps are? S1: I think the first is to give your opinion and idea. S2: The second is to give the reasons and evidence to support your idea. S3: The third is to make a conclusion. Show the following to the students. A persuasive writing Formal or informal, vivid use of language Speech to show feelings, reactions, etc Emotional or not emotional to describe feelings and facts Only two main characters Factual or imaginative based on fact Reason and persuade step by step Present tense Then ask the students to write a short letter as required in Exercise 3. A sample version: Dear Nicolaus Copernicus, I am a student studying history and I would very much like to read your new theory about the solar system. I hope you will publish it for several reasons. I understand the problems with the present theory. The way the planets move is not what you would expect if the earth was the centre of the universe. It is also odd that the brightness of some stars seems to change. So I agree with you that we need new theory. I know your observations have been very carefully carried out over many years. Now you must have the courage to publish them. Science can never advance unless people have the courage of their beliefs. I know you worry about what will happen if you publish your new theory. No matter how people oppose it, time will show if your ideas are right or wrong. So I hope you can publish your new theory. Step Ⅱ Writing Ask the students to write a report about a scientist. Sample versions (見附件3, 4, 5) Step Ⅲ Homework Ask the students to do the Project on page 47. 附 件 1. How to do a science research A science project is an investigation using the scientific method to discover the answer to a scientific problem. Before starting your project, you need to understand the scientific method. This section uses examples to illustrate and explain the basic steps of the scientific method. The scientific method is the “tool” that scientists use to find the answers to questions. It is the process of thinking through the possible solutions to a problem and testing each possibility to find the best solution. The scientific method involves the following steps: doing research, identifying the problem, stating a hypothesis, con-ducting project experimentation, and reaching a conclusion. Research Research is the process of collecting information from your own experiences, knowledgeable sources, and data from exploratory experiments. Your first research is used to select a project topic. This is called topic research. For example, you observe a black growth on bread slices and wonder how it got there. Because of this experience, you decide to learn more about mold growth. Your topic will be about fungal reproduction. (Fungal refers to plant-like organisms called fungi, which cannot make their own food, and reproduction is the making of a new offspring.) CAUTION: If you are allergic to mold, this is not a topic you would investigate. Choose a topic that is safe for you to do. After you have selected a topic, you begin what is called project research. This research is to help you understand the topic, express a problem, propose a hypothesis, and design one or more project experiments — experiments designed to test the hypothesis. An example of project research would be to place a fresh loaf of white bread in a bread box and observe the bread over a period of time as an exploratory experiment. The result of this experiment and other research give you the needed information for the next step — identifying the problem. Problem The problem is the scientific question to be solved. It is best expressed as an “open-ended” question, which is a question that is answered with a statement, not just a yes or a no. Hypothesis A hypothesis is an idea about the solution to a problem, based on knowledge and research. While the hypothesis is a single statement, it is the key to a successful project. All of your project research is done with the goal of expressing a problem, proposing an answer to it (the hypothesis), and designing project experimentation. Then all of your project experimenting will be performed to test the hypothesis. Do state facts from past experiences or observations on which you base your hypothesis. Do write down your hypothesis before beginning the project experimentation. Don’t change your hypothesis even if experimentation does not support it. If time permits, repeat or redesign the experiment to confirm your results. Project Experimentation Project experimentation is the process of testing a hypothesis. The things that have an effect on the experiment are called variables. There are three kinds of variables that you need to identify in your experiments: independent, dependent, and controlled variables. The independent variable is the variable you purposely manipulate (change). The dependent variable is the variable that is being observed, which changes in response to the independent variable. The variables that are not changed are called controlled variables. Do have only one independent variable during an experiment. Do repeat the experiment more than once to verify your results. Do have a control. Do have more than one control, with each being identical. Do organize data. Project Conclusion The project conclusion is a summary of the results of the project experimentation and a statement of how the results relate to the hypothesis. If your results do not support your hypothesis: DON’T change your hypothesis. DON’T leave out experimental results that do not support your hypothesis. DO give possible reasons for the difference between your hypothesis and the experimental results. DO give ways that you can experiment further to find a solution. If your results support your hypothesis: You might say, for example, “As stated in my hypothesis, I