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卷揚機發(fā)展概況
摘要
卷揚機又稱絞車，是起重垂直運輸機械的重要組成部分，配合井（門）架、桅桿、滑輪組等輔助設備，用來提升物料、安裝設備等作業(yè)。由于它結構簡單、操作方便、維護保養(yǎng)簡單、使用成本低、可靠性高等優(yōu)點，廣泛應用于建筑、水利、冶金起重作業(yè)。
提升重物是卷揚機的一種主要功能，所以各類卷揚機的設計都是根據(jù)這一要求為依據(jù)的。雖然目前塔吊、汽車吊等取代了卷揚機的部分工作，但由于塔吊成本高，一股在大型工程中使用，而且靈活性較差，故一般中小型工程仍然廣泛應用卷揚機，汽車吊雖然靈活方便，但也因為成本太高，而不能在工程中廣泛應用，故大多設備的安裝仍然是由卷揚機承擔的。卷揚機除在工程、設備安裝等方面被廣泛應用外，在冶金、礦山、建筑、化工、水電、農(nóng)業(yè)、軍事及交通運輸?shù)刃袠I(yè)亦被廣泛應用。
關鍵詞：卷揚機；卷筒；卷筒軸；滑輪組
一、 卷揚機的發(fā)展概況
在很久以前的古代，就知道來用轆轤等來提升重物，以減輕體力勞動的強度和提高勞動生產(chǎn)率。在我國，解放前卷揚機只有在一些大型企業(yè)中才被使用，應用很少，而且所使用的卷揚機也均為國外生產(chǎn)，國內基本上沒有生產(chǎn)卷揚機的廠家。
我國卷揚機的生產(chǎn)是解放后才開始的。50年代為滿足恢復經(jīng)濟的需要和第一個五年計劃的得要，卷揚機的生產(chǎn)被提到了日程上。原沈陽國泰機器廠(阜新礦山機械廠前身)等成批仿制了兩種卷揚機，一種為日本的JIS8001型動力卷揚機，它是一種原動機為電動機動型式是開式圓柱齒輪傳動，雙錐體摩擦離合器，操作為手扳腳踩的快速卷揚機，另一種是按蘇聯(lián)圖紙制造的1011型和1012型普通蝸桿傳動、電控慢速卷揚機。由于當時生產(chǎn)力不高，卷揚機的需求量亦不多，故這段時間國內卷揚機的生產(chǎn)主要是仿制。
隨著生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展，到了60年代，卷揚機的生產(chǎn)和使用越來越多。為了協(xié)調生產(chǎn)，卷揚機主要生產(chǎn)廠家(阜新礦山機械廠、天津卷揚機廠、山西機器廣、寶雞起重運輸機廠等)組成了卷揚機行業(yè)組織，隸屬于第一機械工業(yè)部礦山機械行業(yè)。為了發(fā)展卷揚機的生產(chǎn)，行業(yè)組織了有關廠家的人員對全國卷揚機的生產(chǎn)相應用情況進行了調查。在調查的基礎上，開始自行設計和制造新的卷揚機，先后試制了0.5t、lt、3t電動卷揚機，但由于對當時各廠家的生產(chǎn)能力估計不足，無法推廣。
從70年代起，我國卷揚機的生產(chǎn)進入了技術提高、品種增多的新階段。在各廠自行設計和生產(chǎn)的基礎上，1973年，由卷揚機行業(yè)組織了有關廠家和院校聯(lián)合進行了卷揚機基型設計，并充分考慮到了當時中小廠家的生產(chǎn)能力?？焖倬頁P機的基型采用半開半閉式齒輪傳動，離合器采用單錐面石棉橡膠摩擦帶結構，操縱用手板剎車帶制動(如圖1-1)。慢速卷揚機的基型式為閉式傳動(圓柱齒輪傳動或蝸桿傳動減速器)、電磁鐵制動結構。這兩種基型一直到現(xiàn)今還在生產(chǎn)。為適應生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的需要，當時第一機械工業(yè)部發(fā)布了JB926—74《卷揚機型式與基本參數(shù)》和JBl803—76《卷揚機技術條件》兩個部標準，并把卷揚機行業(yè)劃歸常德機械研究所(長沙機械研究院前身)領導。隨著部標準的頒布，使卷揚機有了大發(fā)展的基礎。在此期間，由于石化工業(yè)的發(fā)展，大型設備很多，都需要吊裝，如一些大型反應塔，塔的高度達七八十米，質量達五六百噸，就需要有大型吊裝用的卷揚機，因而各廠家相繼生產(chǎn)了20t和32t卷揚機(圖1—2)，滿足了經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的需要。
二、國外卷揚機概況
在國外，卷揚機的品種繁多，應用也很廣泛。在西方技術先進的國家中，工業(yè)水平先進，機械化程度不斷提高，起重設備也在不斷更新，下面介紹一下幾個外國主要生產(chǎn)的卷揚機的狀況。
（一） 美國
美國生產(chǎn)卷揚機的廠家有近百家，主要有貝波(BEEBE)國際有限公司、哲恩(THERN)有限公司等。
