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附 錄A
Automotive Transmission
J.A.smith
The role of transmission:
The output of the engine speed is very high, maximum power and maximum torque at a certain speed area. Engine in order to exert the best performance, it is necessary to have a variable-speed devices, to coordinate the engine speed and the actual wheel speed. Transmission process in the car, in between the engine and the wheels have a different gear ratio, by shifting the engine can work at their best performance of state power. Transmissions are the development trend of more and more complex, increasingly high degree of automation, automatic transmission will be the mainstream of the future.
Transmission type.
Automotive automatic transmission has three common forms: namely, Automatic Transmission (AT), mechanical stepless automatic transmission (CVT), electric-controlled mechanical automatic transmission (AMT). At present, the most widely used is the AT, AT almost become synonymous with automatic transmission.
AT Torque by Torque, and planetary gear and hydraulic control system components, through the hydraulic transmission and gear portfolio approach to achieve variable-speed torque variation. One of Hydraulic Torque is the most important parts, which pump wheels, turbines and components, such as guide pulley of the transmission of both torque and the role of clutch.
AT compared with, CVT save the complex and cumbersome combination of variable-speed gear transmission, but the two groups to carry out variable-speed drive pulley. By changing the driving wheel and driven wheel contact belt speed radius. Canceled because of gear, so the transmission ratio can change speed more smoothly, without shifting sense of the sudden jump.
AMT and Automatic Transmission (AT) are the same class has automatic transmission. It is in general based on the manual transmission, through the installation of microcomputer-controlled electric device to replace the original finish by the manual operation of the clutch of separation, joint, and block transmission of the election, motion shift, automatic shift implementation.
The general structure of automobile transmission:
1. Easy transmission of the basic structure: the shell, transmission and manipulation of some parts.
(1)Shell: Shell is the basic pieces of support for the installation of transmission and storage of all parts lubricants. Has installed its bearing on the precision boring. Transmission under varying load, so the stiffness of the shell should be enough, there is to strengthen the wall, the shape of the complex, as many castings (gray cast iron materials, commonly used HT200).
In order to facilitate the installation, transmission and manipulation of some Split parts are frequently made, cover with the housing connected by bolts and reliable positioning. Shell has come on up, I put the oil, check oil foot mouth, should also be taken into heat dissipation.
(2)Transmission parts: is the gear, shaft, bearings and other transmission parts. Geometry axis through strength, stiffness calculation. Mainly due to decide on the stiffness, while the carbon steel and alloy steel elastic modulus almost equal, so the general use of carbon steel (commonly used 45 steel). Only one gear with the shaft or axle load made serious only by steel. Shaft and gear for many spline connection (for neutral good, reliable transmission of power, a small compressive stress, etc.). Spline shaft bearing parts and let the surface hardening treatment by the Department. Shaft with rolling bearing supports many, easy lubrication, high efficiency, small radial clearance, axial positioning should be reliable. Many ways to use splash lubrication (υ> 25m / s, as long as the appropriate viscosity apparently succumbed to the wall).
(3)to manipulate parts: the main components located inside the transmission cover.
2.The composition of the structural characteristics of transmission:
there is easy and efficient transmission, the advantages of simple easy-to-use-Jun mine but a few files, i changed the scope of small (traction, speed small), file number should be taken only at certain limited Cut used. If the increase in the scope of i, then increase the size so that transmission, axle span increase, both in order to increase the file-axis span of a few do not make too large, transmission can be formed. The composition of the so-called transmission, usually from both a combination of easy transmission, one of a few more files as the main transmission, less transmission known as the deputy.
Transmission component of advantages:
(1)can reduce the number of gears, and a few more files to reduce the number of gear the more obvious advantages. Easy compared with the transmission, it can shorten the length of shaft to reduce the transmission of the external size and weight, and can easily be more than one reverse. Into the file so the current number of files more than six hours, almost all transmission components.
(2)transmission: the rate of change of Ω than large: if the main transmission gear ratio change rate Ωzu = 3, Vice transmission Ωfu = 4 is Ω = 12; easy transmission arrangement Ω = 12, the structure is often difficult to reasonable.
Composed of transmission of disadvantage:
(1)file groups have correspondence between the transmission ratio, so that each file is not 2, (the speed and traction) are ideal.