believe that light is not necessary during the germination of bean seeds. My experimentation supports the idea that bean seeds will germinate without light. After seven days, the seeds tested were seen growing in full light and in no light. It is possible that some light reached the ‘no light’ containers that were placed in a dark closet. If I were to improve on this experiment, I would place the ‘no light’ containers in a light-proof box and / or wrap them in light-proof material, such as aluminum foil.” 2. On women scientists: A speech in the International Women’s Day Women thou hast encircled the world’s heart with the depth of thy tears as the sea has the earth. Women in your laughter you have the music of the fountain of life. The message is clear; it is inspiring and presents a deep philosophy. Women would be the change agent in this fast moving world’s socio-economic scenario. We have assembled here today to celebrate the International Women’s Day and also the Year of Empowerment of Women. ... Madam Curie who got the Nobel Prize just after two years of establishment of the Nobel Foundation — first in 1903 in Physics when she shared it and then the second one in 1911 in Chemistry, created a history by winning two Nobel Prizes in a span of 8 years. I am sure, the group here is aware of the difficult conditions and laboratory arrangements under which she worked and yet, she excelled. Biotechnologists can never forget the work of Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin on Crystallography leading to the structure of the important biological crystals. She won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964. The work of Barbara McClintock, a geneticist won her the Nobel Prize in 1983. Just as someone said: “Developing countries that have made remarkable social progress, have done so primarily through the empowerment of women, which has had enormous impact in terms of literacy, health and economic well being of families.” What we need to do is to ensure the valuable contribution from 50% of our human resource. ... It is a matter of great pleasure for all of us to see that the women are not only confined to biology, a subject in which they have been contributing significantly, they are also joining the areas of physical sciences and engineering and performing equally well. Somehow, in many parts of the world today, science and technology interventions have treated women primarily as recipient of knowledge and have under estimated their importance as generators of innovations and as a dynamic agent of economic and social change. In empowering the women with scientific and technological skills, women scientists and technologists have a major role. Biotechnology and biosciences including medical, agriculture and basic research have opened up new opportunities. The involvement of women scientists and technologists in physical sciences, especially in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) dates back to 1903, they worked as explorers, pioneers and innovators. By the end of the 20th century, at least 25% of the astronauts at NASA were women, 16% scientists and engineers. Of course, it is extremely important that women scientists and technologists are appreciated for their dual role in the society while pursuing scientific research as a career. They should also nurture and cherish their qualities of culture, compassion, courage and creativity. And above all, the cooperative spirit. The five ‘Cs’ are personified in women’s personality. 3. Charles Drawin Origin of Species The English scientist, Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, the same day that Abraham Lincoln was born. Darwin caused a change in thinking about evolution, whereas Lincoln caused a change in the role of the black slave, allowing the black man to be a free man in American society. Darwin’s father tried to influence his son to become a worthy student in school. However, Charles did not like to study Latin or Greek, which was required for a classical education. Instead, he made a secret laboratory in his father’s garden where he could experiment in chemistry and physics. His headmaster had a very low opinion of his scholarly abilities. So his father decided to send him to Edinburgh, Scotland, to medical school. However, Charles couldn’t bear the sight of surgical demonstrations. One time, a child was being operated on without any painkiller or anesthesia. The child began to scream in agony and Charles ran from the room. Those screams haunted his mind for many years. Since he failed at medical school, his father sent him to study theology at Christ’s Church at Cambridge University. However, in his own words, he said his time was sadly wasted “in playing, drinking, singing, flirting and card playing.” But he found a science professor there who recommended he sail as a naturalist on the ship called hte Beagle. This ship would travel for 5 years exploring South America and the Galapagos Islands off the coast of Ecuador in the Pacific Ocean. On these islands, he observed the world’s largest turtles, the iguana lizards, and finches, a type of bird. These birds were on different islands and varied from each other, especially in their beaks. Darwin took many notes on this long adventure. When he returned to England, his body was broken and he was essentially ill for the rest of his life. However, he came to the interesting conclusion that certain finches adapted better to their environment in a process called natural selection. Those species more fitted to their environment would be the ones most likely to breed and succeed in producing the next generation. In 1859, he wrote On the Origin of Species, which became the most significant book ever written on the theory of evolution. His ideas have had more influence