貝波國際有限公司成立于1919年，有七十多年的設計和生產(chǎn)實踐經(jīng)驗。主要產(chǎn)品有，氣動鏈式卷揚機[0.25—40t)，防爆拖式氣動卷揚機(0.5—30t)，駁船卷揚機(手動、氣動、電動、液壓，25—75t)，電動鏈式卷揚機(0.25—20t)，電動葫蘆(0.25—15t)．電動卷揚機(0.25—12.5t)，手動卷揚機0.25—75t)，液壓卷揚機(1—10t )，水平卷揚機(1—9t)，手動鏈式卷揚機（0.5—100t），棘輪牽引器(1—1. 75t)，空中用運車(0.5—20t)等。
哲恩有限公司是美國較大的生產(chǎn)起重設備的公司，主要產(chǎn)品有各種手動卷揚機、電動卷揚機、提升機械及起重機。手動卷揚機的主要品種有：直齒傳動卷揚機、蝸桿傳動卷揚機；電動卷揚機的主要品種有：蝸桿傳動系列、直齒齒輪傳動系列、齒輪蝸桿傳動組合系列、直接驅動系列、鏈傳動系列。
美國除上述兩家公司外，比較重要的生產(chǎn)廠家還有布勞斯公司、賽林公司、斯塔斯派克公司、阿姆降公司、英格索·藝德公司等。 （二）日本
日本從明治30年開始制造和使用卷揚機。據(jù)日本荷役機械研究所核計，1970~1975年間卷揚機的產(chǎn)量增加62.5％。據(jù)日本通產(chǎn)省機械核計月報載，僅1977年單純土建卷揚機的產(chǎn)量就達12萬臺，產(chǎn)值約100億日元。
日本卷揚機行業(yè)由機械技術部會、荷役機械技術委員會領導。主要生產(chǎn)廠家有北川鐵工所、遠藤鋼機、南星、越野總業(yè)、藝浦、松崗產(chǎn)業(yè)等80多個廠家。
北川鐵工所是一家大型生產(chǎn)廠。其生產(chǎn)的卷揚機品種系列比較齊全，主要有：
1．動力卷揚機 分BF、MF、DF三種型式。功率為3.7—44kw，鋼絲繩拉力從5880—44l 00N。有18個規(guī)格。F型是V型帶傳動，MF型是單筒開式齒輪傳動，DF型是雙筒開式齒輪傳動。其結構持點是全部為標準型，采用改進了的螺旋頂絲式離合器操縱，因而操作簡便，易調整；鼓形離合器采用單錐體式，摩擦材料采用帶型樹脂。
2．電動卷揚機 該廠生產(chǎn)的電動卷揚帆為KW型，功率3.7—11kw，拉力6000—142100N，四種規(guī)格。其結構特點是：全封閉內齒輪傳動；電動機在一端，減速器、制動器和操作部分在另一端，中間是卷筒，一字型布置，按鈕操作，可遠距離遙控；最大特點是卷簡可纏繞8—9層．容繩量大，適于高層卷揚使用。
遠滕鋼機公司有60多年歷史，它是日本唯一生產(chǎn)特殊電動卷揚機的公司。ENDO型卷揚機采用起重電動機，卷揚機可兩檔變速，排繩器裝在上部，是單螺旋軸雙導向桿式結構，機座全部是焊接結構，所有機械與電器部分都裝在機座里。
(三)法國
法國生產(chǎn)卷揚機的廠家很多，其中包藤(POTAIN)公司就是生產(chǎn)卷揚機的主要廣家之一，主要生產(chǎn)KUSW系列、LMD系列、PC系列和RCS系列卷揚機。
KUSW型卷揚機輕巧緊湊，效率高，安全可靠，可遙控操作。這種卷揚機能夠比較理想地與各種機械配套。
LMD型卷揚機可兩檔變速，采用液壓控制。液壓系統(tǒng)可同時控制兩個機械制動器。LMD型卷揚機綜合了電氣技術(包括電子技術系統(tǒng))和液壓技術的優(yōu)點，性能比較好。
PC型卷揚機是三速電動卷揚機，遠距離遙控操作，空載高速下降，提高了生產(chǎn)率。電控齒輪換檔(采用延時繼電器)．起吊位置精確，運動緩和，傳動件在油池里工作，停車緩慢，避免磨損電磁剎車。
RCS型卷揚機可五檔變速，三個低速檔和兩個高速檔。由兩個獨立的裝有電磁剎車系統(tǒng)的提升電動機驅動卷揚機。電動機帶動直齒減速器，用錐齒輪帶動卷筒。
Hoist Development Situation
Summary
Hoist and says winch, lifting vertical transportation is an important part of the machinery, cooperate well (the door) frame, mast, belts and pulleys and auxiliary equipment, used to improve material, the installation of the equipment operation. Because of its simple structure, convenient operation and maintenance is simple, use cost low and high reliability etc, are widely used in construction, water conservancy, metallurgical lifting operation.