(2)manipulation of trouble shifting, and sometimes both want to manipulate some speed, if not for the flower arrangement will shift memory.
In order to reduce the control action, it is best to shift the order. Calling attention to the grade for this presentation ten out files so that the first group of transmission ratio is greater than all of the first file group 11 to the majority of phase transformation from the stall speed of just fixing the main purpose of this is the only way most convenient.
GM Hydra-Matic
General can be regarded as the founder of automotive automatic transmission has been. The world's first automatic transmission is used in the United States in 1940 Oldsmobile automobile on a common, and it is a tandem structure of planetary gear transmission fluid control. Applies to the Cadillac STS-V's latest six-speed Hydra-Matic automatic transmission 6L80, may be regarded as the world's most advanced Automatic Transmission (AT) has been.
Automatic Transmission For example, it has an internal gear is also divided, but the abolition of the clutch. The more gear, then shift, the better the ride comfort. At present, common automatic transmission are generally four-speed, that is, block has four forward. 6L80 has six forward gear, the number of teeth than the one block are separately 2.36,3 block 4.03,2 block 0.85,6 block 1.15,5 block 1.53,4 block 0.67. Obviously, it is more than 4-speed automatic transmission with a greater ratio and smaller ratio of the difference, it is more smooth when speed.
Outside the block a few more besides, 6L80 also has a lot of unique special skills:
Driver shift control system (DSC) - through its driver into a vehicle without the clutch from the automatic five-speed, high-performance. Drivers under the food stalls to the DSC on the location, the light touch can be specified at the scope of the neat, smooth implementation block addition and subtraction. The driver to switch control mode, the transmission control module monitors the vehicle speed, engine torque and gear used to decide whether to automatically add block to avoid damage to the powertrain. Each have a sliding gear on the clutch, can be carried out on all five gear engine braking.
Performance computing systems down block (PAL) - in a row after a high-speed, stop maintain engine braking. Transmission control module based on driving behavior to decide whether to activate the device. If the system found in the vehicle slowed down before turning, transmission may be even lower in order to avoid stall two block.
Performance computing shift system (PAS) - turn off the accelerator in high-speed automatic adjustment of the level of acceleration gear, re-open at throttle-down power to elevate. Once the transmission control module to detect high levels of command, this function immediately.
This transmission also reduced in the rugged mountain road "Shift Search," the stability of the shift functions, with the lower block BrakeAssist monitoring function, electronically controlled engine braking, as well as to adapt to these high-power, high torque engines are the new need a new dual-chip torque converter. In addition, SRX is also equipped with high-performance downhill Downgrade Detection Brake Assist.Chinese car market gearbox
China's auto market is in a transmission period of rapid development. 2007 Chinese sales of 8,791,500 motor vehicles, motor vehicle production in 2008 will exceed nine million sales, car sales in 2010 will reach 12.63 million. Size of the market in the automotive industry's rapid growth, China is faced with a major transmission industry opportunities. In 2006 the market scale of China's automobile transmission up to 300 billion yuan and more than 20% annual growth is expected in 2010 is expected to reach 60 billion yuan.
