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I 摘要 車床主要是為了進行車外圓、車端面和鏜孔等項工作而設計的機床。車削很少在其 他種類的機床上進行，而且任何一種其他機床都不能像車床那樣方便地進行車削加工。 由于車床還可以用來鉆孔和鉸孔，車床的多功能性可以使工件在一次安裝中完成幾種加 工。因此，在生產中使用的各種車床比任何其他種類的機床都多。 車床的基本部件有：床身、主軸箱組件、尾座組件、溜板組件、絲杠和光杠。 主軸箱安裝在內側導軌的固定位置上，一般在床身的左端。它提供動力，并可使工 件在各種速度下回轉。它基本上由一個安裝在精密軸承中的空心主軸和一系列變速齒輪 (類似于卡車變速箱)所組成。通過變速齒輪，主軸可以在許多種轉速下旋轉。大多數(shù)車 床有 8~12 種轉速，一般按等比級數(shù)排列。而且在現(xiàn)代機床上只需扳動 2~4 個手柄，就能 得到全部轉速。一種正在不斷增長的趨勢是通過電氣的或者機械的裝置進行無級變速。 由于機床的精度在很大程度上取決于主軸，因此，主軸的結構尺寸較大，通常安裝 在預緊后的重型圓錐滾子軸承或球軸承中。主軸中有一個貫穿全長的通孔，長棒料可以 通過該孔送料。主軸孔的大小是車床的一個重要尺寸，因此當工件必須通過主軸孔供料 時，它確定了能夠加工的棒料毛坯的最大尺寸。 關鍵字：車床；主軸箱組件；主軸；無級變速 II Abstract Lathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool. The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod. The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears- similar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives. Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle. Key words: Lathes; headstock assembly; variable speed; 無錫太湖學院畢業(yè)設計說明書 6 目錄 摘要 ......................................................................III ABSTRACT ...................................................................IV 1 緒論 ......................................................................1 1.1 畢業(yè)設計的目的 .........................................................1 1.2 機床主傳動系統(tǒng)設計要求 .................................................1 2 車床參數(shù)的擬定 ............................................................2 2.1 車床主參數(shù)和基本參數(shù) ...................................................2 2.1.1 極限切削速度 Vmax、Vmin 的確定 ......................................2 2.1.2 主軸的極限轉速的確定 ...............................................2 2.1.3 主軸轉速級數(shù)和公比的確定 ...........................................3 2.1.4 主電機的選擇 .......................................................3 3 主傳動系統(tǒng)設計 ............................................................6 3.1 傳動結構式、結構網(wǎng)、轉速圖的確定 .......................................6 3.1.1 傳動形式的確定 .....................................................6 3.1.2 傳動組及各傳動組中傳動副的數(shù)目 .....................................6 3.1.3 傳動系統(tǒng)擴大順序的安排 .............................................7 3.1.4 繪制轉速圖 .........................................................7 3.1.5 轉速圖的擬定 .......................................................7 3.1.6 分配降速比 .........................................................8 3.2 齒輪齒數(shù)的確定及傳動系統(tǒng)圖的繪制 ......................................10 3.2.1 帶輪確定 ..........................................................10 3.2.2 齒輪齒數(shù)的確定的要求 ..............................................14 4 強度計算和結構草圖設計 ...................................................17 4.1 確定計算轉速 ..........................................................17 4.1.1 各軸、齒輪的計算轉速 ..............................................17 4.2 軸的估算和驗算 ........................................................19 4.2.1 主軸的設計與計算 ..................................................19 4.2.2 傳動軸直徑的估算 ..................................................22 4.3 齒輪模數(shù)的估算和計算 ..................................................24 4.3.1 齒輪模數(shù)的估算 ....................................................24 4.3.2 齒輪模數(shù)的驗算 ....................................................26 CA6140 車床主軸變速箱的設計 7 4.4 軸承的選擇與校核 ......................................................31 4.4.1 一般傳動軸上的軸承選擇 ............................................31 4.4.2 主軸軸承的類型 ....................................................31 4.4.3 軸承間隙調整和預緊 ...............................................33 4.4.4 軸承的較核 ........................................................34 4.4.5 軸承的密封和潤滑 ..................................................36 4.5 片式摩擦離合器的選擇與驗算 ............................................36 4.5.1 按扭矩選擇 ........................................................36 4.5.2 片式離合器的計算 ..................................................36 4.5.3 計算摩擦面的對數(shù) Z.................................................37 5 主軸箱的箱體設計 .........................................................39 6 結論與展望 ...............................................................40 6.1 結論 ..................................................................40 6.2 展望 ..................................................................40 致 謝 ......................................................................41 參考文獻 ...................................................................42