Ascension is a heavy hoisting main function, so all kinds of hoist design according to the requirement is based on. Although at present the crane, auto cranes, etc replaced the hoist part of the job, but due to the high cost of tower, a stream of large project in use, and flexibility is bad, so small and medium-sized project is still widely used hoists, mobile crane although agile and convenient, but also because the cost is too high, and not in the engineering application, so most of the equipment installation is still the hoist bear. Hoist except in engineering, equipment installation, etc are widely used outside, in metallurgy, mining, construction, chemical industry, water and electricity, agricultural, military and transportation industries also widely used.
Key words: Windlass; Reel; Reel axis; Block and tackle
First,hoist the development situation
Long ago, in ancient times, know to use engineer-in-chief to increase weight, in order to reduce physical labor intensity and improve labor productivity. In China, only in a few large hoist before liberation in the enterprise to be used, rarely used, and the use of hoist also are foreign production, domestic production of the hoist is basically no manufacturers.
Our country is the production of hoist the liberation began. 50 s to meet the need of the economic recovery and the first five-year plan have to, hoist production was mentioned the schedule. The original shenyang factory, cathay Pacific airways (fuxin mining machinery factory predecessor) to generic two hoists, a JIS8001 type for Japan's power hoists, it is a prime mover for electric motor type is open type cylindrical gears, double cone friction clutch, operation for the rapid hoist stamped on the block, and the other is to press the Soviet model 1011 manufacturing drawings and type 1012 ordinary worm transmission, electric control slow hoist. It was not high productivity, hoists demand also not much, so this time the domestic production of major is modelled operation.
With the development of productive forces, and by the s, the production and use of hoist more and more. In order to coordinate the production, hoist the main production manufacturer (fuxin mining machinery factory, tianjin hoist factory, shanxi machine widely, baoji lifting transportation depots, etc) formed hoist industry organization, belongs to the first the ministry of machinery industry mining machinery industry. In order to develop the hoist, the production of industry organization about the manufacturer of the personnel of the production of the hoist with corresponding investigation. Based on the investigation, began to design and manufacture new hoist, has developed a 0.5 t, lt, 3 t electric hoist, but because at that time to the production capacity of each manufacturer estimate shortage, unable to promotion.
Since the 70 s, our country hoist production into the technology improving, variety of the new stage. In GeChang to design and production, and on the basis of 1973, by the hoist industry group about the manufacturer and colleges jointly conducted hoist base type design, and full consideration to small and medium-sized factory production capacity at the time. The type and the rapid hoist half-open semi-enclosed gear transmission, clutch the single cone asbestos rubber friction with structure, with the hand brake control with brake (as shown in figure 1-1). Slow hoist the base type shall be closed transmission (cylindrical gear transmission or worm transmission speed reducer), brake electromagnet structure. The two kinds of type, until now still in production. In order to adapt to the needs of the development of production, when first the ministry of machinery industry released JB926-74 "hoist types and basic parameters" and JBl803-76 "hoist technology conditions of two department standards, and the hoist industry to changde mechanical institute (changsha machinery research institute predecessor) leadership. As part of the standard issued, make the hoist a big development foundation. In the meantime, since petrochemical industry development, the large equipment many, need the hoisting, as some of the large mto plant, the height of the tower of over meters, the quality of WuLiuBaiDun, needs to have large hoisting use hoists, thus each manufacturer have produced 20 t and 32 t hoist (figure 1-2), and meet the needs of the development of the economy.