附 錄B
汽車變速器
J.A.史密斯
變速器的作用：
發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的輸出轉(zhuǎn)速非常高，最大功率及最大扭矩在一定的轉(zhuǎn)速區(qū)出現(xiàn)。為了發(fā)揮發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的最佳性能，就必須有一套變速裝置，來協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速和車輪的實(shí)際行駛速度。變速器可以在汽車行駛過程中，在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和車輪之間產(chǎn)生不同的變速比，通過換擋可以使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作在其最佳的動(dòng)力性能狀態(tài)下。變速器的發(fā)展趨勢是越來越復(fù)雜，自動(dòng)化程度也越來越高，自動(dòng)變速器將是未來的主流。
變速器的型式：
汽車自動(dòng)變速器常見的有三種型式：分別是液力自動(dòng)變速器 (AT)、機(jī)械無級(jí)自動(dòng)變速器(CVT)、電控機(jī)械自動(dòng)變速器(AMT)。目前應(yīng)用最廣泛的是AT，AT幾乎成為自動(dòng)變速器的代名詞。
AT是由液力變扭器、行星齒輪和液壓操縱系統(tǒng)組成，通過液力傳遞和齒輪組合的方式來實(shí)現(xiàn)變速變矩。其中液力變扭器是最重要的部件，它由泵輪、渦輪和導(dǎo)輪等構(gòu)件組成，兼有傳遞扭矩和離合的作用。
與AT相比，CVT省去了復(fù)雜而又笨重的齒輪組合變速傳動(dòng)，而是兩組帶輪進(jìn)行變速傳動(dòng)。通過改變驅(qū)動(dòng)輪與從動(dòng)輪傳動(dòng)帶的接觸半徑進(jìn)行變速。由于取消了齒輪傳動(dòng)，因此其傳動(dòng)比可以隨意變化，變速更加平順，沒有換擋的突跳感。
AMT和液力自動(dòng)變速器(AT)一樣是有級(jí)自動(dòng)變速器。它在普通手動(dòng)變速器的基礎(chǔ)上，通過加裝微電腦控制的電動(dòng)裝置，取代原來由人工操作完成的離合器的分離、接合及變速器的選擋、換擋動(dòng)作，實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)換擋。
汽車變速器一般結(jié)構(gòu)：
1．簡單式變速器的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：由殼體、傳動(dòng)部分和操縱部分組成
(1)殼體：殼體是基礎(chǔ)件，用以安裝支承變速器全部零件及存放潤滑油。其上有安裝軸承的精確鏜孔。變速器承受變載荷，所以殼體應(yīng)有足夠的剛度，內(nèi)壁有加強(qiáng)，形狀復(fù)雜，多為鑄件(材料為灰鑄鐵，常用HT200)。
為便于安裝，傳動(dòng)部分和操縱部分常做成剖分式，箱蓋與殼體用螺栓聯(lián)接并可靠定位。殼體上有加油、放油口，油面檢查尺口，還應(yīng)考慮散熱。
(2)傳動(dòng)部分：是指齒輪、軸、軸承等傳動(dòng)件。軸的幾何尺寸通過強(qiáng)度、剛度計(jì)算確定。因主要決定于剛度，而碳鋼與合金鋼彈性模量近乎相等，所以一般用碳鋼(常用45鋼)。只有齒輪與軸制成一體或軸載荷嚴(yán)重才用合金鋼。軸與齒輪多為花鍵聯(lián)接(對(duì)中性好，能可靠傳遞動(dòng)力，擠壓應(yīng)力小等)。軸的花鍵部分和放軸承處經(jīng)表面淬火處理。軸多用滾動(dòng)軸承支承，潤滑簡單，效率高、徑向間隙小，軸向定位應(yīng)可靠。潤滑方式多用飛濺(υ>25m/s，只要粘度適宜可甩到壁上)。
(3)操縱部分：主要零件位于變速器蓋內(nèi)。
2．組成式變速器結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)
簡單式變速器有效率高、構(gòu)造簡單使用方便鈞優(yōu)點(diǎn)礦但檔數(shù)少，i變化范圍小(牽引力、速度范圍小)，只宜在檔數(shù)不多的某些車工采用。若增加i的范圍，則使變速器尺寸加大，軸跨度增加，為了既增加檔數(shù)又不使軸跨度過大，可采用組成式變速器。所謂組成式變速器，通常由兩個(gè)簡單式變速器組合而成，其中檔數(shù)較多的稱為主變速器，較少的稱為副變速器。
組成式變速器的優(yōu)點(diǎn)：
(1)可以減少齒輪個(gè)數(shù)，而且檔數(shù)越多減少齒輪個(gè)數(shù)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)愈明顯。同簡單式變速器相比，它可縮短軸的長度，減少整個(gè)變速器的外部尺寸和重量，并且能方便地得到不止一個(gè)倒檔。所以當(dāng)前進(jìn)檔數(shù)超過六個(gè)檔時(shí)，幾乎都用組成式變速器。
