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附 錄
附錄A 英文科技文獻(xiàn)
Suvs in bad roads or often, especially under the situation and military vehicles driving conditions, this requires more severe increase the number of vehicles driving wheel, therefore, by more than off-road vehicles driving. For example, if a single shaft drive vehicle driving wheel into two ditch (this happens in bad road often meet), then the vehicle can through the wheel and the friction force and move on. If the vehicle is more, even if the drive shaft driving wheel part, the driver to drive wheels still can continue to work, vehicle. In many shaft drive vehicle, the output power to be allocated to each drive shaft with thansfer.
Thansfer FenDongXiang called, the basic structure and the gearbox similar, is a gear transmission system. Thansfer outfit in bridge drive the car transmission and distribution, used to drive, power transmission and vice. Standing two files, cheap and strength. In order not to make driving axle overload, have standing chain drive engagement before after only, can hang strength and overcome the car in bad roads and road of large area and the lowest stable driving resistance speed. For direct files or high-grade to slow. Off-road vehicle in good roads, to reduce the power consumption of the transmission parts and tire wear, general to cut through front axle. On a cross-country driving, front axle and adopted according to the jointing, increase speed and driving wheel drive.
Thansfer according to the structure can be divided between the differential with axle shaft, don't take between thansfer described.application cases of overrunning clutch and equipped with thansfer thansfer.
(1) with the differential between shaft and the output shaft thansfer in different speed, torque distribution by differential transmission. Accordingly, can according to the shaft torque distribution proportion to Hollywood to drive the distribution. With the car, not only the thansfer hanged when can make full strength gear wheel drive, to overcome bad roads and road surface area, and the larger hanging thansfer high resistance at also can make whole wheel drive, to make full use of adhesive weight and adhesion, improve the car in good road traction.
(2) with the differential between shaft and the output shaft thansfer has the same speed and torque distribution and the driving wheels of resistance and transmission mechanism of stiffness. This structure in hung low at the same time thansfer will connect front axle axles, And when the high-end axles front axle hangs with transmission is certain to become a follower bridge, to prevent and reduce automobile in power cycle good road of power consumption and tyre wear etc.
(3) containing overrunning clutch, using the sense of thansfer speed skating when seeking after turn automatically when connected to the former axles, reverse when working with another overrunning clutch.
Some thansfer fat&oil gear and transmission chain. Thansfer adopts splash lubrication more.
Thansfer has developed into the fifth generation: the first generation of thansfer basically is fission structure, straight gear, gear shaft operation, iron shell, The second generation thansfer though fission, but has changed from the structure of inclined gear transmission, single shift shaft operation and aluminum alloy shells to a certain extent, improve the transmission efficiency, easy the shift, reduces the noise and consumption, The third generation thansfer increased synchronizer, make the multiaxial vehicle in procession shift function, The first generation of major changes in thansfer adopts conjoined structure and planetary gear, chain and optimized shift and greatly improve the transmission efficiency and performance, The fifth generation thansfer adopts die-casting aluminum alloy material, shell, the tooth type chain output by low gears planetary gear inclined, make its lightweight transmission efficiency and reliable, simple and compact structure, control noise is lower. Thansfer structure features of output shaft transmission system is using the low noise of multi chain transmission. The advantages of gear transmission chain relatively smooth transmission, the noise is small, the requirement of center distance, low bearing load smaller and prevent resonance. Thansfer function of torque capacity is big, light weight, high efficiency, the noise is small, lightweight, shift more greatly improved the accuracy of vehicle driving torque distribution, thus improving the vehicle performance.
Thanks to modern vehicle engine output torque is larger, even at high speed can still large torque output, coupled with a wider range of transmission ratio change, can well meet the requirements of the vehicle, therefore, thansfer will be further wide application and development.