Two, foreign hoist situation
In a foreign country, hoist various products, is also widely used. In the western technology advanced countries, industrial level is advanced, mechanization continuously improve, lifting equipment are constantly updated, introduce several foreign below the main production of the status of the hoist.
(a) the United States
The production of hoist manufacturers have nearly hundred, basically have BeiBo (BEEBE) international Co., LTD, zhe grace (THERN) Co., LTD.
BeiBo international Co., LTD. Was established in 1919, there were seventy years of design and production practice experience. The main products are, pneumatic chain hoist [0.25-40 t), explosion-proof drag type pneumatic hoist (0.5-30 t), barges hoist (manual, pneumatic, electric, hydraulic, 25-75 t), electric chain hoist (0.25-20 t), electric hoist (0.25-15 t). Electric hoist (0.25-12.5 t), manual windlasses 0.25-75 t), hydraulic hoist (1-10 t), level hoist (1-9 t), manual chain hoist (0.5-100 t), ratchet wheel tractor (1-1. 75 t), with the air transport car (0.5-20 t), etc.
Zhe grace Co., LTD. Is the production of large lifting equipment company, main products are various manual windlasses, electric hoist, improve machinery and crane. The manual windlasses main varieties: spur gear transmission windlasses, worm transmission hoist; Electric hoist the main varieties: worm transmission series, straight teeth gear transmission series, gear worm transmission combination series, direct drive series, chain series.
The United States in addition to the two companies outside, the more important of manufacturers, the company, the block and Lin company, matchup spike company, eminem drop company, eng cable YiDe company, etc.
(2) Japan
The Meiji Japan from 30 years started to make and use hoist. According to the Japanese game by reporting mechanical institute, 1970 ~ 1975 years of hoist yield increase by 62.5%. According to the Japanese TongChanSheng mechanical trade journal. In 1977 alone, the output of pure civil hoist reached 120000 units, the value of about 10 billion yen.
Japan by mechanical department will hoist industry, by mechanical technology service committee leader. The main production manufacturers have, far cane beichuan blacksmith steel machine, south star, cross-country total industry, art pu, songgang industry and so on, more than 80 manufacturers.
Beichuan blacksmith, is a large-scale manufacturer which. The production of hoist series relatively complete varieties, mainly has:
1. Power hoist points BF, MF, DF three type. The power of 3.7-44 kw, wire rope tension from 5880-44 l 00 N. There are 18 specifications. F type is the V belt transmission, MF type is list tube type gear transmission, DF type is double barrel type gear transmission. The structure is the point of all standard, using the improved spiral top wire type clutch manipulation, and simple operation, easy to adjust; Drum clutch the single cone type, friction materials using belt type resin.
2. Electric hoist the factory production electric roll for KW sail type, power 3.7-11 KW, the rally 6000-142100 N, four specifications. The structure features are: fully enclosed in the gears transmission; Motor on one end, reducer, brake and operating part at the other end, and the middle is drum, one word decorate, button operation, can be controlled at; The biggest characteristic is to roll around 8-9 can Jane layer. RongSheng amount is large, suitable for high volume Yang use.
Far TengGang machine company has 60 years of history, it is the only special electric hoist Japanese production of the company. ENDO type hoists the lifting motor, hoist but two shifting speed, row is installed in the rope, is single screw axis dual pilot stem type structure, the base is all welding structure, all mechanical and electrical parts are loaded in the base.
(3) France
The French production the manufacturer of hoist a lot of, among them the bag (POTAIN) company is the production of one of the main house wide operation, the main production KUSW series, LMD series, PC series and RCS series hoist.
KUSW type hoists light and compact, high efficiency, safety and reliability and remote operation. The hoist can be compared with all kinds of machinery supporting ideal.
LMD type hoists but two shifting speed, the hydraulic control. Hydraulic system can also control two machinery brakes. LMD type hoists integrated electrical technology (including electronic technology system) and hydraulic pressure technology advantages, performance is better.
PC type hoist is 3 speed electric hoist, long-distance remote operation load, high speed down, higher productivity. Electronic gear shift (with delay relay.) the hoisting position accurate, sports easing, the transmission parts in oil pool, parking slow, avoid electromagnetic brake wear.
RCS type hoists can five shifting speed, three lower gear and two top gear. The two independent electromagnetic braking system with the ascension of the motor drive hoist. Motor driving spur gear reducer, with bevel gear driving drum.