(2)傳動(dòng)比變化率Ω大：若主變速器傳動(dòng)比變化率Ωzu=3，副變速器Ωfu=4則Ω=12；若使簡單式變速器Ω=12，結(jié)構(gòu)往往很難合理。
組成式變速器的缺點(diǎn)：
(1)檔組間傳動(dòng)比有對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，不易使每檔的(速度及牽引力)都很理想。
(2)換檔操縱麻煩，有時(shí)要操縱兩個(gè)變速部分，若為插花換檔還不便記憶。
為了減少操縱動(dòng)作，最好能順序換檔。為此要求重視檔次編排使第10檔組傳動(dòng)比全部大于第11檔組，達(dá)到多數(shù)相領(lǐng)排檔的變換只需操縱主變速的目的，這樣才最為方便。
通用 Hydra-Matic：
通用可稱得上是汽車自動(dòng)變速器的鼻祖了。世界上第一個(gè)自動(dòng)變速器就是1940年應(yīng)用在美國通用的奧斯莫比爾汽車上的，它是一臺(tái)串聯(lián)式行星齒輪結(jié)構(gòu)的液控變速器。而應(yīng)用于凱迪拉克 STS-V的最新Hydra-Matic六速自動(dòng)變速器6L80，則可稱得上是世界上最先進(jìn)的液力自動(dòng)變速器(AT)了。
對(duì)于液力自動(dòng)變速器來說，它的內(nèi)部其實(shí)也有擋位之分，只是取消了離合器。擋位越多，則換擋的平順性就越好。目前常見的自動(dòng)變速器一般都是四速的，即有4個(gè)前進(jìn)擋。6L80則有6個(gè)前進(jìn)擋，齒數(shù)比分別是1擋4.03、2擋2.36、3擋1.53、4擋1.15、5擋0.85、6擋0.67。顯然，它比4速自動(dòng)變速器具有更大的速比和更小的速比級(jí)差，因此變速時(shí)也就更加平順。
除了擋數(shù)更多以外，6L80還具有很多獨(dú)有的特殊絕技：
駕駛換擋控制系統(tǒng)(DSC)—通過它，司機(jī)將車輛從自動(dòng)擋變成無需離合器的高性能五速手動(dòng)擋。司機(jī)把排擋桿推到DSC位置上后，輕輕一碰就可以在指定的范圍內(nèi)利落、流暢地實(shí)現(xiàn)加減擋。在司機(jī)切換控制狀態(tài)下，變速器控制模塊會(huì)監(jiān)控車輛的速度、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)扭力以及所使用的擋位來決定是否自動(dòng)加擋，避免對(duì)動(dòng)力總成造成破壞。每個(gè)擋位上都有滑行離合器，能在所有五個(gè)擋位上進(jìn)行發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)制動(dòng)。
性能運(yùn)算降擋系統(tǒng)(PAL)—在連續(xù)高速行駛后，阻止升擋，保持發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)制動(dòng)。變速器控制模塊根據(jù)駕駛行為來決定是否啟動(dòng)這一裝置。如果系統(tǒng)發(fā)現(xiàn)車輛拐彎前速度下降，變速器可能會(huì)連降兩擋以避免失速。
性能運(yùn)算換擋系統(tǒng)(PAS)—它在關(guān)閉油門高速水平加速時(shí)自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)擋位，在油門重新打開時(shí)降擋迅速提升動(dòng)力。變速器控制模塊一旦察覺高速水平指令，這項(xiàng)功能立即啟動(dòng)。
這款變速器還有在崎嶇山路上減少“擋位搜索”的換擋穩(wěn)定功能，帶有制動(dòng)助力的降擋監(jiān)視功能，電控發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)制動(dòng)，以及適應(yīng)這些高動(dòng)力、高扭力的新式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)所需的新型雙片式扭力變換器。另外，SRX還配備了性能卓越的Downgrade Detection下坡剎車輔助系統(tǒng)。
中國汽車變速器市場：
中國汽車變速器市場正處于高速發(fā)展期。2007年中國汽車銷售879.15萬輛，2008年汽車產(chǎn)銷量將突破900萬，2010年汽車銷售規(guī)模將達(dá)到1263萬輛。在汽車行業(yè)市場規(guī)模高速增長的情況下，中國變速器行業(yè)面臨著重大機(jī)遇。2006年我國汽車變速器市場規(guī)模達(dá)300億元人民幣，并且以每年超過20%的速度增長，預(yù)計(jì)2010年有望達(dá)到600元。
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