附錄B 文獻(xiàn)翻譯
越野車經(jīng)常在不良道路或無路情況下行駛，尤其是軍用車輛的行駛條件更為惡劣，這就要求增加車輛驅(qū)動(dòng)輪的數(shù)目，因此，越野車多采用多軸驅(qū)動(dòng)。例如，如果一輛單軸驅(qū)動(dòng)車輛的兩驅(qū)動(dòng)輪陷入溝中(這種情況在不良路面上經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到)，那么車輛就無法通過車輪與地面的摩擦產(chǎn)生驅(qū)動(dòng)力而繼續(xù)前進(jìn)。如果車輛是多軸驅(qū)動(dòng)，即使部分驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪無法正常驅(qū)動(dòng)，其余驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪仍可正常工作，車輛能夠繼續(xù)行駛。在多軸驅(qū)動(dòng)車輛上，為了將輸出的動(dòng)力分配給各驅(qū)動(dòng)軸都設(shè)有分動(dòng)器。
分動(dòng)器又稱為分動(dòng)箱，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)和變速箱相似，是一個(gè)齒輪傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。分動(dòng)器裝于多橋驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車的變速器之后，用于傳遞和分配動(dòng)力至各驅(qū)動(dòng)橋，兼作副變速器之用。常設(shè)兩個(gè)檔，低檔又稱加力檔。為了不使后橋超載常設(shè)有連鎖機(jī)構(gòu)，使只有接合前驅(qū)動(dòng)橋以后才能掛上加力檔，并用于克服汽車在壞路面上和無路地區(qū)的較大行駛阻力及獲得最低穩(wěn)定車速。高檔為直接檔或者亦為減速檔。越野汽車在良好道路行駛時(shí)，為減小功率消耗及傳動(dòng)系機(jī)件和輪胎磨損，一般要切斷通前橋動(dòng)力。在越野行駛時(shí)，根據(jù)需要接合前橋并采用低速檔，增加驅(qū)動(dòng)輪數(shù)和驅(qū)動(dòng)力。
分動(dòng)器按結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為帶軸間差速器的分動(dòng)器、不帶軸間差速器的分動(dòng)器和裝有超越離合器的分動(dòng)器。
（1）帶有軸間差速器的分動(dòng)器，各輸出軸可以以不同的轉(zhuǎn)速旋轉(zhuǎn)，而轉(zhuǎn)矩分配則由差速器傳動(dòng)比決定。據(jù)此，可將轉(zhuǎn)矩按軸荷分配等比例地分配到各驅(qū)動(dòng)橋。裝用這種分動(dòng)器的汽車，不僅掛加力檔時(shí)可使全輪驅(qū)動(dòng)，以克服壞路面和無路地區(qū)地面的較大阻力，而且掛分動(dòng)器高當(dāng)時(shí)也可使全輪驅(qū)動(dòng)，以充分利用附著重量及附著力，提高汽車在好路面上的牽引性能。
（2）不帶軸間差速器的分動(dòng)器，各輸出軸具有相同的轉(zhuǎn)速，而轉(zhuǎn)矩分配則與該驅(qū)動(dòng)輪的阻力及其傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的剛度有關(guān)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)的分動(dòng)器在掛低檔時(shí)同時(shí)將接通前橋驅(qū)動(dòng)橋；而掛高檔時(shí)前橋驅(qū)動(dòng)橋則一定與傳動(dòng)系分離，使變?yōu)閺膭?dòng)橋以避免發(fā)生功率循環(huán)并降低汽車在好路面上行駛時(shí)的動(dòng)力消耗及輪胎等的磨損。
（3）裝有超越離合器的分動(dòng)器，利用前后輪的轉(zhuǎn)速差使當(dāng)后輪滑轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)自動(dòng)接上前驅(qū)動(dòng)橋，倒檔時(shí)則用另一超越離合器工作。
有的分動(dòng)器兼用齒輪及傳動(dòng)鏈。分動(dòng)器多采用飛濺潤(rùn)滑。
分動(dòng)器已經(jīng)發(fā)展到第五代：第一代的分動(dòng)器基本上為分體結(jié)構(gòu)，直齒輪傳動(dòng)、雙換檔軸操作、鑄鐵殼體；第二代分動(dòng)器雖然也是分體結(jié)構(gòu)，但已改為全斜齒齒輪傳動(dòng)、單換檔軸操作和鋁合金殼體，一定程度上提高了傳動(dòng)效率、簡(jiǎn)便了換檔、降低了噪音與油耗；第三代分動(dòng)器增加了同步器，使多軸驅(qū)動(dòng)車輛具備在行進(jìn)中換檔的功能；第四代分動(dòng)器的重大變化在于采用了聯(lián)體結(jié)構(gòu)以及行星齒輪加鏈傳動(dòng)，從而優(yōu)化了換檔及大大提高了傳動(dòng)效率和性能；第五代分動(dòng)器殼體采用壓鑄鋁合金材料、齒型鏈傳動(dòng)輸出，其低擋位采用行星斜齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)，使其輕便可靠、傳動(dòng)效率高、操縱簡(jiǎn)單、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、噪音更低。分動(dòng)器的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是前輸出軸傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)皆采用低噪聲的多排鏈條傳動(dòng)。鏈傳動(dòng)相對(duì)齒輪傳動(dòng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)有傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn)、嗓聲小、中心距誤差要求低、軸承負(fù)荷較小及防止共振。分動(dòng)器功能上的特點(diǎn)是轉(zhuǎn)矩容量大、重量輕、傳動(dòng)效率高、噪音小、換擋輕便準(zhǔn)確，大大改善了多驅(qū)動(dòng)車輛的轉(zhuǎn)矩分配，進(jìn)而提高了整車性能。
由于現(xiàn)代車輛發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸出的轉(zhuǎn)矩比較大，即使在高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)仍可輸出較大的轉(zhuǎn)矩，加上變速箱的傳動(dòng)比變化范圍較大，能夠很好地滿足車輛的使用要求，因此，分動(dòng)器將會(huì)得到進(jìn)一步廣泛的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用。
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