than anyone concerning how living species developed over time. Questions 1. Darwin failed in the three schools of ______. A. Science, Philosophy, Medicine B. the Classics, Medicine, Theology C. History, Science, Medicine D. the Classics, Language, Religion 2. Darwin’s theory of evolution came from his study of _______. A. giant turtles B. finches C. iguana lizards D. many animals 3. On the Origin of Species is about _______. A. scientific discoveries B. very old life forms C. development over time D, animal descriptions Key: 1-3 BBC 4. Marie Curie Radium and Radioactivity Marie Curie (1867 — 1934) was born in Poland. Her parents gave her the name Manya Skladowska. She admired her father who was a middle school teacher of physics in the city of Warsaw. Her mother was an excellent pianist and some have said she received her brains from her father and her good hand co-ordination from her mother. She studied very hard and won the gold medal for academic work in her high school. It was the third time a member of her family of four children had won the first place prize. At this time, Poland was controlled by Russia. Her father wanted freedom for his country and when he voiced his opinions, he lost his teaching job. He never regained a job with a good salary again, so his family became very poor. Her mother died when she was ten years old. Without money, it was difficult for the bright Skladowska children to go to college. Marie’s older sister Bronya wanted to study at the Sorbonne, a French university in Paris. Marie offered to work as a governess to pay for her sister’s education if Bronya would help Marie after her graduation. This did occur and Marie started college at the Sorbonne at the age of 25. One day a Polish professor was visiting Paris and Marie came to his apartment. The young professor Pierre Curie also was there. He was the head of the university library of chemistry and physics. The two became friends and later married. They did their research together. They discovered two new radiocative elements in pitchblendeores. They were called polonium and radium. They isolated the pure elements in 1902 and received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903. In April 1906, Pierre slipped on wet pavement and was killed when a heavy truck ran over him. Marie was deeply saddened. However, she took her husband’s position as a professor at the Sorbonne and continued her research. She was the first woman in France to become a professor in a university. Marie gave the name radioactivity to the penetrating power of certain types of waves. In 1911, she received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She died from radium poisoning, a martyr to her own work. Questions 1. Marie Curie was inspired to study science because of her _______. A. middle school teacher B. mother C. sister D. father 2. Marie shared the Nobel Prize for Physics by discover ring _______. A. two new elements B. uranium C. radium D polonium 3. A martyr to her own work means she _______. A. worked too hard B. died in her library C. was affected by radium rays D. sacrificed her personal life for her work Key: DAD 5. Issac Newton Newton (1642 — 1727) was an English mathematician who laid the foundations for physics as a modern scientific discipline. Everyone knows the story that when he was sitting under a tree, he watched an apple fall to the ground. As he thought about the reason of its falling, he reasoned that both apples and planets are similar in that they are objects that respond to a force that attracts them. The year of this observation was 1666 when he was 24 years old. Newton was educated at Trinity College in Cambridge. He was so brilliant that he was offered a full professorship at age 27 in mathematics, also at Cambridge. However, he didn’t publish his theory of planet movement for 21 years because everyone thought his reasoning was faulty. He told his friends that he would print nothing about his ideas because it would attract too much attention, which would interfere with his scientific work. However, in 1687, he finally published a three volume book entitled Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Today, it is considered the greatest scientific work ever written. Newton believed that the law of gravity made the universe run like a huge clock, as if designed by a master designer. Scientists who read this work during his lifetime did not believe Newton’s theory of gravitational pull was correct. One claimed that Newton would not have twenty followers of his research in his lifetime. Actually, there were even less, because very few scientists seemed interested in his work. Newton said, “Just give me the mass, and the position of the motion of a system of heavenly bodies at any given moment and I will calculate their future positions and motions by a set of rigid and unerring mathematical calculation. I will calculate the tides of the oceans and the motions of the waters and the earth. For the earth attracts the moon and the moon attracts the earth, and the force of each in turn tends to keep them in a state of perpetual resistance.” Newton also developed the mathematical system that is called calculus. His studies of white light led to the understanding that light is made up of many colors. However, the most important was his theory of gravitational pull, which is the basis of all flights into space today. Questions 1. In his lifetime, Newton’s theory of gravity was _______. A. respected B. strange C. not believed D. welcomed 2. Newton believed the universe was _______. A. formed naturally B. running in perfect order C. a big puzzle D. difficult to explain 3. The moon and the earth stay in perfect balance because of _______. A. attraction B. resistance C. motion D. attraction and resistance Key: 1-3 CBD